Data structures

What is Data Structure?

• Data Structure can be de ned as the group of data elements
which provides an e cient way of storing and organising
data in the computer so that it can be used e ciently.
• Some examples of Data Structures are arrays, Linked List,
Stack, Queue, etc.
 Introduction to Data
Structure
• A data structure is a group of data elements that provides the easiest way to
store and perform di erent actions on the data of the computer.
• Way of organizing data
• To reduce the space and time complexities of di erent tasks.
• A data structure has also de ned an instance of ADT.
Data Structure Classi cation
 Linear and Nonlinear
• Linear structures arrange data in a linear sequence, such as
found in an array, list, or queue.
• In nonlinear structures, the data doesn’t form a sequence but
instead connects to two or more information items, like in a
tree or graph.
 Static and Dynamic
• Static structures consist of xed, permanent structures and
sizes at compile time.
• The array reserves a set amount of reserve memory set up by
the programmer ahead of time.
• Dynamic structures feature non- xed memory capacities,
shrinking or expanding as required by the program and its
execution requirements.
 Homogenous and Non-Homogenous
• Homogenous data structures consist of the same data
element type, like element collections found in an array.
• In non-homogenous structures, the data don’t have to be the
same type, such as structures.
Di erence Between Data and Information
 Abstract data type
• ADT is de ned by a set of values and set of operation
• ADT de nes the logical form of the data type
• The process of providing only the essentials and hiding the details
is known as abstraction.
• ADT is made of primitive data types, but operation logics are
hidden
• Abstract data types:
• List
• Stack
• Queue
• Stack −
• isFull(), This is used to check whether stack is full or not
• isEmpty(), This is used to check whether stack is empty or not
• push(x), This is used to push x into the stack
• pop(), This is used to delete one element from top of the stack
• peek(), This is used to get the top most element of the stack
• size(), this function is used to get number of elements present into the stack
• Queue −
• isFull(), This is used to check whether queue is full or not
• isEmpty(), This is used to check whether queue is empty or not
• insert(x), This is used to add x into the queue at the rear end
• delete(), This is used to delete one element from the front end of the queue
• size(), this function is used to get number of elements present into the queue
• List −
• size(), this function is used to get number of elements present into the list
• insert(x), this function is used to insert one element into the list
• remove(x), this function is used to remove given element from the list
• get(i), this function is used to get element at position i
• replace(x, y), this function is used to replace x with y value
ADTS and Classes
 Constructor
 A constructor is a special type of method (function) which is used
to initialize the instance members of the class.
Constructors can be of two types.
• Parameterized Constructor
• Non-parameterized Constructor
Creating the constructor:
The method __init__() simulates the constructor of the class. This
method is called when the class is instantiated.
It accepts the self-keyword as a rst argument which allows
accessing the attributes or method of the class
It is mostly used to initialize the class attributes.
Every class must have a constructor, even if it simply relies on the
default constructor.
Example
 Non-Parameterized Constructor
• The non-parameterized constructor uses to manipulate the
value or the constructor that has only self as an argument
 Parameterized Constructor
• The parameterized constructor has multiple parameters
along with the self.
 Default Constructor
• Do not include the constructor in the class or forget to declare
it, then that becomes the default constructor.
• It does not perform any task but initializes the objects.
More than One Constructor in Single class
 Destructors
• The users call Destructor for destroying the object.
• Python has a garbage collector whose function is handling
memory management automatically.
• The __del__() function is used as the destructor function
• The user can call the __del__() function when all the references
of the object have been deleted, and it becomes garbage
collected.
Syntax:
Example
 INTRODUCTION TO OOPS
• Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. It supports
di erent programming approaches.
• One of the popular approaches to solve a programming
problem is by creating objects. This is known as Object-Oriented
Programming (OOP).
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a method of structuring
a program by bundling related properties and behaviors into
individual objects.
 Oops concepts
1. Class
2. Object
3. Method
4. Inheritance
5. Encapsulation
6. Polymorphism
7. Data Abstraction
 Class
• The class can be de ned as a collection of objects. It is a logical entity that has some
speci c attributes and methods.
• A class is a blueprint that de nes the variables and the methods (Characteristics)
common to all objects of a certain kind.
