KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

LEVEL 6
DEMONSTRATE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES

UNIT CODE: ENG/OS/ET/BC/01/6/A

UNIT DESCRIPTION
This unit specifies the competencies required to demonstrate occupational health and safety practices. It
involves identifying workplace hazards and risks, identifying and implementing appropriate control
measures to hazards and risks and implementing OSH programs, procedures and policies/guidelines.

Summary of Learning Outcomes

1. Identify workplace hazards and risk
2. Control OSH hazards
3. Implement OSH programs

CONTENT
1. Identify workplace hazards and risk
- Identification of hazards in the workplace and/or the indicators of their presence
- Evaluation and/or work environment measurements of OSH hazards/risk existing in the
workplace
- Gathering of OSH issues and/or concerns
2. Control OSH hazards
- Prevention and control measures e.g. use of PPE
- Risk assessment
- Contingency measures
3. Implement OSH programs
- Company OSH program, evaluation and review
- Implementation of OSH programs
- Training of team members and advice on OSH standards and procedures
- Implementation of procedures for maintaining OSH-related records

Pre-assessment

What potential losses can result from safety and health hazards in the workplace?

- Injuries, - Illnesses, and -Fatalities.

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INTRODUCTION TO OSHA - In practice, occupational safety and health includes moral and economic
issues.
- Def: Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with - There is also a legal compulsion for companies to promote occupational
preserving and protecting human resources in the workplace. safety and health.
- Occupational Health and Safety is a discipline with a broad scope - Governments worldwide require protection of employees from hazards that
involving many specialised fields. may result in injury, illness, or death.
- OSH interacts with other fields such as occupational medicine, occupational - Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act every employer is required to
or industrial hygiene, public health, safety engineering, ergonomics, provide a safe and healthful workplace.
toxicology, epidemiology, health physics, environmental health, industrial - In summary: Occupational safety and health deals with all aspects of health
relations, public policy, industrial sociology, medical sociology, social law, and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention
labour law, and occupation health psychology. of hazards.
- Occupational safety and health is concerned with preserving and protecting - The health of the workers have several determinants, including risk factors
human and facility resources in the workplace. at the workplace leading to cancers, accidents, musculoskeletal diseases,
- It encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of workers that is respiratory diseases, hearing loss, circulatory diseases, stress related
the “whole person”, disorders and communicable diseases and others.
- Practitioners in the field try to prevent needless deaths and injuries to
workers. Terms used in OSHA
- It involves more than first aid activities and is far-reaching in both scope o Accident
and practice. - An accident, by definition, is any unplanned event that results in personal
- Occupational safety and health involves helping people by preventing them injury or in property damage.
from being injured or becoming ill due to hazards in their workplaces. - An Accident is unexpected and undesirable occurrence resulting into injury,
- Demonstrating concern for workers by ensuring the are trained in hazard harm or damage to human beings or to properties.
recognition and correctly - An accident may be defined as an uncontrolled event causing injury or
performing his job are jobs of the safety professional. damage to an individual or property
- Occupational safety and health is also a field wherein professionals attempt o Safety
to prevent catastrophic losses. - Safety: it is freedom from danger or harm.
- When they conduct pre-inspections, safety professionals may prevent - Safety- It can be defined as ‘‘operating within an acceptable or low
explosions or fires that could destroy entire buildings. probability of risk associated with conditions or activities having the
- Occupational safety and health is also the management function in an potential to cause harm to people, equipment, facilities or the enterprise.’’
organization concerned with improving its quality and efficiency. - Safety – Being protected from any danger, risk or injury.
- Safety professionals consider the way products are moved from place to o Risk
place and are concerned with reducing lifting injury exposures, while - Risk can be defined as the measure of the probability and severity of a loss
minimizing product movement. event taking place.
- They attempt to eliminate property and facility damage, waste, and costs that - A risk is the ‘ likelihood ’ of harm actually being done.
lessen an organization’s ability to operate profitably.
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 o Hazards - According to the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health
- Hazards are defined as a source of danger that could result in a chance event (1950), occupational health is the adaptation of work to man and of each
such as an accident/incident. man to his job.
- A hazard is a workplace condition or worker action that can result in injury, - It has the following components.
illness, or other organizational loss. (i) Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental
- A hazard is defined as a condition, event, or circumstance that could lead to and social well being of workers in all occupations;
or contribute to an unplanned or undesirable event (ii) Prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their
- A hazard is something with the ‘ potential ’ to cause harm, for example, working conditions;
chemicals, electricity or working above ground. (iii) Protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from
o Regulation factors adverse to health; and
- A rule of order having the force of law, prescribed by a superior or (iv) Placing and maintenance of a worker in an occupational environment
competent authority, relating to the actions of those under the authority`s adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment.
control.
o Victim Objectives of Occupational Safety and Health
- A person harmed or injured or killed as a result of a crime, accident or other - The prime objective of OSH at a global level is to ensure that health and
event or action. safety is accessible to every worker employed in any sector across the
o Fire economy.
- It is a chemical reaction that take place in the presence of fuel, oxygen and - According to the document, Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All,
heat the ten high priority OSH objectives proposed by the strategy are as follows:
o Fire extinguisher  Strengthening of international and national policies for health at
- A protective device used to extinguish or control fire. work and developing the necessary policy tools
o First Aid  Development of healthy work environment
- Refers to the initial assistance given to patients during sudden illness /injury  Development of healthy work practices and promotion of health at
using available material before medical assistance arrives work
o Shock  Strengthening of OSH
- This is when the current flows through a person body.  Establishing of support services for occupational health
o Rescuer  Development of occupational health standards based on scientific
- A person who saves someone from a dangerous or difficult situation. risk assessment
o First Aider  Development of human resources for occupational health
- A person who is trained to give immediate medical help.  Establishment of registration and data systems, development of
information services for experts, effective transmission of data and
Key Components of OSH raising of public awareness through public information
 Strengthening of research

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 Principles of Occupational Health and Safety with policies and good practices, and other related activities are central to the
- Occupational health and safety is a multi-disciplinary field, covering issues establishment and the enforcement of effective policies.
related to law, medicine, technology, economics and industry specific
concerns. 6. Health promotion is a central element of occupational health practice.
- The core occupational safety and Health principles put forth by the ILO are - Efforts must be made to enhance workers‟ physical, mental and social well-
as follows: being.
1. All workers have rights.
- Workers, as well as employees and government, must ensure 7. Occupational health services covering all workers should be established.
that these rights are protected and foster decent conditions of labour. - Ideally all workers in all categories of economic activity should have access
- As the International Labour Conference stated in 1984: to such services, which aim to protect and promote workers‟ health and
o Work should take place in a safe healthy environment; improve working conditions.
o Conditions of work should be consistent with workers‟ well-being and
human dignity; 8. Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services must be made
o Work should offer real possibilities for personal achievement, self- available to workers who suffer occupational injuries, accidents and work
fulfilment and service society. related diseases.
2. Occupational health and safety policies must be established. - Action must be taken to minimise the consequences of occupational hazards.
- Such policies must be implemented at both the governmental and enterprise
levels. 9. Education and training are vital components of safe, healthy working
- They must be effectively communicated to all parties concerned. environments.
3. There is a need for consultation with the social partners (that is, - Workers and employers must be made aware of the importance and the
employers and workers) and other stakeholders. means of establishing safe working procedures.
- This should be done during the formulation, implementation and review of - Trainers must be trained in areas of special relevance to different industries,
such policies. which have specific OHS concerns.

4. Prevention and protection must be the aim of occupational health and 10. Workers, employers and competent authorities have certain
safety programmes and policies. responsibilities, duties and obligations.
- Efforts must be focused on primary prevention at the workplace level. - For example, workers must follow established safety procedures; employers
- Workplaces and working environment should be planned and designed to be must provide safe workplaces and ensure access to first aid; and the
safe and healthy competent authorities must devise, communicate and periodically review and
update occupational health and safety policies.
5. Information is vital for the development and implementation of effective
programmes and policies. 11. Policies must be enforced.
- The collection and dissemination of accurate information on hazards and - A system of inspection must be in place to secure compliance with
hazardous materials, surveillance of workplaces, monitoring of compliance occupational health and safety and other labour legislation.

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TOPIC 1: WORKPLACE HAZARDS AND RISKS - It is important to note that a “hazard” only represents the potential to cause
harm.
Definition of terms - Whether it actually does harm will depend on circumstances, such as the
- An occupational hazard can be defined as any condition that may adversely number of workers exposed and the degree and duration of exposure.
affect the wellbeing or health of the exposed persons - The occurrence or severity of occupational disease is related to the exposure
- Or Hazards are defined as a source of danger that could result in a chance to factors on the job or in the work environment. Such factors can be:
event such as an accident/incident.  Physical hazards – impact, illumination, pressure, noise, vibration,
- Hazards: It is anything (e.g. condition, situation practice or behavior) that extreme temperature (cold or heat), radiation
has potential to cause harm, including injury, disease, death, environmental,
 Biological hazards - bacteria, viruses (Tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus,
property and equipment damage. It can be a thing or a situation.
HIV), plants, parasites, mites, moulds, fungi, insects
- Hazard identification: It is the process of examining each work area and
 Chemical hazards – dusts, heavy toxic metals (i.e. mercury and lead)
working task for the purpose of identifying hazardous inherent in the job.
solvents, pesticides, fibers, mists, fumes, smoke, gasses, vapors
- A danger itself is a potential exposure or a liability to injury, pain, or loss.
- Risk is the possibility of loss or injury/illness or the degree of the possibility  Ergonomic factors-
of such loss.  Psychological factors – over exertion/ excessive force, awkward/static
- Risk: The likelihood or possibility that a risk will occur e.g. injury, illness, positions, fatigue, direct pressure, varying metabolic cycles (and other
death, damage, may occur from exposure to hazard. Psychosocial stressors – lack of control over work, inadequate
- Risk control: It is taking actions to eliminate health and safety risks as far as personal support)
is reasonably practicable.  Physiological factors – monotony, personal relationship, work out cycle
- Monitoring and review: These involve ongoing monitoring the hazard  Safety hazards (unsafe workplace condition) –confined space,
identified, risks assessed, risk control processes and reviewing them to make excavations, falling objects, gas leaks, electrical, poor storage of
sure that they are working. materials and waste, spillage, waste and debris
- Incidents do not occur if a hazard does not exist that presents a danger to  Unsafe workers’ act (Smoking in off-limited areas, Substance and
those working around it. alcohol abuse at work)
- If the potential exposure is high, there is a greater the risk that an undesired  Mechanical – such as falling object, tripping, being caught in or between
event will occur. things, fire and explosion and other causes of work accidents and injuries

CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS

- Workplace hazards are risks in a work environment that can harmfully affect - Hazard identification: It is the process of examining each work area and
or injure employees if not properly addressed. working task for the purpose of identifying hazardous inherent in the job.
- There are many types of workplace hazards that can affect employees - Businesses, industries, and companies are formed to provide services, goods,
physically, mentally and emotionally. and manufactured items; develop new products; provide assistance;
- Occupational hazards can be divided into two broad categories: construct edifices; or transport or move materials.
i) Safety hazards that cause accidents that physically injure workers, and - With these entities come process, procedures, and outcomes that include a
ii) Health hazards that result in the developing of a disease. multitude of hazards
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- Not all hazards and dangers are the same - Chemicals can also be ingested, although this is not usually the principal
- In factories, construction work, mines, railway stations, power-plants, route of entry into the body
jewellery making, weaving factories etc., workers work in the midst of - Many workplaces use chemicals in some form or another.
dust; extreme heat and cold temperatures; strong/bad light and loud - These chemicals can range from cleaning products to hair dye to fluids used
sounds, where they face numerous physical, biological, chemical in a factory.
- Knowing how to process and store chemicals properly can prevent incidents
health hazards.
such as illness, injury, fire or property damage.
- Identification of hazardous agents and groups of workers potentially exposed
- Chemical hazards arise from excessive airborne concentrations of mists,
to these hazards are essential to characterise a workplace involving any
vapors, gases, or solids that are in the form of dusts or fumes.
occupational activity.
- In addition to the hazard of inhalation, many of these materials may act as
skin irritants or may be toxic by absorption through the skin.
a) Health Hazards
- Chemicals can also be ingested, although this is not usually the principal
- A health hazard is any agent, situation, or condition that can cause an
route of entry into the body.
occupational illness.
- Chemical hazards may also include battery acid and solvents.
- Health-related hazards must be identified (recognized), evaluated, and
- Dusts: Solid particulates generated by crushing, grinding, chipping, or
controlled to prevent occupational illnesses that come from exposure to
abrasion. Examples of dusts include coal, wood dust, and sand.
them.
- Fumes: Solid particulates (usually metals) generated by condensation from a
- Health-related hazards come in a variety of forms, such as chemical,
gaseous state. An example of a fume is welding emissions.
physical, ergonomic, or biological:
- Aerosols: Liquid droplets or solid particulate dispersed in air. An example of
- There are five types of health hazards:
an aerosol is overspray from spray painting etc.
1. Chemical Hazards
- Mists: Suspended liquid droplets generated by the condensation from gas to
- Chemical hazards are caused by exposure to excessive airborne
liquid state.
concentrations toxic chemical substances in the form of solids, liquids,
- Gases: Substances which are in the gaseous state at normal temperature and
gases, fumes, vapors, mists, and dusts.
pressure (NTP). Examples: oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.
- Workers can be exposed to chemical hazards by direct contact with skin also
- Vapors: Gaseous phases of a material which is ordinarily a solid or liquid at
known as absorption, through inhalation, and either by accidentally eating or
room temperature. Examples: gasoline, toluene, xylene, and benzene, Diesel
drinking a toxic substance or chemical.
exhaust.
- Chemical hazards can cause severe health-related issues and can be
- Also, Liquids such as, Oxidizing liquids, various pesticides, peroxides,
detrimental to the long-term physical health of people.
reactive liquids, corrosive liquids, chlorine, Fluids from metalworking,
- Common types of illnesses that result from chemical exposure are skin
Bleach
irritation, respiratory illnesses, and blindness.
- Solid chemical like asbestos, lead
- Chemical hazards also can cause corrosion and explosions at worksites
- Occupational Exposure:
leading to property damage and endangering the safety of workers.
 Employees working in and around solvents, toxic chemicals, or
- In addition to the hazard of inhalation, many of these materials may act as flammable gases.
skin irritants or may be toxic by absorption through the skin.  Workers employed in cleaning facilities and job functions.
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  Lab workers who use dangerous chemicals as part of their work o molds,
processes. o fungi,
 Engineers and field workers who work in and around dangerous o viruses (flu or common colds),
chemicals or other hazardous substances.
o vermin (birds, rats, mice, snakes etc.), and
 Hazardous waste operation employees.
 Employees in chemical manufacturing operations. o bacterial contaminants (sanitation and housekeeping items such
 Workers in the oil and gas industry and coal mining operations. as potable water, removal of industrial waste and sewage, food
 Workers involved in hazardous chemical/substance spill cleanups. handling, and personal cleanliness can contribute to the effects
 Emergency and medical personnel. from biological hazards).
- Biological and chemical hazards can overlap.
- Some ways you can avoid chemical incidents in the workplace include - Occupational Exposure:
ensuring that employees understand how to properly store and handle  Hospital workers, medical workers, and laboratory personnel are exposed
chemicals. to biological hazards, especially in the form of bloodborne pathogens.
- Employees who regularly handle chemicals or work in an environment with  People working with animals such as those employed in veterinary
those that could be hazardous often attend safety training that outlines their clinics.
dangers.  Personnel employed in laboratories and research and development units
can be exposed to biological hazards.
- Additionally, effective management personnel often ensures that proper
 People working in food processing and dealing with raw food are also
safety equipment, such as work glasses, gloves or other protective wear, is exposed to biological hazards.
available for all employees to prevent accidental chemical exposure.  Individuals working outdoors or in natural environments.

2. Biological Hazards - To prevent illness from a biological hazard such as mold, for example,
- Biological hazards are often called biohazards and they are workplace health consider instituting workplace mandatory training that tells employees
hazards are that have the potential to harm employees internally if not what they can do when they spot mold.
properly addressed by management. - Additionally, frequent hygiene practices, such as a regular cleanup crew
- Biological hazards are caused by living organisms that produce hazardous that ensures a workspace is clean, should prevent most health hazards
substances that can enter the human body either by breathing, touching, altogether.
ingesting, or injection. - It's important for biological health hazards to be removed from a workspace
- These hazards can cause acute and chronic infections in individuals who are as much as possible to prevent the spread of potential disease.
exposed to them. - Management personnel can help prevent any other various biological
- Often, working with infectious plants, animals, or bloodborne pathogens can hazards by strictly following codes for disease control or any health and
lead to worker exposure to biological hazards. safety precautions set for specific wildlife removal. Adhering to these
- The past outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the current spread of the principles can help prevent potential workplace-induced conditions.
Monkeypox virus are practical examples of biological hazards that any one
of us can easily relate to. 3. Physical Hazards
- Biological hazards include - These are Hazards that cause a physical injury to a worker due to the
o insects i.e mosquitos workplace environment having excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing
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 electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination, and temperature are - If not corrected, improper air quality may cause long-term health defects.
known as physical hazards. - Management can ensure proper air quality by adhering to safety guidelines
- For instance, exposure to loud noise for extended periods can lead to loss of concerning temperature, chemical storage and gas storage.
hearing. - Repairing or replacing a ventilation system when it is not functioning
- Working for extended periods under the sun can lead to heat exhaustion and properly can also help prevent any long-term workplace health issues.
heatstroke while working for long hours in the cold can lead to hypothermia o Noise
if not properly attired. - Many things in a workspace, such as equipment or moving vehicles in
- Physical hazards are substances present in a workplace or conditions that industrial and manufacturing environments, can create noise.
may threaten employee safety if not properly removed. - This is another extremely common workplace health hazard.
- Physical hazards may be factors, agents, or circumstances that can cause - Hearing loss is one of the main concerns that stems from a noisy
harm without or with contact. environment, but other less frequent issues that management can help avoid
- Physical hazards are one of the most common hazards in a workplace, but by ensuring noise levels remain manageable include general annoyance,
management can avoid them by following regulatory procedures. stress and interference with communication.
- Physical agents (energy sources) strong enough to harm the body, such as - In environments where communication is vital, noise problems can pose a
electric currents, heat, cold, light, vibration, noise, and radiation. productivity problem if not properly managed.
- Physical hazards include excessive levels of nonionizing and ionizing - Management can help prevent noise-related hazards by offering earplugs to
radiations, impact, illumination/light, noise, vibration, and extremes of those who work in industrial areas.
temperature and pressure. - Occupational Exposure
o Temperature hazards  Workers carrying out job tasks in noisy surroundings.
- Extremely cold or hot temperatures can be dangerous to employee health.  Medical personnel working in the Radiology department in hospitals and
- For hot environments, dangers to avoid include heat strokes and heat clinics.
 Individuals working outdoors in the hot sun or during winter for long
exhaustion, while in cold environments, effective management takes steps to
periods.
prevent conditions such as hypothermia or frostbite.  Personnel employed in smelting operations, steel mills, mining
- While there are no maximum or minimum temperature requirements, there operations, etc.
are gear and rules that management can implement to ensure workplace  Workers working on open to air construction sites.
safety, such as proper clothing and frequent breaks if necessary. -
o Air quality
- Air in a workplace can present problems depending on its quality. 4. Ergonomic Hazards
- Dust, for example, when not properly ventilated, can cause workplace injury - These are simply work design (ergonomic) hazards.
over a period of time. - The term “ergonomics” is derived from two Greek words: “ergon”, meaning
- Chemicals incorrectly stored or gases not properly sealed may also cause work and “nomoi”, meaning natural laws. It’s synonymous with 'human
workplace injury. factors engineering'
- Detrimental symptoms can appear in employees in just a few hours, or it can - Ergonomic work hazards are hazards related to employees' daily duties,
take a long period of exposure to begin showing symptoms. mostly those that affect their physical well-being.
- Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work demands.
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- Ergonomics is the application of scientific information concerning humans - Designing the tools and the job to be done to fit the worker should be of
to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use. prime importance.
- It is 'the science of making the job fit the worker'; or in other words is 'the - Intelligent application of engineering and biomechanical principles is
application of human sciences to the optimisation of people's working required to eliminate hazards of this kind.
environment` - The aim is to ensure that the job must fit the person in all respects and
- Ergonomics is the science of researching and evaluating various tasks in the work situation should not compromise human capabilities
the workplace (such as lifting, holding, sitting, pushing, walking, and and limitations.
reaching) that can cause discomfort or injury to the human body. - Work systems, sports and leisure, health and safety should all embody
- Thus, ergonomic hazards are mainly musculoskeletal injuries that occur due
ergonomic principles, if well designed.
to bad sitting posture, repetitive awkward movements, frequent lifting,
- Ergonomics seeks to improve the match between the job and the
extreme temperature, bad lighting, and work stress.
- Ergonomic injuries also can occur due to poorly set-up workstations in
worker’s physical abilities, information handling and workload
offices, badly designed chairs, and incorrect height of office tables. capacities.
- Maintaining efficiency and comfort in the workplace can minimize
ergonomic hazards. 5. Psychosocial Hazards/Workplace stress
- Ergonomic hazards include: - Psychosocial hazards can occur due to the workplace environment or work
o Improperly designed tools or poor tool design stress.
o Poor design of work areas and stations. - Workplaces, where there is discrimination, harassment, victimization, or a
o Improper lifting or reaching (material handling) generally negative perception by employees, can lead to such hazards.
o poor visual conditions i.e. Workers working in factories with - Being overworked or not having downtime, being overly stressed about
bad lighting or work or even peers can lead to depression, anxiety, and low morale, resulting
o Working for longer working hours are prone to danger in deteriorating the mental health and well-being of workers.
o repetitive motions in an can result in accidents - Workplace stress is anything that impacts the health of workers and is part of
o awkward work position/or posture i.e. poor sitting posture the overall work environment, and it is considered by most professionals to
while using computers. be ergonomically related and to put the worker at risk of accidents and
- Other psychological factors include – over exertion/ excessive muscular stress-related health problems.
force, awkward/static positions, fatigue, direct pressure, varying metabolic - This type of stress may be from:
cycles o job expectations,
- Also, Physiological factors – monotony, personal relationship, work out o lack of control over work,
cycle o inadequate personal support
- Occupational Exposure: o extremes of pressure from supervisors and peer pressure,
- All people in the labor force! Although today, office workers are prone to o bullying and harassment, as well as
greater exposure to ergonomics hazards than any other individuals. o shift work or
o excess overtime; these can seriously harm the health and well-
being of workers.
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- Stress can also interfere with efficiency and productivity. - Confined space, excavations, falling objects, gas leaks, electrical, poor
- Psychosocial hazards are workplace hazards that can cause mental or storage of materials and waste, spillage, waste and debris
emotional damage within a workplace environment. o Unsafe workers’ act
- Examples of workplace psychosocial hazards include: - Unsafe acts are relevant to workers’ behavior
o Stress - Smoking in off-limited areas, Substance and alcohol abuse at work)
- Stress in a workplace environment can arise from poor management, - Thus, safety hazars may include elements of a building in which employees
improperly communicated expectations or fluctuating or overbearing work, the machines or vehicles they operate or the general conditions in
workloads. Ways that management can prevent stress include managerial which employees operate.
reviews conducted by employees or more employee input acknowledged in - Common sources of safety hazards include
the workplace. - Abrasives Emergencies Acids
o Bullying or workplace violence - Environmental factors Biohazards Excavations
- Bullying and workplace violence encompasses any form of assault or insult - Blasting Explosives Blood-borne pathogens Falls
that occurs in the workplace. - Caustics Fibers Chains
- Prevention of workplace violence and bullying is often a responsibility of - Fires Chemicals Flammables
managers to implement, but other employees can help prevent this, too. - Compressed-gas cylinders Forklifts Confined spaces
- Effective management often implements a system for reporting any kind of - Fumes Conveyors Gases
abuse, while helpful employees often report instances of bullying or violence - Cranes Generators Derricks
quickly and accurately. - Hand tools Electrical equipment Power tools
- Occupational Exposure - Hazardous chemical processes Noise
- All people in the labor force! - Elevators and manlifts Hazardous waste Working surfaces
- Heavy equipment Pressure vessels Wire ropes
b) Safety Hazards - High voltage Radiation Hoists Respirators Hoses Rigging
- General workplace hazards are hazards that involve the workplace Hot items Scaffolds Stairways
environment itself. - Hot processes Slings Power sources
- Safety hazards occur due to unexpected circumstances and avoidable - Housekeeping/waste Solvents Ladders
circumstances falls, slips, and trips. - Lasers Storage facilities Lifting Stored materials Loads
- The danger to workers from safety hazards can vary and either be negligible - Transportation equipment Transportation vehicles Lighting
such as a small cut, a little more serious such as a broken hand, or can be - Machines Trucks Materials Ventilation Mists
serious with long term repercussions such as a spine injury, and even cause - Walkways and roadways Walls and floor openings
death. - Welding and cutting Platforms
- There are two forms of indirect causes leading to safety hazards. o Workplace vehicles or machinery
- They are unsafe conditions and unsafe acts - Workplace vehicles may pose a hazard to employees if improperly driven or
- These hazards may arise due to the following workplace elements: operated.
o Unsafe workplace condition