• Every class can have multiple instances
• The class de nition typically speci es instance variables, also known as data members,
that the object contains, as well as the methods, also known as member functions,
that the object can execute
 Object
● An object (instance) is an instantiation of a class. When class
is de ned, only the description for the object is de ned.
Methods
 Inheritance
• Inheritance is a way of creating a new class for using details
of an existing class without modifying it.
• It refers to de ning a new class with less or no modi cation to
an existing class.
• A class can inherit attributes and behaviour methods from
another class called subclass
• It speci es that the child object acquires all the properties
and behaviors of the parent object.
• It provides the re-usability of the code.
 Types of Inheritance
• Single inheritance
• Multilevel inheritance
• Hierarchical inheritance
• Multiple inheritance
• Hybrid inheritance
Single inheritance
Multilevel inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
Multiple inheritance
Hybrid inheritance
 Encapsulation
• Bundling data and methods within a single unit
• A class is an example of encapsulation as it binds all the data
members (instance variables) and methods into a single unit.
 Access Modi ers
• Public Member: Accessible anywhere from otside oclass.
• Private Member: Accessible within the class
• Protected Member: Accessible within the class and its sub-
classes
Public Member
Private Member
Public method to access private members
Name Mangling
Protected Member
 Polymorphism
• Polymorphism is an ability (in OOP) to use a common
interface for multiple forms (data types).
• Implementing same method in di erent context
• To de ne methods in the child class with the same name as
de ned in their parent class.
• Methods with same name implementing in di erent way
Overloading
Overriding
 Operator overloading
• Operator Overloading means giving extended meaning beyond their
prede ned operational meaning.
• The same built-in operator or function shows di erent behaviour for
objects of di erent classes, this is called Operator Overloading
• Implementing operator in di erent ways
• Example: string concatenation and addition operator
Method overloading
• Implementing methods in di erent ways
• Method name should be same
• Arguments must be same
Overriding:
• Method name should be same
• Number of arguments should be same
Example for method overloading
Example for method overriding
 Data abstraction
Abstraction is used to hide internal details and show only functionalities.
Abstract base class:
•A class is called an Abstract class if it contains one or more abstract methods.
•An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no
implementation.
•Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and its abstract methods must be
implemented by its subclasses.
•The 'abc' module in Python library provides the infrastructure for de ning
custom abstract base classes.
•'abc' works by marking methods of the base class as abstract.
•A concrete class which is a sub class of such abstract base class then
implements the abstract base by overriding its abstract methods.
•The abc module de nes ABCMeta class which is a metaclass for de ning
abstract base class.
 Namespaces
• A namespace is a collection of names and the details of the
objects referenced by the names.
• Used for organizing the names assigned to the objects
• Four types of namespaces,
Built-in namespaces
Global namespaces
Local namespaces
Enclosing namespaces.
 Built-in namespace
• A built-in namespace contains the names of built-in functions
and objects.
• It contains the names of built-in data types,exceptions and
functions like print() and input().
 Global namespaces
• Global namespaces are de ned at the program or module
level.
• It contains the names of objects de ned in a module or the
main program.
• A global namespace is created when the program starts and
exists until the program is terminated by the python
interpreter.
 Local namespace
• A local namespace is de ned for a class, a function, a loop, or
any block of code.
• The names de ned in a block of code or a function are local
to it.
• The variable names cannot be accessed outside the block of
code or the function in which they are de ned.
• The local namespace is created when the block of code or the
function starts executing and terminates when the function
or the block of code terminates.
 Enclosing namespace
• A function or a block of code de ned inside any function can
access the namespace of the outer function or block of code.
• The outer namespace is termed as enclosing namespace for
the namespace of the inner function or block of code.
 Shallow copy
• Constructing a new collection object and then populating it
with references to the child objects found in the original.
• The copying process does not recurse and therefore won’t
create copies of the child objects themselves.
• A reference of object is copied in other object.
• Any changes made to a copy of object do re ect in the
original object.
• This is implemented using “copy()” function
 Deep copy
• Deep copy is a process in which the copying process occurs
recursively.
• Constructing a new collection object and then recursively
populating it with copies of the child objects found in the
original.
• A copy of object is copied in other object.
• Any changes made to a copy of object do not re ect in the
original object.
• This is implemented using “deepcopy()” function