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- To prevent workplace injury stemming from vehicles or machinery, ensure INDICATORS OF THE PRESENCE OF HAZARDS IN WORKPLACE
that all operators undergo proper vehicle training and adhere to guidelines
related to vehicle operation. - Exposure indicator (measures of markers in human tissue or fluid that
- Another way you can prevent workplace injury involving vehicles is to identify the presence of a potentially harmful substance resulting from
encourage incident reporting and consider incoming reports seriously and exposure in the workplace),
promptly upon receiving them. - Hazard indicators (measures of potential for worker exposure to health and
o Workplace navigation safety hazards in the workplace),
- While not all employees operate a vehicle or machinery in every workspace, (i) Increased of incidents of accidents, injuries or deaths
there are still dangers employees may face due to their work environment. - An accident, by definition, is any unplanned event that results in personal
- Management can prevent potential workplace injury due to ladders, injury or in property damage.
doorways, confined spaces or weather, for example, by regularly requiring - Occurrence of accidents are rarely simple and almost never result from a
safety review training for all employees. single cause.
- Safety training is beneficial and ensures that employees follow safety - Thus, accidents may develop from a sequence of events involving
guidelines highlighted by your company's safety standards. performance errors, changes in procedures, oversights, and missions.
- Occupational Exposure - Thus, an increase in incidents of accidents and injuries at workplace points
 Construction industry workers. to presence of hazards and or emergence of new hazards in a workplace.
 Personnel working in the utility sector. - This includes:
 Workers working at heights such as window cleaners on scaffolding. o Work-Related Severe Traumatic Injury Hospitalizations
 Service and maintenance personnel. o soft tissue injuries,
 Personnel working with heavy equipment or machinery o Low back injurieswhole-body vibration
o Hospitalizations for work-related burns
o Occupational heat-related emergency department visits
Benefits of Hazard Identification o Dead hand/ White finger: Vibration-Induced White Finger
1. A decrease in the incidents of injuries, (VWF), is the result of impaired circulation (poor blood supply in
2. A decrease in lost workdays and absenteeism, the fingers, caused by the prolonged use of vibrating tools
3. A decrease in workers’ compensation cost,
-
4. Better productivity, and
(ii) Increased occurrence of sickness or health complaints/ symptoms
5. An increase in cooperation and communication.
- High cases of development of work-related illness or symptoms shows
6. Helps in ranking hazards
existence of occupational hazards.
7. Helps in selection of more suitable PPEs - However, in some cases someone with an occupational illness may not
- The baseline for determining the benefit of the hazard identification can be recognize the symptoms immediately.
formulated from existing company data on occupational injuries/illnesses,
- For example, noise-induced hearing loss is often difficult for victims to
workers’ compensation, attendance, profit, and production. detect until it is advanced.
- Some of the symptoms/illness or complaints acting as indicators include:
o soft tissue injuries, whole-body vibration,
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 11
 o Back injuries / low back pain complaints - Thus, the more injuries and illnesses employers experience, the higher the
o hearing loss, premium paid by the employer.
o Work-related hospitalizations due to infections, - Hence, organizations that prevent occurrence of occupational injuries and
o Work-related low back disorder hospitalizations, illnesses will definitely reduce the cost of workers’ compensation premiums
o Asthma among Adults Caused or Made Worse by Work - In this regard, compensation awards acts as indicators of possible presence
(iii) Common complaints of workers related to OSH of hazards in a workplace.
- Workers can have constant complaints about lack of PPEs or unsafe - Some of these include:
machines , or unsafe work environment. T o Amputations identified in state workers’ compensation systems
- Such complaints indicate existence of hazards that employee have seen or o Carpal tunnel syndrome cases identified in state workers’
identified. compensation systems
- o Workers’ compensation awards
(iv) High absenteeism for work-related reasons
- Absenteeism: It is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation. EVALUATION/AND WORK ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENTS OF
- Frequent absence from the workplace may be indicative of poor morale or OSH HAZARDS/RISK EXISTING IN THE WORKPLACE
of sick building syndrome. - A hazard evaluation/assessment is a process designed to identify, assess,
- Thus, it indicates presences of hazards that affect both mental and physical and manage health risks and safety hazards in the workplace.
wellbeing i.e. psychosocial hazards, etc. - It also recommends appropriate safety measures to use to mitigate the
- However, many employers have implemented draconian absence policies identified hazards.
which make no distinction between absences for genuine illness and absence - Evaluation and/or work environment measurements of OSH hazards/risk
for inappropriate reasons. existing in the workplace is conducted by Authorized personnel or agency
- As a result, many employees feel obliged to come to work while ill, and
transmit communicable diseases to their co-workers.
Components an Evaluation and Work environment Measurements of OSH
- This leads to even greater absenteeism and reduced productivity among
Hazards
other workers who try to work while ill . - The following are some of common elements that are often included i.e
- Thus, cases of high absenteeism for work related reasons that may affect the a) An assessment of your compliance with relevant laws and
normal working trend regulations
- b) An evaluation of your health and safety policies, procedures, and
(v) Rise in Workers’ Compensation awards systems
- Workers’ compensation premiums paid by the employer act like a protection c) An examination of how well your employees understand and
or insurance policy against liability when a worker suffers injury or illness comply with health and safety procedures
due to a hazard within the workplace. d) A review of any accidents or incidents that have occurred in the
- The employer’s premium is based upon the type of industry as well as the past
injury and illness history of the employer’s workplace. e) Identification of any potential risks that could lead to accidents or
incidents in the future
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 12
 f) review of prevention and control measures put in place. 3. Determine the safety and health condition of the workplace
5. Evaluate supervisor’s safety and health performance
6. Evaluate workers’ safety and health performance
Ways of Evaluation of OSH Hazards 7. Evaluate progress regarding safety and health issues and problems
- Ways of Evaluation of OSH hazards is done through workplace audits and 8. Determine the effectiveness of new processes or procedural changes.
inspections.
- Workplace audits are inspections that are conducted to evaluate certain Importance of performing Health Audits at workplace:
aspects of the work environment regarding occupational safety and health • They save on cost after something transpires.
(OSH) • They dwell on the present or potential problems.
- The evaluation and work environmental measurement may include the • They allow for real-time observations.
following: • They identify presently existing health hazards.
1. Health audit • They can detect existing performance, procedural, and behavioral issues. a
2. Safety audit
3. work Safety b) Safety audit:
4. Health Evaluation - It is used to describe an activity where a facility gets information about one
- The use of safety and health audits has been shown to have a positive effect or more aspects of the workplace in order to evaluate the risks levels for
on a company’s loss control initiative. health and safety issues.
- In fact, companies who perform safety and health audits have fewer - It is a structured process where information is collected relating to the
accidents/incidents than companies who do not perform audits. efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of a company’s total health and
- The safety and health audits (inspections), which are often conducted in safety management system.
workplaces, serve a number of evaluative purposes. - A Safety Audit is a critical and structured examination that assesses and
scrutinizes an organization’s safety protocols, identifying potential hazards
a) Health audit: and ensuring adherence to established safety standards and regulations.
- This is a process by health professionals to assess, evaluate and improve care - This essential process, pivotal in fostering a secure and compliant working
of workers in a systematic way. environment, is integral for organizations aiming to uphold the well-being of
- It measures current practice against defined standard. their workforce and cultivate a culture centered around safety awareness and
- It forms part of health governance which aims to safeguard high quality care responsibility.
of workers. - It involves a thorough examination of the workplace, including reviewing
- It assesses your workplace policies, processes, procedures, and systems, safety documentation and observing work practices, equipment, and
highlighting areas for improvement. environment, to identify any potential hazards or areas of non-compliance
Reasons for performing Health Audits or inspections: with applicable regulations and standards
1. Check compliance with company rules and regulations - The audit assesses whether the safety protocols in place are adequate and
2. Check compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration effective in maintaining a safe working environment and whether employees
(OSHA) rules are adhering to established safety procedures.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 13

- A Safety Audit is crucial as it acts as a preventive measure, ensuring that the  Determine the safe condition of equipment and machinery
workplace is safe and compliant with all safety regulations. It fosters a  Identifying weaknesses in human resources departments
safety-conscious culture within the organization, promotes the well-being of  Demonstrating management’s dedication to employee health and safety
employees, and contributes to the overall success and sustainability of the
Importance Of Safety Audits
organization.
 Compliance with Regulations: Safety audits ensure that an organization is
in compliance with local, state, and federal safety regulations, helping to
Purpose of Safety Audit avoid legal complications and penalties.
- Their primary purpose is to identify health and safety hazards, assess the  Risk Identification: Audits help in identifying various risks and hazards
effectiveness of the measures in place to control those hazards, and ensure present in the workplace, allowing for the implementation of corrective
compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Administration's measures to mitigate these risks.
(OSHA) standards.  Enhanced Safety: Regular safety audits lead to the identification and
- Safety audits serve two broad purposes: elimination of unsafe conditions and practices, thereby reducing the
likelihood of accidents and injuries.
1. Ensuring compliance with safety legislation – these are routinely
 Improved Employee Morale: Knowing that the organization is committed
conducted and can be carried out externally (by representatives or a
to maintaining a safe work environment boosts employee morale and
regulatory body) or internally (by a team drawn from the company's
productivity.
staff)
 Cost Reduction: By preventing accidents and occupational illnesses, safety
2. Identifying weaknesses in a company's safety program – these audits
audits help reduce the costs associated with medical expenses,
serve as a guide to optimize a company's safety management system and
compensation, and downtime.
identify corrective actions that should be undertaken
 Continuous Improvement: Safety audits facilitate the continuous
improvement of safety management systems by identifying areas of
Objectives of Safety Audit
weakness and recommending improvements.
- The broad objectives of a safety audit are to:
 Enhanced Reputation: Demonstrating a commitment to safety can enhance
 Maintain a safe workplace by identifying hazards and implementing
an organization’s reputation among clients, customers, employees, and
adequate controls for them
stakeholders.
 Verify that employees are following the measures set out by the
 Training and Development: The findings of a safety audit can be used to
company's safety program
develop training programs to educate employees about safe work practices
 Ensure that the facility, equipment, and operations meet safety
and procedures.
requirements and industry best practices
 Documentation and Accountability: Audits provide documentation of
 Determine whether the company's record-keeping is adequate
safety efforts and ensure accountability at all levels within the organization
for maintaining safety standards.
- Safety audits are more thorough than technical inspections and spot-checks.  Proactive Approach: Conducting safety audits is a proactive approach to
- Audits look beyond the activity taking place on a typical workday and also managing workplace safety, allowing organizations to anticipate and
evaluate the company's safety training and onboarding process. address issues before they escalate into serious problems.

Benefits of Safety Audits Types of Safety Audit

 Providing an ongoing review of systems to ensure that they continue to - Safety Audits can be broadly categorized into: Internal and External Audits,
be followed 1. Internal Safety Audit
 Facilitating planned improvements to programs, policies, and procedures
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 14
- An Internal Safety Audit is conducted by the organization’s own staff  Cost: Can be more expensive due to the specialized expertise and external
members or a department within the organization. consultation fees.
- It is a self-assessment tool used to identify safety concerns, non compliances,
and areas for improvement within the organization. Objectives:
 To provide an independent and objective assessment of safety practices and
Characteristics: compliance.
 Familiarity: Internal safety auditors have a deep understanding of the  To benchmark the organization’s safety performance against industry
organization’s processes, culture, and operational nuances. standards and best practices.
 Frequency: These audits can be conducted more frequently due to the  To identify areas of non-compliance with external regulations and
availability of internal resources. standards.
 Cost: Generally, less expensive as it utilizes internal resources.  To offer expert recommendations for improving safety management
 Focus: Often focuses on routine safety practices, compliance with internal systems.
policies, and operational safety concerns.
Limitations:
Objectives:  Familiarity: External auditors may lack familiarity with the organization’s
 To assess compliance with the organization’s own safety policies and specific operational nuances and cultural context.
procedures.  Availability: Scheduling and availability can be challenging, and it may
 To identify and address safety concerns and hazards promptly. take more time to organize external audits.
 To foster a proactive safety culture within the organization.
 To facilitate continuous improvement in safety performance. c) Work safety:
- This describes procedures in place to ensure safety and health of the
Limitations:
employee.
 Bias: There may be a risk of bias or lack of objectivity due to internal
relationships and familiarity with processes. - It involves hazard identification and action according to the government
 Limited Perspective: May lack exposure to best practices and standards standards and ongoing safety training and education for employees
used in other organizations or industries. - It evaluates and reviews the Safe Work Practices at workplace.
- To ensure that a ready and up-to-date reference is available, and to form a
2. External Safety Audit: foundation for needed employee training, operating procedures must be
- An External Safety Audit is conducted by independent external experts or readily accessible to employees who work in or maintain a process.
consultants who are not employees of the organization.
- The operating procedures must be reviewed as often as necessary to ensure
- It provides an unbiased and objective assessment of the organization’s safety
management system. that they reflect current operating practices, including changes in process
chemicals, technology, equipment, and facilities.
Characteristics: - To guard against outdated or inaccurate operating procedures, the employer
 Objectivity: External auditors bring an unbiased perspective, free from must certify annually that these operating procedures are current and
internal influences or preconceptions. accurate.
 Expertise: Often have specialized knowledge and experience in safety
- The employer must develop and implement safe work practices to provide
standards and best practices across industries.
for the control of hazards during work activities such as lockout/tagout;
 Comprehensiveness: Tend to be more thorough and comprehensive,
assessing compliance with external regulations and industry standards. confined space entry; opening process equipment or piping; and control over
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 15
 the entrance into a facility by maintenance, contractor, laboratory, or other - The administration can also create OSH issies at workplace through
support personnel. some of theirs acts i.e. prolonged work hours, no break time, constant
- These safe work practices must apply both to employees and to contractor overtime, scheduling of tasks),
employees. 3. Reasons for compliance/non-compliance to use of PPEs or
other OSH procedures/policies/guidelines) raised by workers
d) Health Evaluation:
- Workers compliance to OSH policies can be an issues at workplace
- NB:Read and make notes:
especially is there is a high rate of non-compliance.
(health audit,
safety audit, work safety and health evaluation, work Methods of Gathering OSH Issues
environment measurements of physical and chemical hazards) - The occupational safety and health issues can be gathered from workers by a
measurements of OSH hazards/risk existing in the workplace by number of methods.
authorized personnel or agency - These methods include:
o Questionnaires
GATHERING OF OSH ISSUES AND/OR CONCERNS - The use of a short/simple fill-in the-blank questionnaire to collect responses
- Some of OSH issues include: from workers concerning OSH issues
1. workers’ experience/observance on presence of work hazards o Oral interviews
- Works can raise issues concering Work environment, provision and - Interview workers, supervisors, and managers to identify known and
quality of PPE, employers negligence of safety procedures etc suspected health hazards not already on the list.
- Underreporting of occupational injuries and illnesses by employees and - Interviewing employees at all levels for knowledge, awareness, and
health care providers; perceptions in regard to OSH
- Inadequate recognition of occupational injuries and illnesses by health care o By use of suggestion box
providers; - Issues raised by employees can be dropped in aa suggestion box especially
- Failure by employers and/or health care providers to report cases according where workers fear to be victimized by the management.
to applicable state laws; o Observation i.e use of checklist
- Difficulties in attributing diseases with long latency from time of exposure to - A checklist or form should be used for recording observations.
disease manifestation and/or from multifactorial causes (e.g., silicosis, lung - This form should record what the worker has been observed doing, when the
cancer); observation was made, and what action or actions were taken or planned as a
- Possible exclusion of at-risk populations from surveillance (e.g., self- result
employed, military);  - It special effort to see how employees do their jobs thus acting as a tool for
- Variations in coding the causes of injury, illness or death;  gathering some OSH issues in workplace.
- Differences in underlying populations at risk (“denominators”)
- - The data collected using these methods is analyzed to get the required
information to facilitate site taking of the corrective actions.
2. unsafe/unhealthy administrative arrangements

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 16

- The concerns may concern the following aspects: c) Safety audit
 Environmental safety
 Workplace safety 6. Differentiate between physical and chemical hazards at the work place.
 Machine safety 7. Describe briefly the ergonomic factors that can cause hazards.
 Workers welfare issues
Oral Assessment
 Compensation issues in case of injury or loss of life
1. Mention any three unsafe worker behavior.
 Operational hours and maximum exposure limit 2. Mention any five safety hazards at the work place.
3. Mention any three indicators of hazards
Self-Assessment
4. Mention any two ways of evaluating the work place environment
Written Assessment
1. Which of the following is not a chemical hazard? Practical Assessment
a) Vapor
b) Fumes 1. Trainees to identify any health hazards in the workshops as well as
c) Gases in the compound
d) Illumination 2. Trainees to gather information on any precautionary measure that
can be used to address the above hazards.
2. Identify which is not a psychological hazard.
a) Fatigue
b) Memory
c) Workout cycle
d) Personal relationship
#####END####
3. Which of the following is a physical hazard?
a) Vibration
b) Electrical fault
c) Alcohol abuse
d) Gas leaks

4. 4. Define the following terms

a) Hazard
b) Risk

5. 5. Describe briefly the following terms as used in OSH

a) Hazard identification
b) Health auditing
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 17
 TOPIC 2: CONTROL OSH HAZARDS Engineering controls reduce or prevent hazards from coming into
contact with workers.
- Learning Outcome 2: Identify and implement appropriate control measures Engineering controls can include modifying equipment or the
to hazards and risks workspace, using protective barriers, ventilation, and more.
- Hazard prevention and control: These are efforts geared towards 6. Use Personal Protective Equipment:
protecting workers from the work place hazards i.e. help avoid injuries, Use personal protective equipment (i.e., wear gloves and goggles
illness, and incidents, minimize or eliminate safety and health risk and help when using the machine)
provide workers with safe and healthful workingconditions. - If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled at the level of the
worker.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES - For example, workers can be required to use a specific work procedure to
- The appropriate risk controls in order of impact are as follows: prevent harm.
1. Elimination: - One type of hazard control may not be completely effective.
Eliminate the hazard altogether (i.e., get rid of the dangerous machine) - A combination of several different types of hazard controls often works well.
Elimination removes the hazard at the source. - Whatever method is used, an attempt should be made to try to find the root
This could include changing the work process to stop using a toxic cause of each hazard and not simply control the symptoms.
chemical, heavy object, or sharp tool. - For example, it might be better to redesign a work process than simply
It is the preferred solution to protect workers because no exposure can improve a work procedure.
occur. - It is better to replace, redesign, isolate, or quiet a noisy machine than to
2. Isolation: issue nearby workers hearing protectors.
Isolate the hazard from anyone who could be harmed (i.e., keep the -
machine in a closed room and operate it remotely; barricade an unsafe
area off)
3. Substitution:
Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative (i.e., replace the machine
with a safer one)
Substitution is using a safer alternative to the source of the hazard.
An example is using plant-based printing inks as a substitute for solvent-
based inks.
4. Administrative Controls:
Use administrative controls to reduce the risk (i.e., train workers how
to use equipment safely; train workers about the risks of harassment;
issue signage)
5. Engineering Controls:
Use engineering controls to reduce the risk (i.e., attach guards to the -
machine to protect users)
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 18
 A. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT(PPE) - PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at the
source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the
- Personal protective equipment: It is one of the importance means to protect equipment fails.
the wearer from hazards in the work place. It is the last frontier of the wearer - Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working
from worksite hazards and should be selected based on the job scope and environment.
intended protection. - This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry
out their work and create significant levels of discomfort.
o Meaning of PPE - In summary they following are drawbacks to the use of PPE:
- Def. 1: PPE is defined as all equipment designed to be worn, or held, to • Hazard still looms.
protect against a risk to health and safety. • Some degree of risk from hazard still exists.
- Def 2: PPE is protective clothing helmets, goggles, or other garments or • Protection is dependent upon the worker using PPE.
equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. • PPE may interfere with task performance and productivity.
- Def. 3: PPE is an appropriate safe clothing/ protective clothing, goggles, • It requires supervision.
helmet or other garment or equipment designed to protect the wearer’s • It is an ongoing expense.
(workers) body against either infection or injury. - Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore
- Protective equipment may be worn for job related occupational safety and placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances,
health purposes. death.
- The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, - Good ergonomic design can help to minimize these barriers and can
heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter. therefore help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the
- Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and correct use of PPE.
health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities. - Thus, PPEs include most types of protective clothing, and equipment such
- "Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and as eye, foot and head protection, safety harnesses, life jackets and high
"protective gear" applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, visibility clothing.
and others. - employers must provide free of charge any PPE and employees must make
- PPE suits can be similar in appearance to a cleanroom suit. full and proper use of it
- The vulnerable parts of the body which may need protection are the head,
o Purpose of PPEs eyes, ears, lungs, torso, hands and feet and, additionally, protection from
- The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee falls may need to be considered.
exposure to hazards when engineering controls and administrative controls
are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels.
- PPE is needed when there are hazards present.
- Thus PPES helps protect technicians from injuries.

o Limitation of PPEs

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 19

 o Protection of the head (head gear)
- Wearing PPE for head protection will help you avoid any harm that may
come to you from falling materials or swinging objects.
- Moreover, the head protectors are designed to protect you from
knocking/striking the head against stationary objects/projections.
- Some kinds of head protection equipment (e.g. caps and hair nets) can even
protect against entanglement of hair or scalping on machinery.
- Typical methods of protection of the head include helmets, light duty scalp
protectors called ‘ bump caps ’ and hairnets.
- Helmet or head gear should be worn always especially where there are
falling objects
- Objects falling from a height present the major hazard against which head
protection is provided
- Examples of head protection equipment:
 Helmets
 Hard hats;
 Bump Caps;
 Hairnets
 Guards;
 Accessories.
- Examples of activities where you may need head protection:
- Workplace related: construction or building repair (e.g. renovation,
restoration, etc.) and work in tunnels or excavations;
- Leisure/Sport related: driving motorcycles
Basic Types of Personal Protective Equipment
- The following are common types of PPEs
o Protection of the body
1. Head Protection
- Overall or dust coats
2. Face and Eye Protection
- Usually, body protection equipment is required in the following cases:
3. Foot Protection
(i) For protection against weather conditions when working outdoors;
4. Hands Protection
Ensuring the high-visibility of users when they work in areas where
5. Body Protection
there is a mixed vehicle (e.g. bikes, motors, cars and busses) and
6. Hearing Protection
pedestrian traffic;
7. Fall Protection
8. Respiratory Protection

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 20

 (ii) For users’ protection against extreme temperatures; ensuring - Working with VDUs (visual display units) can cause eye strain and fatigue
protection against entanglement, drowning, chemical contamination, and,’
etc. - Individuals are encouraged and advised to wear eye and face protection
- Also, a worker’s body may need provide protection of the body protection equipment when:
against heat or cold, bad weather, chemical or metal splash, impact or - working with lasers or power driven tools;
penetration and contaminated dust. - using gas or vapour under pressure;
- Alternatively, there may be a risk of the worker’s own clothes causing - performing welding operations;
contamination of the product, as in the food industry - Handling hazardous substances.
- Examples of body protection equipment: - Screen-based workstations such as VDUs
- Overall -
- dustcoats o Protection of hands
- Aprons - Arms, hands and fingers are often injured and, therefore, it is vital to wear
- Life jackets hand protection equipment when it is required.
- Clothing for specific weather conditions - The hand protection equipment can ensure protection against temeperature
- High-visibility clothing extremes (heat and cold), vibrations, abrasion, burns, and cuts by sharp
- Harnesses, and othersa objects, bacteriological risks (skin infection) and chemical contamination.
- Gloves or gauntlets provide protection from most industrial processes, but
o Protection of the Face and Eyes should not be worn when operating machinery because they may become
- Eye injuries are common in workplace since they are very vulnerable to entangled in it
liquid splashes, flying particles and light emissions such as ultraviolet light, - Examples of hand protection equipment:
electric arcs and lasers.  Work/safety gloves and
- Such injuries can be avoided simply by wearing the proper eye and face  gauntlets;
protection equipment thus helping to avoid endangering eyes  Wrist cuff arm nets.
- As examples of such PPE can be mentioned the following ones: - Activities requiring hand protection equipment:
 Safety glasses and - construction and outdoor work;
 Safety goggles - working with vibrating apparatus;
 Safety spectacles - working in hot or cold environments;
 Eye and face shields - working with chemicals and hazardous elements or corrosive fluids;
 Eyewear accessories - Manual handling of abrasive or sharp objects
 Over specs - Handling live electrical conductors
 Visors.
- Screen-based workstations are being used increasingly in industrial and o Protection of feet
commercial locations by all types of personnel.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 21

- The foot protection equipment is designed to protect the feet and legs against - This is the basis of the widely accepted limit of 85 dB of continuous
various hazards, such as extreme temperatures, crushing, piercing, slipping, exposure to noise for 8 hours per day.
cutting, chemicals and electricity. - Continuous noise at work causes deafness, makes people irritable, affects
- Safety boots or industrial boots to provide protection against injuries as well concentration, causes fatigue and accident proneness and may mask sounds
as sliping which need to be heard in order to work efficiently and safely
- Boots or shoes with in-built toe caps can give protection against impact or - Examples of hearing protection equipment:
falling objects and, when fitted with a mild steel sole plate, can also provide  Earplugs (disposable and reusable)
protection from sharp objects penetrating through the sole.  Ear muffs
- Special slip resistant soles can also be provided for employees working in  defenders
wet areas  Noise meters
- As examples of foot protection equipment include:  Communications sets
 Safety boots and shoes;  Acoustic foam
 Industrial boots - Other forms of noise control include example by placing a generator in a
 Anti-static and conductive footwear. separate sound-proofed building, provide job rotation, to rearrange work
- It is typically required when users are involved in construction activities, locations or provide acoustic refuges.
working in very cold or hot environments, working with chemicals and
forestry, or when manually handling heavy objects o Respiratory protection
- This type of PPE must be present when being in contact with large amounts
o Protection of the ears of gases, powders, dust and vapours.
- The hearing protection equipment is vital when working in an environment - The respiratory protection covers a broad group of PPE:
with high-sound levels.  breathing apparatus,
- The type of hearing protection should not only be suitable for the working  full face or
environment but also provide a level of hygiene and comfort to the users.  half mask respirators,
- A good practice is to provide employees with a range of protectors and then  powered respirators,
allow them to select the ones which suit them the best.  protective hoods,
- Thus, for individuals subjected to elevated noise at work can reduce it by  disposal face masks, detectors, monitors, etc.
using ear protectors. . - Adequate training on how users should use the equipment is always
- The chosen ear protector must be suited to the user and suitable for the type required.
of noise and individual personnel should be trained in its correct use.
- Noise is accepted as a problem in most industries and surprisingly there has o Height and access protection
been very little control legislation. - This type is highly specialized, and it usually requires users to undergo
- Noise may be defined as any disagreeable or undesirable sound or sounds, thorough training before they are allowed to use it.
generally of a random nature, which do not have clearly defined frequencies.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 22

- The height and access protection equipment must be inspected periodically - Projects need to tailor the Roles/Responsibilities based on their staffing level
by a competent person to ensure it is still fit for use and the health and safety - Project Manager (PM)- is responsible for the overall safety of the project
of users is not threatened in any way. staff and those participating in a project activity and must provide the
- As examples of height and access protection equipment appropriate PPE for those activities.
 Fall-arrest systems - Project Safety Officer (PSO) is responsible for issuing project PPE, for
 Body harnesses training project staff on the proper use and care of the PPE, and to ensure
 Safety harness belts compliance with this SOP.
 Lowering harnesses - Supervisor is responsible for ensuring project staff and others participating
 Rescue lifting in a project activity are properly wearing their issued PPE. After temporarily
 Energy absorbers, and others issuing the appropriate PPE to non‐project personnel, train them on how to
use the PPE and retrieve the PPE upon completion of the activity.
Care for PPEs - Project Staff is responsible for properly wearing their issued PPE for that
- Personal protective equipment should be taken cared as of the other tools activity. They must also properly maintain their issued PPE and when needed
and equipment. request a new PPE to replace worn out or damaged PPE. They will assist the
- Some of the PPEs caring practices include: Supervisor when non Project people are participating in an activity requiring
o Wipe your helmets, gloves, safety shoes before keeping it. specific PPE.
o It should also be cleaned, kept in proper tool rack/ cabinet. - Others participating in the activity must be trained in the proper use of the
o It should be stored in dry places so that it will not have mold assigned PPE and wear it properly when directed by project staff.
build-up.
o Over-all suites should be washed regularly so that perspirations Training
and other dirt will be washed clean. - The PSO or Supervisory staff will train project employees on the use and care
of the PPE.
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) in PPE - When employees use PPE, employers should implement a PPE program.
- A standard or safe operating procedure is a document that describes the - While elements of the PPE program depend on the work process and the
regularly recurring operation relevant to quality and safe performance. identified PPE, the program should address:
- This standard operating procedure incorporates the requirements for use of o workplace hazards assessment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for project staff, co-operators, o PPE selection and use
volunteers, contractors, and those under the project’s operational control. o inspection and replacement of damaged or worn-out PPE
- PPE listed in this SOP shall be used to provide protection and safety o employee training
necessary for those participating in a project activity with PPE requirements. o program monitoring for continued effectiveness
- Additional information on the purpose and type of PPE may be available
through the SOP for that activity.
PPE Selection
- PPE shall be provided, used, and maintained wherever hazards exist (e.g.,
Roles and responsibilities of various Project Personnel processing, environmental, chemical, mechanical) or are encountered in a
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 23
 manner capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of
the body.
- Injury can occur though absorption, inhalation, or physical contact with these
hazards.
- The designated PPE person shall set a good example by donning PPE and
following Program policy.
- The following provides guidelines for hazard assessment and PPE selection:
o Eye and face protection. -
- Appropriate eye or face protection shall be worn if exposures to potentially
injurious hazards exist (e.g., flying particles, liquid chemicals, corrosives, B. ENGINEERING CONTROLS:
chemical gases, vapors, UV rays). - Using engineering controls can help reduce the risk (i.e., attach guards to the
- All eyewear shall provide: eye and side protection (detachable or permanent) machine to protect users)
protective devices to be worn over prescription eyewear, if needed a proper - Engineering controls reduce or prevent hazards from coming into contact with
and comfortable fit. workers.
o Foot hazards - Engineering controls can include modifying equipment or the workspace,
- OSHA requires that staff wear protective footwear if the potential for foot using protective barriers, ventilation, and more.
injuries exist, including exposure to: compression, squeezing, smashing, - An engineering control is a control measure that is physical in nature,
falling, or rolling objects, electrical hazards, slipping, chemicals, including a mechanical device or process.
temperature extremes repeated wetness which may result in fungal - For example, this can be done through the use of machine guards, effective
infections puncturing from objects which may pierce the sole of footwear ventilation systems and setting work rates on a roster to reduce fatigue.
- Engineering and work-practice solutions shall be utilized, including wearing - Involves incorporating engineering design to reduce accidents and hazards
footwear correctly (fully laced, etc.) to receive maximum protection. e.g. having guards.
- The Program shall prohibit the use of sandals or open shoes. - In this this approach, the hazards are controlled at their source (where the
problem is created) through applied engineering.
- In summary, PPE selection depends on the occupation and hazards lurking. - If this does not work, try to put controls between the source and the worker.
- Because each industry and its occupations (workers) may require unique or - The closer a control is to the source of the hazard, the better.
specialized PPE because of the hazards identified, workplaces and - Implementing engineering controls can act as permanent measures for
employers must conduct their own hazard assessment. controlling risks.
- Some examples, found below, support this statement. - For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified. Temporary measures
might require workers to use hearing protection. Long-term, permanent
controls might use engineering to remove or isolate the noise source
- At work place it can be impossible to completely eliminate all potential risks
- However, it is important to note that the key to risk control is to prevent
exposure to those who could be at risk.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 24

- In the workplace, it is not possible to have no exposure if anything is going - Eliminate the hazard altogether (i.e., get rid of the dangerous machine)
to get done. - Hazards that cannot be isolated, replaced, enclosed, or automated can
- It is important to limit the potential exposure or amount of exposure. sometimes be removed, blocked, absorbed, or diluted before they reach
- The basic principles of protection from radiation exposure provide the worker
foundation for risk control. - It is often cheaper and more practical to eliminate hazards at the design or
- The three elements of exposure control are distance, time, and shielding. planning stage of a product, process or place used for work.
- Distance provides the best mechanism to prevent exposure. - In these early phases, there is greater scope to design out hazards or
- Distance can be physical distance or remote distance where robotics incorporate risk control measures that are compatible with the original
can provide the distance and limit the exposure. design and functional requirements.
- Time is an exposure limiter and a mechanism that allows employers to - For example, remove trip hazards on the floor or dispose of unwanted
spread exposure over several workers. chemicals.
- The time period of the work cycle that allows for minimal risk exposure to - This involves getting rid of dangerous machine, tool and equipment away
transpire is during a shift when fewer employees are present to be exposed. from the work environment.
- Often, second and third shifts are times when fewer workers are present.
- Shielding is frequently considered the least acceptable approach to risk C. ISOLATION:
control. - Isolate the hazard from anyone (people) who could be harmed (i.e., keep the
- Barriers or PPE should be the risk control of last resort. machine in a closed room and operate it remotely; barricade an unsafe area
- The most effective engineering controls: off)
o are part of the original equipment design - This involves physically separating the source of harm from people by
o remove or block the hazard at the source before it comes into distance or using barriers.
contact with the worker - For example, introducing a strict work area, using guard rails around
o prevent users from modifying or interfering with the control exposed edges and holes in the floors, using remote control systems to
o need minimal user input for the controls to work operate machinery, enclosing a noisy process from a person and storing
o operate correctly without interfering with the work process or chemicals in a fume cabinet.
making the work process more difficult o Barriers
- Engineering controls can cost more upfront than administrative controls or - A hazard can be blocked. For example, proper equipment guarding can
PPE. protect workers from coming into contact with moving parts.
- However, long-term operating costs tend to be lower, especially when - Screens and barriers can block welding flash from reaching workers.
protecting multiple workers. - Machinery lockout systems can protect maintenance workers from physical
- In addition, engineering controls can save money in other areas of the work agents such as electricity, heat, pressure, and radiation.
process or facility operation. o Absorption:
- - Baffles can block or absorb noise.
- Local exhaust ventilation can remove toxic gases, dusts, and fumes where
C. ELIMINATION: they are produced.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 25

 o Dilution: - Administrative Controls include introducing new policies, improving
- Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated, for example, general (dilution) work procedures, and requiring workers to use specific PPE and hygiene
ventilation. practices.
- Administrative controls establish work practices that reduce the duration,
D. SUBSTITUTION: frequency, or intensity of exposure to hazards.
- Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative (i.e., replace the machine with - This may include: work process training, job rotation, ensuring adequate rest
a safer one) breaks, limiting access to hazardous areas or machinery, adjusting line
- If it is not reasonably practical to eliminate the hazards and associated risks, speeds
you should minimize the risk. - Examples of administrative controls are as follows:
- For example, today the dangers associated with asbestos are well known and  Requiring specific training and education
there are numerous alternatives to asbestos products currently on the market  Scheduling off-shift work
including cellulose fiber, thermoset plastic flour or polyethane foams.  Worker rotation
- Replacing solvent- based paints with water-based ones is also a better o Worker Rotation
alternative. - For example, job rotations and scheduling can reduce the time that
- In this case, the faulty machines/tool/equipment is replaced by safe ones. workers are exposed to a hazard.
- Workers can be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
E. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries.
- Use administrative controls to reduce the risk (i.e., train workers how to - Noisy processes can be scheduled when few workers are in the workplace.
use equipment safely; train workers about the risks of harassment; issue - Standardized written work procedures can ensure that work is done safely.
signage) - Employees can be required to use shower and change facilities to prevent
- Administrative controls are work methods or procedures that are designed absorption of chemical contaminants.
to minimize exposure to a hazard. - The employer is responsible for enforcing administrative controls.
- Establish appropriate procedures and safe work practices such as; o Administrative directives
o limit exposure time to a hazardous task so that fewer employees - A second administrative approach is to control the hazard through
are exposed, administrative directives.
o routine maintenance and housekeeping procedures, - This may be accomplished by rotating workers, which allows you to limit
o training on hazards and correct work methods their exposure, or having workers only work in areas when no hazards exist
and during that part of their shift.
o use signs to warn people of a hazard. - This applies particularly to chemical exposures and repetitive activities that
- This involves training and proper sensitization on how to use equipment could result in ergonomic-related incidents.
safely, OSH related topics. - Administrative controls rely upon individuals following policies, guidelines,
- Issue warming signs and ensure work operation shift and procedures to control hazards and exposure to hazards.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 26

- However, as we all know, this certainly provides no guarantee that the - Refresher training should be offered periodically.
protective policies and procedures will be adhered to unless effective - The employer is expected to ensure that employees follow safe work
supervision and enforcement exist. practices.
- Again, this relies on the company having a strong commitment to OSH - Work Practices: concern the ways in which a job task or activity is done.
- Thus, management controls are needed to express the company’s view of - This may mean that you create a specific procedure for completing the task
hazards and their response to hazards that have been detected. or job.
- The entire program must be directed and supported through the management - It may also mean that you implement special training for a job or task.
controls. - Safe working in workshops should also be sensitized.
- If management does not have a systematic and set procedure for addressing o Workshop safety
the control of hazards in place, the reporting/identifying of hazards is a waste - The safety in Workshops has been written not only to provide appropriate
of time and dollars. safety procedures but also to assist trained workshop personnel with the
- This goes back to the policies and directives and the holding accountable of provision of a reference document outlining the general principles of safe
those responsible by providing them with the resources (budget) for working practices relevant to the mechanical engineering aspects.
correcting and controlling hazards. - It relates to specific areas where definite safety measures are required for
- Some aspects of management controls are as follows: workshop operations
o Policies
o Directives Introduction to workshop safety
o Responsibilities (line and staff) - A workshop is where you learn to use tools and machines to make things;
o Vigor and example - It can be a dangerous place, so you must learn the safety rules for the
o Accountability workshop.
o Budget - The safety rules tell you how to dress appropriately and how to behave whilst
- The attempt to identify the work site hazards and address them should be an working with tools that may cause harm.
integral part of your management approach. - You must never play in the workshop, run around or throw equipment to one
- If the hazards are not addressed in a timely fashion, they will not be another.
identified or reported.
- If monetary gains become the main reason for not fixing or controlling Personal safety in a workshop:
hazards, you will lose the motivation of the workforce to identify or report - The basic dress rules that you should always follow are:
them.  Proper clothing.
o Work Procedures, Training, and Supervision - You must not wear loose clothes that can be caught in moving machinery. You
- Supervisors can be trained to apply modern safety management and must wear tight fitting overalls
supervisory practices.  Proper eye protection.
- Workers can be trained to use standardized safe work practices. - You must always wear goggles to protect your eyes while you are working in
- The employer should periodically review and update operating procedures the workshop.
and worker training.  Remove tie and jewellery.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 27

- Ties, watches, rings and other jewellers increase the chance of getting caught  The floor should be kept clean and clear of metal chips or curls and waste
by moving machinery. You must remove them before entering the workshop. pieces. Put them in the container provided for such things. Scraps and
 Cut or secure long hair. chips or curls may cut through a shoe and injure the foot.
- Long hair is also dangerous as it may be caught by the machine and pulls you  Defective guards must be replaced or repaired immediately.
into it.  One should not operate any machinery when the supervisor or instructor
 Proper shoes. is not in the shop.
- You must not wear sandals or soft shoe inside the workshop as they will not  All set screws should be of flush or recessed type. Projecting set screws
protect your feet from falling objects. A safety shoes (steel-toe shoes) will are very dangerous because they catch on sleeves or clothing.
protect your feet if you accidentally drop something.  One should not try to stop the machine with hands or body.
- The way you dress in the workshop is very important for your safety, always  Only trained operator should operate machine or switches as far as
be sure to wear properly and encourage your friends to do the same. possible.
 Always take help for handling long or heavy pieces of material.
General workshop safety  Always follow safe lifting practices
- It’s essential to be aware of and able to foresee the dangers which exist in the  No one should run in the shop at work time.
workshop and are likely to affect your health and safety.
 Always keep your body and clothes away from moving machine parts.
- You should make sure that your workspace is as safe as possible so that few
Get first aid immediately for any injury.
dangers arise.
 Never talk to anyone while operating the machine, nor allow anyone to
i) Use the appropriate protective clothing and equipment to minimize
come near you or the machine.
the risk of accident
 Stop the machine before making measurements or adjustments.
ii) Act in a safe manner at all times.
 Operator should concentrate on the work and must not talk unnecessarily
while operating the machines.
General Safety Precautions while Working in a Workshop
 Never wear necktie, loose sweater, wristwatch, bangles, rings, and loose
 One should not leave the machine ON even after the power is OFF and
fitting clothing while working in workshop.
until it has stopped running completely. Someone else may not notice
that the machine is still in motion and be injured.  Always wear overcoat or apron.
 Operator should not talk to other industrial persons when he is operating  Stop machines before attempting to clean it.
a machine.  Make sure that all guards are in their place before starting to operate a
 One should not oil, clean, adjust or repair any machine while it is machine.
running. Stop the machine and lock the power switch in the OFF  Do not attempt to operate a machine until you have received operating
position. instructions.
 One should not operate any machine unless authorized to do so by the  Be thoroughly familiar with the ‘stop’ button and any emergency stop
authorize person in the shop. buttons provided on the machines.
 Always check that work and cutting tools on any machine are clamped  Remove burrs, chips and other unwanted materials as soon as possible.
securely before starting. They can cause serious cuts.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 28

  Do not leave loose rags on machines. - Risk control is the set of methods by which firms evaluate potential losses
 Wash your hands thoroughly after working to remove oils, abrasive and take action to reduce or eliminate such threats.
particles, cutting fluid, etc. - Risk control thus helps companies limit lost assets and income.
 Report all injuries to the foreman, howsoever small. Cuts and burns - The following aspects can be considered in risk control:
should be treated immediately.  Isolate the hazard from anyone who could be harmed i.e. keep the
 Keep the work area clean. machine in a closed room and operate it remotely.
 Keep your mind on the job, be alert, and be ready for any emergency.  Use design control to eliminate the risk.
 Always work in proper lighting.  Use personal protective equipment to control the risk.
- Prevention and control measures outlined previously are the methods used in
 On should not lean against the machines.
risk control
- Thus, risk control is a technique that utilizes findings from risk
o Awareness Devices
- Administrative can also erect warning signs known as risk awareness assessments.
devices - Risk assessment involve identifying potential risk factors in a company's
- Awareness devices are linked to the senses. operations, such as technical and non-technical aspects of the business,
financial policies and other issues that may affect the well-being of the firm.
- They are warning devices that can be heard and seen.
- They act as alerts to workers but create no type of physical barrier. - It also implements proactive changes to reduce risk in these areas.
- They are found in most workplaces and carry with them a moderate degree - A risk assessment is necessary to mitigate or reduce the risk, which
of effectiveness. effectively reduces the danger imposed by the risk.
- Risk assessment is the overall effect of the potential outcome of the release
- The following are such devices:
of hazardous energy in a workplace.
• Backup alarms
• Warning signals, both audible and visual - These risks can include:
• Warning odor o health risk from chemical exposure,
o environmental factors culminating in illnesses/disease, or
• Beepers
o physical factors that can result in traumatic injuries or death.
• Horns
• Sirens - Risk assessment, although generic by name, becomes very specific when
• Labels specific risks are addressed, such as security, a specific process, an explosive
• Warning signs situation, a toxic chemical, or an energy-producing incident.
- Risk assessment is utilized to determine the amount or degree of potential
danger perceived by a given worker when deciding if an appropriate amount
RISK ASSESSMENT of action has taken place to reduce the risk for that individual to accomplish
a task in a safe and healthy manner.
- A risk assessment of some type is the approach that will allow for the - A risk assessment utilizes information, a hazard analysis method, and an
prioritization of the potential risk. intervention/ control program evaluation that allows for an estimation of the
- From a risk assessment, an action plan known as risk control can be amount of risk.
developed to address the hazards that have been identified.
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 29
 - Is it worth the money for the amount of fixing obtained or the cost to remove
o Developing a Risk Assessment the risk?
- A risk assessment should address four key components that
may or may not be quantifiable. o Purpose of Risk Assessment
1. Identify existing hazards
Step 1: hazard identification and hazard ranking 2. Determine the extent of danger that exists.
- This involves a walkthrough of the workplace which may result in a few 3. Provide for the ranking of hazards.
identifiable hazards or a hundred. 4. Organize information for decision making.
- This of course varies greatly from workplace to workplace. 5. Give guidance for decision making.
- This hazard identification and hazard ranking is the first step in a risk 6. Allow for prioritizing risks.
assessment. 7. Help in characterizing risks, the potential safety and health effects of
workers exposed to chemical, physical, and environmental hazards
Step 2: determining the extent of risk exposure and effects. 8. Identify whether a safety or health hazard dose–response is a critical
- Secondly this would be followed by determining the exposure level versus component to be included.
the actual effects of that exposure level. 9. The risk assessment is a needed element of the risk management process.
- This allows for a determination of what the outcomes of such an exposure
would be for the employee or groups of employees. Project work: Identify any given industry (such as construction, or electrical etc)
and develop a risk assessment. Use the following risk assessment form and
Step 3: Evaluation of the perceived risk sample given for guidance.
- Thirdly, these degrees of potential effects guide the determination as to the
real danger or perceived risk.
- Judgment as to risk is evaluated based on amount of risk from potential
exposure, results of exposure, how likely the exposure is to end in an illness
or injury, and what the magnitude of an event is from the release of
errant/uncontrolled source of energy.
- The previous come together to calculate a risk assessment factor that may
range along the continuum from extreme risk to low (negligible) risk.
-
Step 4: Estimation of risk for decision making on mitigation measures
- Fourth, a risk assessment is confounded by the business side of the equation,
such as how much it will cost to fix or remove a risk.
- The other question that needs to be answered is whether this is a justifiable
business decision.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 30

 ● dust (e.g. from grinding operations or thermal insulation);
● fumes (e.g. from welding);
● manual handling (e.g. lifting, moving or supporting loads);
● noise levels too high (e.g. machinery);
● poor lighting levels (e.g. working in temporary or enclosed spaces);
● low temperatures (e.g. working outdoors or in refrigeration plant);
● high temperatures (e.g. working in boiler rooms or furnaces).

Step 2
 Decide who might be harmed; do not list individuals by name.
 Just think about groups of people doing similar work or who might be
affected by your work:
● office staff;
● electricians;
● maintenance personnel;
● other contractors on-site;
● operators of equipment;
● cleaners;
● members of the public.
 Pay particular attention to those who may be more vulnerable, such as:
● staff with disabilities;
● visitors;
● young or inexperienced staff;
Sample risk assessment ● people working in isolation or enclosed spaces.
Step 1
 List only hazards which you could reasonably expect to result in significant Step 3
harm under the conditions prevailing in your workplace.  Calculate what is the risk – is it adequately controlled?
 Use the following examples as a guide:  Have you already taken precautions to protect against the hazards which you
● slipping or tripping hazards (e.g. from poorly maintained or partly have listed in Step 1? For example:
installed floors and stairs); ● have you provided adequate information to staff?
● fire (e.g. from flammable materials you might be using, such as solvents); ● have you provided training or instruction?
● chemicals (e.g. from battery acid);  Do the precautions already taken
● moving parts of machinery (e.g. blades); ● meet the legal standards required?
● rotating parts of hand tools (e.g. drills); ● comply with recognized industrial practice?
● accidental discharge of cartridge-operated tools; ● represent good practice?
● high-pressure air from airlines (e.g. air-powered tools); ● reduce the risk as far as is reasonably practicable?
● pressure systems (e.g. steam boilers);  If you can answer ‘yes’ to the above points then the risks are adequately
● vehicles (e.g. fork lift trucks); controlled, but you need to state the precautions you have put in place.
● electricity (e.g. faulty tools and equipment);
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 31
 You can refer to company procedures, company rules, company practices, - In relation to occupational health and safety, contingency measures refer to
etc. in giving this information. plans involving suitable immediate action for responding to accidental
 For example, if we consider there might be a risk of electric shock from hazards and emergencies.
using electrical power tools, then the risk of a shock will be less if the - It refers to security measure put forward for emergence response to reduce
company policy is to portable appliance test (PAT) all power tools each year
the effects of system disruption and increase system efficiency.
and to fit a label to the tool showing that it has been tested for electrical
safety. If the stated company procedure is to use battery drills whenever - The contingency measures include:
possible, or 110 V drills when this is not possible, and to never use 230 V i. Evacuation
drills, then this again will reduce the risk. ii. Isolation
 If a policy such as this is written down in the company safety policy iii. Decontamination
statement, then you can simply refer to the appropriate section of the safety
iv. (Calling designed) emergency personnel
policy statement and the level of risk will be low.
 (Note: PAT testing is described in Advanced Electrical Installation Work.)
i. Evacuation:
Step 4 - This involves removal of operatives from the scene of hazard/accident
 Further action – what more could be done to reduce those risks which were to prevent the situation worsening.
found to be inadequately controlled? - It also involves further medical attention i.e. evacuation to a medical facility.
 You will need to give priority to those risks that affect large numbers of
people or which could result in serious harm. ii. Isolation:
 Senior managers should apply the principles below when taking action, if - The affected victims can be isolated to give a secrecy and more attention to
possible in the following order:
1 Remove the risk completely. prevent spread.
2 Try a less risky option. -
3 Prevent access to the hazard (e.g. by guarding). iii. Decontamination:
4 Organize work differently in order to reduce exposure to the hazard. - In the event of exposure to chemical hazards, where the level of
5 Issue PPE. contamination can be controlled then it can be done.
6 Provide welfare facilities (e.g. washing facilities for removal of iv. Engage emergence personnel:
contamination and first aid).
- This involves getting an expert where possible to address situation.
 Any hazard identified by a risk assessment as high risk must be brought to
the attention of the person responsible for health and safety within the
company. INCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES
 Ideally, in Step 4 of the risk assessment you should be writing: ‘No further - A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens
action is required. employees, customers, or the public; disrupt or shuts down an operation; or
 The risks are under control and identified as low risk.’ causes physical or environmental damage.
- Emergencies may be natural or man-made.
- The following incidents and emergencies should be addressed and identified
CONTINGENCY MEASURES where applicable:
1. chemical spills

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 32

 2. Gas leaks
3. Fire
4. Equipment/machine/Vehicle accidents
5. Explosion
6. Injury to personnel
-
7. Structural collapse
8. Toxic or flammable vapors emission

o Causes of emergencies
-
- Some of the common hazards that might be identified as having an impact
on the workplace and can be causal factors that may facilitate emergencies
(1) Equipment/Machine Accidents
are as follows:
- However, a generally accepted conception that an accident is a mishap, a
disaster that results in some sort of injury, to men, machines or tools and
equipment and in general loss to the organization.
- The said injury or loss may be of minor or major nature and the accident is
termed as non-reportable or reportable.
- For example, a small cut on the body will be reportable accident in a training
-
workshop.
- It can be treated by first aid and does not involve any appreciable loss of
time, and will not be considered a reportable accident in a production unit.

Causes of accidents
- The 98% accidents could be easily avoided provided due precautions are
- taken well in time.
- A very familiar slogan goes on to say that accidents do not just happen but
are caused due to the failure of one element or the other, and the most
unfortunate factor is that the human element is the most pronounced of all
which fail.
- The common causes which lead to accidents are the following:
- 1. Unsafe working position.
-
- 2. Improper or defective tools or their improper use.
- 3. Improper acts- which result in violation of safety rules and non-
observance of safety precautions.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 33

 Classification of Causes of accidents
1. Causes due to human beings b) Unsatisfactory machines
a) Carelessness - That is being insufficiently spaced, unguarded, broken, improperly adjusted,
- This is due to overconfidence, loss of interest, fatigue (continuous work insufficiently lubricated and being too small or weak for the job being
without rest), monotony, unnecessary emotion which diverts concentration undertaken.
on the work being done hence resulting to accidents. - So see that all machines are properly guarded, all abrasive wheels are kept in
b) Ignorance good condition and run at safe speeds.
- An operator must understand the users and the function of his machine - Don’t attempt to adjust or remove by hand a belt on a rotating shaft.
equipment. - Don’ t allow idle belt to rest on rotating shaft and don’ t attempt to oil
c) Unsuitable clothing in working areas, overhead shafting while it’ s in motion.
- Personnel should wear clothing which will provide protection against c) Physical condition of personnel while working
dangers in areas where they work. - E.g. before lifting equipment ensure that the weight is within your capability
- That is: to handle.
o Safety Shoes/boots. They should be a type which provides protection - A base that anything used for lifting is serviceable and in good working
against slippery conditions. They should be strong enough in the feet to condition chains, hooks etc. should never be overloaded.
prevent injury from hurting objects e.g. safety boots
o Gloves- They should be worn where there are risks when harming sharp Common sources of accidents
objects whether inside or outside buildings. - The large number of machines in use and an even larger number of parts.
o Safety glass- Safety glasses or goggles should be worn where there’s - This can be regarded as sources of danger and require guarding for
likely of danger to the eyes, such as using drills, grinding machines etc. protection against accidents.
d) Untidiness i.e. oil spillages - Some common sources of accident are listed below:
- Keep all passage ways clear and clean. 1. Projecting nips between sets of revolving parts, viz, gears, rolls and
- Circular rods if stepped upon can cause nasty falls. friction wheels, etc.
- Keep the workshop floor free from grease and oils. 2. Projecting fasteners on revolving parts.
3. Revolving cutting tools, circular saw blades.
2. Contributing causes 4. Revolving drums, crushers, spiked cylinder and armed mixers, etc.
a) Unsatisfactory hand tools E.g. being worn out without handles 5. Revolving shafts, spindles, bars and tools like drills, reamers, boring bars
- Hammers with loose handles or crippled faces should never be used. and chucks, etc.
- Chisels with burred heads are dangerous as broken pieces from the edges 6. Projecting sharp edges or nips of belt and chain drives viz., belt, pulleys,
may fly off and cause injury. chains, sprockets and belt fasteners.
- Files should have tight handles to prevent accidents to the hands. 7. Reciprocating tools and dies of power presses, drop hammers, and
- Spanners which fit incorrectly will slip and can result I n damaging fingers. revolving presses, etc.
- When drilling always ensure that the work is securely held in a vice or 8. Grinding wheels and stones.
otherwise securely clamped.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 34

 9. Reciprocating knives and saw blades such as cutting and trimming - It is a very efficient and sound method of guarding in that the guard cannot
machines and power hack-saws, etc. be removed and dangerous parts exposed until and unless the machine is
10. Revolving drums and cylinders without casing, such as concrete and totally stopped.
other mixers. - Similarly, the machine cannot be started to work unless the guard returns in
11. Intermittent feed mechanisms. position and protects the dangerous parts.
12. Projecting nips between various links and mechanisms, like cranks - An interlocking guard may be mechanical, electrical or some sort of a
connecting rods, piston rods, rotating wheels and discs, etc. combination of these.
- It is essential that it should:
Common Methods of Protection - 1. Prevent the starting and operation of the machine in case the interlocking
- The common methods of protection against accidents are the following: device fails.
1. Safety by position. - 2. Always acquire its position to guard the dangerous part before the
2. Safety by construction. machine can be started.
3. Safety by using interlock guards.gg - 3. Remain closed in position until the dangerous part is completely at rest.
4. Safety by using fixed guards. o Safety by using fixed guards
5. Safety by using automatic guards. - These guards either for man integral part of the machine or are tightly
6. Safety by using distance guards. secured to them.
- They should be made to have rigid construction and should be so placed that
o Safety by construction any access to the dangerous parts of the machine is totally prevented in the
- When a new machine is designed, it should be ensured that all its dangerous running condition of the machines.
parts are either enclosed in suitable housings or provided with suitable safety - Steel sheets can be advantageously used and they facilitate an easy
guards. fabrication of guards and are lighter in weight.
- For example, the belt drive and motor in a lathe or milling machine are - In some cases the fixed guards are made adjustable in order to accommodate
enclosed; the back gears in a lathe are either enclosed or provided with cast different kinds of works or sets of tools.
iron guards or covers. - In some cases the fixed guards are provided at a distance from the danger
- Lubricating points are provided on the outer surfaces so that the interior point.
parts are not required to be opened every time. o Safety by using distance guards
o Safety by position - The principle of a distance guards is that a fencing, enough high, is made of
- The machine design is in such a way that the dangerous parts are located bars, at a suitable distance from the machine such that even if the operative,
such that they are always beyond the reach of the operator. by chance, extends his hands over it, his fingers, clothes or any part of the
- The dangerous parts of all the machines should invariably be guarded and body does not reach within the area of dangerous parts.
undertaking should be made to make them enclosed in the body or housing - An additional measure of safety, some sort of tripping device is also usually
of the machines. incorporated to stop the machine quickly in case of an accident.
o Safety by using interlock guards o Safety by using automatic guards

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 35

- The principle of an automatic guard is that its operation is actuated by some Causes of fire
moving part of the machine. - A building can easily catch fire from the misuse of appliances and heating
- It may link that the part will automatically bring the guard in protecting equipment to smoking.
position before the operation of the machine starts. - The most common causes of workplace fires are as follows:
- The design of the guard is such that it automatically forces the operative 1. Electrical causes
away from the dangerous area of work before the operation starts and does - lax maintenance in wiring, motors, switches, lamps, and heating elements
not permit his access to the area again until and unless the machine stops. - Electrical equipment i.e. electrical appliance, such as a toaster can start a
- It may be noted that due to enough time being required for their operation, fire if it is faulty or has a frayed cord.
this type of guards are not suitable for quick-acting and fast-running - A power point that is overloaded with double adapter plugs can cause a
machines. fire from an overuse of electricity.
- Their use is largely favored for heavy and slow acting machines like heavy - A power point extension cord can also be a fire hazard if not used
power presses. appropriately.
- Faulty wiring – i.e. buildings with inadequate wiring can cause fires from
(2) Fires electrical hazards. Some signs to see if you’ve bad wiring are:
- Fire is defined as a chemical reaction that take place in the presence of o Lights dim if you use another appliance;
fuel, oxygen and heat o For an appliance to work, you have to disconnect another;
- Fires are common incidences at workplace and at home o Fuses blow or trip the circuit frequently.
- Fire can cause loss of lives, jobs equipment, materials and buildings. - Have a licensed electrician to inspect maintain the premises if you have
any of the above occurrences.
Conditions for Occurrence of Fire
- In order for fire to exist, three properties must be present namely: 2. Smoking - near flammable liquids, stored combustibles, etc
i. Fuel- [wood, paper, petrol e.t.c] - A cigarette that is not put out properly can cause a flame, as the butt may
ii. Oxygen [combustion] stay a lit for a few hours.
iii. Heat [e.g. flame] - It could burst into flames if it came into contact with flammable
materials, such as furniture.
- A fire will not burn without the presence of all the three components. 3. Heating
- Fuels include numerous materials, both liquid and solid, but all must be in a - Hot surfaces—exposure of combustibles to furnaces, hot ducts or flues,
vapour state before they can burn. electric lamps or heating elements, and hot metal
- Once vaporized, they mix with oxygen to form a combustible mixture - Overheated materials—abnormal process temperatures, materials in
capable of burning when exposed to heat. dryers, overheating of flammable liquids
- During the burning process, a chemical reaction among the components of - Spontaneous heating-deposits in ducts and flues, low-grade storage,
fuel, oxygen, and heat causes the chemical components to change form and scrap waste, oily waste and rubbish
release other gases . 4. Hot work such as Cutting and welding—
- Highly dangerous in areas where sparks can ignite combustibles

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 36

 - Combustion sparks—burning rubbish; foundry cupolas, furnaces, and 1. Class A fires (Solids)
fireboxes - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper & cloth.
5. Flammable liquids and some rubber and plastic materials.
- If you have any flammable liquids in the home or garage such as petrol, - This is one of the most common types of fire because solids are the most
kerosene or methylated spirits, keep them away from heat sources and common type of fuel and one that is hard to eliminate.
check the label before storing. - Good housekeeping should help to keep materials like packaging and waste
- Open flames—gasoline or other torches, gas or oil burners reduced, minimizing risks
6. Friction—hot bearings, misaligned or broken machine parts, choking or - Water extinguisher is one of the most popular types of extinguishers used
jamming materials, poor adjustment of moving parts class A fire.
7. Cooking equipment - It can handle most fires involving solids.
- Pots and pans can overheat and cause a fire very easily if the person - The majorities of fires are in this class and can be most effectively
cooking gets distracted and leaves cooking unattended. extinguished by cooling with water.
- Always stay in the room, or ask someone to watch your food, when
cooking on hotplates. 2. Class B fires (Flammable liquids)
8. Miscellaneous— - Fires from flammable or combustible liquids such as paraffin, petrol, paint,
- including incendiary cases, fires spreading from adjoining buildings, varnishes, oil and from greases and fats and similar materials.
molten metal or glass, static electricity near flammable liquids, chemical - Many of the fluids, liquids and chemicals used in workplaces can be
action, and lighting flammable or explosive.
- Like cleaning fluids, solvents, fuels, inks, adhesives and paints.
Classification of fires - Make sure you know what flammable liquids are used in your workplace,
- Fires are categorized according to types of materials involved: and carry out a Control of Substances Hazardous to Health’ (COSHH)
- For all practical purposes there are Five main classes of fires; A, B, C, D, assessment Control of Substances Hazardous to Health assessments are a
and F legal requirement, for any hazardous substances.
Class Types of Fire - This about safe storage and use of these substances, keep them in labeled
A Solids – wood, paper, textiles, etc. containers and away from sources of ignition.
B Flammable liquids – oil, petrol, paint, etc. - Should a class B fire ignite, foam or powder extinguishers are the best
Fires involve energized electrical equipment such as types of extinguishers to attack this type of fire.
C
wiring controls, motors appliances and machinery
(electric fires).
3. Class C fires (Electrical fire)
Very special types of fire involving burning metals –
D - Electrical Fires or Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment
magnesium, sodium, etc.
E Flammable liquefied gases – fats, solvents, etc. where safety requires the use of electrically nonconductive extinguishing
F Kitchen products – cooking oils, etc media.
- Electricity is more or a source of ignition than a fuel.
- However, fires in live electrical equipment are an additional hazard.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 37

- For such fire water cant be used for extinguishing, or any other conductor as - Keep stored gases in sealed containers in a safe storage area, and ensure that
that could be fatal. gas work is carried out by competent persons.
- To avoid electric fire; make sure electrical equipment and installations are - While extinguishers can be used on class C gas fires, the only safe method to
installed correctly, and inspected and maintained, will help to reduce the risk attack this type of fire is to shut off the gas supply.
of this type of fire. - The best type of extinguisher to put out the fire when the supply of gas is off
- While you shouldn't use water to attack an electrical fire, you can use other is a dry powder extinguisher
types of fire extinguishers. - Fires involving live electrical equipment and wiring.
- Like carbon dioxide, and dry powder in low voltage situations. - The safest method of extinguishing is to displace the oxygen by projecting a
- Always turn off the power supply if you can. gas or dry powder into the vicinity of the fire.
-
6. Class F or K Fires (Kitchen Products i.e. Cooking Fats & Oils)
4. Class D fires (Metals) - Deep fat frying and spillages of flammable oils near to heat sources in
- Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, kitchens can result in a class F fire.
zirconium, sodium, lithium, and potassium. - Never leave food or frying equipment unattended during use.
- Metals are not often thought of as a combustible material, some types of - The only type of fire extinguisher approved for use on cooking oils and fats
metal can be, like sodium. is the wet chemical extinguisher.
- Metals are also good conductors, helping a fire spread. - For small class F fires, you could also use a fire blanket.
- All metals will soften and melt at high temperature, which can be a big
problem when metal joists and columns are present in a fire as structural - In the event of a fire: the following precautions should be observed at all
elements. times.
- Water can actually act as an accelerate on metal fires, so how would you o Know the correct fire drill and the positions of fire alarms,
tackle a class D fire? firefighting equipment and emergency exits.
- There are dry powder extinguishers developed to tackle metal fires. o Know the correct appliance to use for a particular type of fire and
- The powder inside the extinguisher may vary depending on the type of metal know how to use t.
risk it is designed for. o Don’t bock fire exits.
- Small metal fires can sometimes be smothered with dry earth or sand. o Don’t use fire appliances for any purpose other than intended.
o Never smoke in no smoking areas
5. Class E Fires (Not recognized yet) o Always ensure that matches and cigarettes are put out before
- Class C fires is not official recognized as a class of fire however, it includes throwing them away
fires involving gases. o Avoid spillage of flammable liquids.
- This could be natural gas, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or other types of
gases forming a flammable or explosive atmosphere. Extinguishers and fighting procedures
- Work with gas is dangerous, and increases fire risk. - Fire extinguisher - A protective device used to extinguish or control fire.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 38

- Fire Protection: eliminating or minimizing fire hazards by inspection, - They do not leave any residue as opposed to the foam extinguisher.
layout of facilities, and design of fire suppression systems.
- Not all fires can be extinguished by the same kind of extinguishing material 4. Dry powder pressure type.
each class has a specific extinguisher. - This type contains a pressurized as and a dry chemical agent.
- After the release lever has been operated discharge is controlled by a nozzle
1) Water type at the end of the nose.
- These are usually operated by striking a plunger to release a gas which - These are used on class C fires in the same way as the CO2 type.
pressures the water and forces it out of the nozzle. - Powder extinguishers is a multipurpose extinguisher used in class A, B and
- They are suitable only for class-A fires fueled by solid materials C fires and labelled blue in color
- The jet should be directed at the base of the fire and be kept moving across -
the area of the fire. 5. Wet chemical extinguishers
- In this category, there are other types including water jet and water with - Are appropriately used on class F that involves cooking oils and fats.
additives. - They are quite effective when applied appropriately.
Fire blankets a
2. Chemical foam type
- These may be operated by inverting the extinguisher or by releasing a Use of fire extinguishers
plunger allowing two solutions to mix and produce foam. - It is a legal requirement that all fire extinguisher are colored red but with a
- They are used on class B fires involving flammable liquids. block or band, denoting the type of extinguisher
- The jet is directed with a gentle sweeping movement, allowing the foam to
- Table 1: Uses of fire extinguishers
drop down and lie on the Surface of the liquid. - Table 1 below shows fire extinguishers and classes of fire put out.
- This smothers the fire by excluding oxygen.
Type of Colour band
- Applied on class A and B fires. Suitably used both in putting off liquid Most suited for Class of fire
extinguisher [container]
fires and solids. Wood paper
Water A Signal red
- However, they are not suitable for use in a free-flowing liquid fires textile
Carbon dioxide Petrol paint oil B,C, E Black
and labelled cream.
Foam[AFFF] Petrol, paint, oil A, B Pale cream
Wood, petrol,
3. Carbon-dioxide (CO2) type Powder A,B,C, D French blue
electric fire
- These are operated by squeezing the discharge lever which allows the liquid kitchen oil, Emerald
Wet chemical A, B, F
co2 to be discharged as a gas. electric green/yellow
- They are used on class C fires where after the current has been switched off
the discharge horn is directed straight at the fire.
- Suitably used in regions with several electrical equipment including server
rooms and offices since they are appropriate on fires that involve electrical
apparatus.
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 39
  Disaster management/preparedness

(a) FIRE DRILL AND USE of FIRE EXTINGUISHER

- Fire drills are essential at workplace.
- They help employee be alert and respond appropriately to fire outbreaks
- Basically, in the event of discovering a fire, adhere to following procedure:
1. raise the alarm by operating relevant call points and/or shouting fire.
2. call emergency services.
- Some kinds of materials e.g. plastic and chemicals give off high toxic fumes
3. make sure no one ignores the alert and evacuation is in process.
when ignited.
- Under such circumstances special apparatus would be needed to minimize 4. only if safe to do so and the fire is relatively small, attempt to control
the danger to the fire fighter. using an appropriate extinguisher.

Fire precautions Learning Activity: Use Of Fire Extinguisher

- Fire is a great danger in a workshop and care must be taken not to start a fire. - Objective: to demonstrate skills on how to use a fire extinguisher.
- The main causes of fire are: - Exercise: Using a fire extinguisher to performs the following tasks.
- Careless storage of flammable materials. - Instructions: Lit a firewood fire on an open field to extinguish in this
- Careless electrical maintenance. exercise.
- People throwing away cigarettes. - Caution: Fire should be handled with a lot of care and is very dangerous
- In the event of fire , one should note the following: - Procedure
o raise the alarm; o Pull the pin (or other motion) to unlock the extinguisher.
o turn off machinery, gas and electricity supplies in the area of the fire; o Aim at the base (bottom) of the fire and stand 6-10 feet away.
o close doors and windows but without locking or bolting them; o Squeeze the lever to discharge the agent.
o remove combustible materials and fuels away from the path of the o Sweep the spray from left to right until the flames are totally
fire, if the fire is small, and if this can be done safely; extinguished.
o attack small fires with the correct extinguisher
(b) FIRST AID
EMERGENCE PROCEDURES - First aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to a casualty for any
- The following procedures can be used to address hazards: injury or sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance, doctor or other
medically qualified person.
 Fire drill
- first aid is treatment for the purpose of preserving life and minimizing the
 First aid
consequences of an injury or illness until such help is obtained.
 Use of fire extinguishers
- A more generally accepted definition of first aid might be as follows: first
 Basic life support
aid is the
 Earth quakes drill where applicable

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 40

- It is the first treatment given to an accident victim before regular medical o A pair of scissors
treatment is obtained o pain killers
- It is the application of accepted principles of treatment on occurrence of any o surgical spirit
injury or incase of sudden illness using facilities or materials available at that o eyes drops
time to sustain live to prevent condition from becoming worse. o cotton wool
- In every factory, workshop or construction site a first Aid box containing all o adhesive plasters
the necessary facilities must be provided and workers should know where to o roller bandages
go to obtain first Aid materials. o petroleum jelly
- It is important for one to familiarize oneself with basic first aid skills o sterilized dressing
- If you are not a qualified first aider limit your help to obvious common sense - All workshops should have a first aid kit
assistance and call for help, but do remember that if a workmate’s heart or - First aid kit can be used to address cuts, burns and even breakage of bones
breathing has stopped as a result of an accident he has only minutes to live
unless you act quickly. i) Bleeding (Dressing Wounds and Cuts)
- A first aider is someone who has undergone a training course to administer - If the wound is dirty, rinse it under clean running water.
first aid at work and holds a current first aid certificate. - Clean the skin around the wound and apply a plaster, pulling the skin
- The aims of a first aider are to preserve life, to limit the worsening of the together.
injury or illness and to promote recovery. - If the bleeding is severe apply direct pressure to reduce the bleeding and
- A first aider may also undertake the duties of an appointed person. raise the limb if possible.
- An appointed person is someone who is nominated to take charge when - Apply a sterile dressing or pad and bandage firmly before obtaining
someone is injured or becomes ill, including calling an ambulance if professional advice.
required. - To avoid possible contact with hepatitis or the AIDS virus, when dealing
- The appointed person will also look after the first aid equipment, including with open wounds,
re-stocking the first aid box. o first aiders should avoid contact with fresh blood by wearing plastic or
- Employers are under a duty to provide such numbers of suitable persons as is rubber protective gloves, or by allowing the casualty to apply pressure to
adequate and appropriate in the circumstances for rendering first aid to his the bleeding wound.
employees if they are injured or become ill at work.
- For this purpose a person shall not be suitable unless he or she has ii) Burns
undergone such training and has such qualifications as the Health and Safety - Remove heat from the burn to relieve the pain by placing the injured part
Executive may approve. under clean cold water.
- Do not remove burnt clothing sticking to the skin.
First Aid Kit or Box - Do not apply lotions or ointments.
- The First aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving - Do not break blisters or attempt to remove loose skin.
first aid. - Cover the injured area with a clean dry dressing i.e. Sterilized dressing may
- The basic contents of the first aid kit include: be applied if necessary

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 41

- The patient may be given water, tea, coffee or other liquids but not - Soak a towel or cloth in cold water, squeeze it out and place it on the injured
alcohol. part.
- Keep the patient warm at all times and take him to the doctor or - Renew the compress every few minutes.
expertise.
- NB: Burns are best seen by a first Aid expert or a doctor.. vi) Breathing stopped
- Remove any restrictions from the face and any vomit, loose or false teeth
iii) Broken bones from the mouth.
- Make the casualty as comfortable as possible by supporting the broken limb - Loosen tight clothing around the neck, chest and waist.
either by hand or with padding. - To ensure a good airway, lay the casualty on his back and support the
- Do not move the casualty unless by remaining in that position he is likely to shoulders on some padding.
suffer further injury. - Tilt the head backwards and open the mouth.
- Obtain professional help as soon as possible. - If the casualty is faintly breathing, lifting the tongue, clearing of the airway
may be all that is necessary to restore normal breathing.
iv) Contact with chemicals - However, if the casualty does not begin to breathe, open your mouth wide
- Wash the affected area very thoroughly with clean cold water. and take a deep breath, close the casualty’s nose by pinching with your
- Remove any contaminated clothing. fingers, and, sealing your lips around his mouth, blow into his lungs until the
- Cover the affected area with a clean sterile dressing and seek expert advice. chest rises.
- It is a wise precaution to treat all chemical substances as possibly harmful; - Remove your mouth and watch the casualty’s chest fall.
even commonly used substances can be dangerous if contamination is from - Continue this procedure at your natural breathing rate. If the mouth is
concentrated solutions. damaged or you have difficulty making a seal around the casualty’s mouth,
- When handling dangerous substances, it is also good practice to have a close his mouth and inflate the lungs through his nostrils.
neutralizing agent to hand. - Give artificial respiration until natural breathing is restored or until
- Disposal of dangerous substances must not be into the main drains since this professional help arrives
can give rise to an environmental hazard, but should be undertaken in
accordance with local authority regulations. ix) Heart stopped beating
- This sometimes happens following a severe electric shock.
v) Exposure to toxic fumes - If the casualty’s lips are blue, the pupils of his eyes widely dilated and the
- Get the casualty into fresh air quickly and encourage deep breathing if pulse in his neck cannot be felt, then he may have gone into cardiac arrest.
conscious. - Act quickly and lay the casualty on his back.
- Resuscitate if breathing has stopped. - Kneel down beside him and place the heel of one hand in the centre of his
- Obtain expert medical advice as fumes may cause irritation of the lungs. chest.
- Cover this hand with your other hand and interlace the fingers.
vi) Sprains and bruising - Straighten your arms and press down on his chest sharply with the heel of
- A cold compress can help to relieve swelling and pain. your hands and then release the pressure.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 42

- Continue to do this 15 times at the rate of one push per second. Methods of artificial respiration
- Check the casualty’s pulse. - The are three methods of artificial respiration, namely:
- If none is felt, give two breaths of artificial respiration and then a further 15 o Mouth-to-mouth/ Mouth-to-nose
chest compressions. o Silvester method/ Chest pressure arm lift
- Continue this procedure until the heartbeat is restored and the artificial o Holger-Nielsen/ Back pressure arm lift
respiration until normal breathing returns.
- Pay close attention to the condition of the casualty while giving heart
massage. 1. Kiss of life (Mouth-to-mouth)
- When a pulse is restored the blueness around the mouth will quickly go - The most practical method also known as the mouth-to-mouth/nose method.
away and you should stop the heart massage. - The procedure for this method of artificial respiration is as follows.
- Look carefully at the rate of breathing.  Place a support below the neck and loosen the clothing.
- When this is also normal, stop giving artificial respiration.  Clear all air passages.
- Treat the casualty for shock, place him in the recovery position and obtain  Pinch the nose and breathe into victim’s mouth until the chest rises.
professional help.  Release the nose and let the air rush out.
 Continue with this process until the victim breathes normally.
xi) Traumatic Shock  Take the victim to hospital for further medical check-up.
- Everyone suffers from shock following an accident.
- The severity of the shock depends upon the nature and extent of the injury.
- In cases of severe shock the casualty will become pale and his skin become
clammy from
sweating.
- He may feel faint, have blurred vision, feel sick and complain of thirst.
- Reassure the casualty that everything that needs to be done is being done.
- Loosen tight clothing and keep him warm and dry until help arrives.
- Do not move him unnecessarily or give him anything to drink.

(c) BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

- Victims of electrical shocks, drowning, gas poisoning or choking have
difficulty in breathing and may stop breathing altogether.
- Artificial respiration as a basic life support procedure could save their lives. Figure 1 Kiss of life method
- Since most people die within 6 minutes after they stop breathing, artificial
2. Holger-Nielsen method of artificial respiration
respiration should begin as soon as possible after the breathing difficulty is
- The procedures is as follows
noticed.
 Lay the casualty in a prone position on a flat surface.
 Place the casualty’s hands one over the other under his forehead
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 43
  The hand must be turned slightly on one side. 3. Sylvester Method (Chest Pressure Arm Lift)
 Nose and mouth must be unobstructed. - Procedure is as follows:
 Place one knee with its inner side in line with the casualty’s cheek, a few  Position the casualty on his back quickly.
inches from the top of his head.  Probe up shoulder with a suitable padding e.g. a rolled jacket so that the
 Place the other foot with the heel in line with the casualty’s elbow. head falls fully backward to open up air passage.
 Place your hands on the casualty’s back on the lower part of the  Kneel near the casualty’s head, take his hands at the wrist then cross them
shoulders back, fingers pointing at casualty’s feet. and press firmly downwards to force air out of the lungs.
 Keeping the arms straight, rock forward gently until arms are vertical.  Release the downward pressure by pulling their arms upwards above his
The movement takes seconds counting ONE,TWO.This pressure causes head and backwards as far as possible.
expiration  This helps to throw air in the lungs.
 Then rock back counting, THREE for one second, and slide your hand  If breathing, restart and adjust movement to coincide with his breathing
past the casualty’s shoulder until you can grab his upper arms near the speed
elbows.
 Rise and pull the arms until tension is felt for two seconds counting Learning Activity 1
FOUR, FIVE. - While working in busy production line in textile industry, fire erupts from
 Do not raise chest from ground. This movement causes inspiration. one of the faulty electrical equipment. The fire gets contained but one of the
 Your hands should remain straight, count SIX for one second. workers gets minor burns on his left leg.
- Perform the following to relieve him/her from pain.
o Cool down the burn. After holding the burn under cool, running water,
apply cool, wet compresses until the pain subsides.
o Remove tight items, such as rings, from the burned area. Be gentle, but
move quickly before swelling starts.
o Avoid breaking blisters. Blisters with fluid protect the area
from infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area and gently apply an
antibiotic ointment.
o Apply a moisturizing lotion, such as one with aloevera. After the burned
area has been cooled, apply a lotion to provide relief and to keep the
area from drying out.
o Loosely bandage the burn. Use sterile gauze. Avoid fluffy cotton that
could shed and get stuck to the healing area. Also avoid putting too
much pressure on the burned skin.
o Take an over-the-counter pain reliever if necessary.
Figure 2 Holger- Nielsen method
o Consider acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil),
or naproxen (Aleve).

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 44

Self-Assessment b) Decontamination
1. What is the meaning of the term PPE? c) Explosions
2. What are some of the five pieces of PPE which a trainee could be d) Isolation
expected to wear at work and the protection given by each piece?
4. Identify which one is not a risk or incidence
3. What types of fire extinguishers do you know? And how or when are
a) Toxic emissions
they applied?
b) Leaks
4. Which two methods of artificial resuscitation do you know?
5. What safety precautions that should be adhered to when giving first aid c) Design control
on a burn? d) Structural collapse
6. Complete the following table to justify the type of fire extinguisher used 5. Describe the term hazard prevention citing relevant example as used in
for the classes of fires indicated. Use Yes or No OSH
6. Describe briefly the following hazard control measures
Table 2: Use of Fire Extinguishers a) Engineering controls
Class of fire Type of fire extinguisher b) Elimination
Water Foam Co2 Dry c) Substitution
powder 7. Explain citing relevant examples the contingency measure to address
A Ordinary fires: wood , hazards
paper, cloth 8. Outline any five incidents and emergencies that can arise in a work
B Flammable liquids: petrol place
,paraffin 9. Describe briefly any five emerging measures to address safety
C Electrical equipment standards.
D Metals
Oral Assessment
7. State the General Safety Precautions while Working in a Workshop
1. Mention any four personal safety equipment
8. John is an electrical technician. Name Personal protective equipment that
2. Mention any five hazards in a work environment
he may have worn:
3. Mention any two contingency measures to be taken into
consideration to be able toprevent and control hazards
Written Assessment:
2. Which of the following is not a hazard control measure?
######,,,,,,,,,,,,,,END …….. #####
a) First aid
b) Evacuation
c) Substitution
3. Which one of the following is not a contingency measure in controlling
hazards?
a) Engage personnel
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 45
TOPIC 3: IMPLEMENT OSH PROGRAMS • Are using canned programs
Definition of terms • Have no written program
- OSH procedures and policies: They are guidelines used to direct all • Have no employee safety committee
employees to work safely and prevent injury, to themselves and others. • Have no membership in professional safety organization
- OSH standards: OSH standards are rules that describe the methods that • Have no mechanism to recognize safety accomplishment
employers must use to protect their employees from hazards. • Do not document or review accidents as part of safety
- These standards limit the number of hazards workers can be exposed to, • Do not hold supervisors accountable for safety as part of their job
require the use of certain safe practices and equipment, and require • Do not have top management actively promoting safety awareness
employers to monitor hazards and keep records of workplace injuries and - Thus for a company to have an effective safety program, at a minimum, an
illnesses. employer must:
- OSH-related records: They are documentations that keep track on various • Have a demonstrated commitment to job safety and health
OSH processes. • Commit budgetary resources
• Train new personnel
COMPANY OSH PROGRAM, EVALUATION AND REVIEW • Insure that supervisors are trained
- The purpose of the Health and Safety policies and procedures is to guide and • Have a written safety and health program
direct all employees to work safely and prevent injury, to themselves and • Hold supervisors accountable for safety and health
others. • Respond to safety complaints and investigate accidents
- All employees are encouraged to participate in developing, implementing, • Conduct safety audits
and enforcing Health and Safety policies and procedures. OSH programs
- Developing a written safety and health program is a desirable undertaking by - The following OSH programs can be considered:
an employer because: a) Medical surveillance:
o A statement of policy, purpose, and expectations that the company - This is a planned plan of periodic examination . which may include the
has for safety and health helps to set the foundation for the effort to following:
achieve safety.  Biological effect monitoring
o It is recognized the companies with a written safety and health program  Clinical examination
have fewer accidents or incidents that result in job-related injuries and - This program involve regular medical examination, monitoring, and
illnesses. surveillance of workers engaged in hazardous waste operations which could
- Companies with no written safety and health programs are shown to have expose them to toxic substances
more accidents if they b) Periodic occupational health surveillance:
• Do not have a separate budget for safety - This consists of examination conducted periodically to identify vulnerable
• Do not have training for new hires groups among the staff which could be of immense value to prevention
• Have no outside source for safety training c) Management of Occupational exposure:
• Have no specific training for supervisors - This means amount of work place agent that has reached and individual
• Do not conduct inspections worker.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 46

 - Improved morale and loyalty from individual workers
Components of a Safety and Health Program - Increased productivity from work crews
- A successful safety and health program comprises of following components: - Increased pride in company personnel
1. Safety and health program management - Greater potential of success for incentive programs
2. Inspections and job observations
3. Illness and injury investigations IMPLEMENTATION OF OSH PROCEDURES AND
4. Task analysis POLICIES/GUIDELINES ARE PARTICIPATED
5. Training - The occupation health and safety address the following priorities:
6. Personal protection o Conducting workplace audits and risk assessment at facility level.
7. Communication/promotion of safety and health o Oversee compliance of facility design and building codes for new
8. Personal perception construction
9. Off-the-job safety and health o Support the procurement systems for quality and adequate PPEs and
other OSH supply within the facility
Evaluation of Company Osh Programs o Review causes of/for rehabilitation and compensation of injured
- The three basic methods for assessing safety and health program health sector employees
effectiveness are as follows: o The management of incidents and emergencies arising within the
1. Checking documentation of activity health facility.
2. Interviewing employees at all levels for knowledge, awareness, and o Ensuring new staff go through the induction and orientation on OSH
perceptions issues.
3. Reviewing site conditions and, where hazards are found, finding the o Publicizing, promoting and enforcing the guidelines and procedures
weaknesses in management systems that allowed the hazards to occur among the staff they supervise.
or to be “uncontrolled. o To coordinate capacity building of the facility level staff and
disseminate policy guidelines at the facility level
Benefits of having formal OSH program in a Company - According to OSHA regulations the following require written programs:
- Reduction of industrial insurance premiums/costs • Blood-borne pathogens/exposure control plan
• Confined space entry program
- Reduction of indirect costs of accidents
• Crane and derrick safety compliance program
- Fewer compliance inspections and penalties • Drug-free workplace compliance program
- Avoidance of adverse publicity from deaths or major accidents • Emergency action compliance program
- Less litigation and fewer legal settlements • Fall protection compliance program
- Lower employee payroll deductions for industrial insurance • Electrical safety compliance program
- Less pain and suffering for injured workers • Fire prevention compliance program
- Fewer long-term or permanent disability cases • Hazard communications program
• Hazardous waste compliance program
- Increased potential for retrospective rating refunds • Hearing conservation compliance program
- Increased acceptance of bids on more jobs • Injury and illness prevention compliance program
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 47
 • Laboratory safety compliance program - It sets out in black and white the rules and procedures for safety and health
• Lead safety compliance program that everyone in the company must follow.
• Lockout/tagout/energy control program - It is a plan that shows how all aspects of the company’s safety and health
• Machine safeguarding compliance program
initiative work together.
• Medical surveillance compliance program
• Motor vehicle occupant compliance program - It is a primary tool of communication of the standards set by the company
• Personal protective compliance program regarding safety and health.
• Process safety compliance program
• Respiratory protection compliance program TRAINING OF TEAM MEMBERS AND ADVICE ON OSH
• Safety and health compliance program a STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES
- Effective training and education can be provided outside a formal classroom
Reasons for Development of an OSH Program setting.
1. Humanitarian. i.e. reduce injuries and fatalities o Peer-to-peer training,
- Safe operation of workplaces is a moral obligation imposed by modern o on-the-job training, and
society. o worksite demonstrations
- This obligation includes consideration for loss of life, human pain and - These are some of the effective methods in conveying safety concepts,
suffering, family suffering, hardships, etc. ensuring understanding of hazards and their controls, and promoting good
2. Legal obligation. i.e. for compliance reasons work practices.
- The governments have laws charging the employer with the responsibility for - The training message of accident prevention must constantly be reinforced.
safe working conditions and adequate supervision of work practices. - Use constant reminders in the form of message boards, fliers, newsletters,
- Employers are also responsible for paying the costs incurred for injuries paycheck inserts, posters, the spoken word, safety talks, meetings, and face-
suffered by their employees during their work activities. to-face encounters.
3. Economic. - A line of communication that constantly furnishes information to all
- Prevention costs less than accidents. employees must therefore be established.
- This fact is proven consistently by the experience of thousands of industrial - Some methods of communicating the safety and health message are as
operations. The direct cost is represented by medical care, compensation. follows:
- The indirect cost of 4 to 10 times the direct cost must be calculated, as well • Management setting the example by abiding by their own rules
as the loss of wages to employees and the reflection of these losses on the • Safety meetings
entire community. • Job training
• Joint/labor management committees
Importance of Implementation of OSH Program • Employee safety representatives
- It provides standard directions, policies, and procedures for all company • Employee involvement
personnel. • Safety bulletin boards
- It states specifics regarding safety and health and clarifies misconceptions. • Use of computers (e-mails)
- It delineates the goals and objectives regarding workplace safety and health. • Use of electronics signs
- It forces the company to actually define its view of safety and health.
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 48
- Safety and health training is critical to achieving accident prevention • Hand tool safety
• Hazard communications
When OSH Training is Needed • Housekeeping
- There are appropriate times when safety and health training should be • Injury reporting procedures
provided. • Ladder safety
- They are when • Lockout/tagout procedures
o • A worker lacks the safety skills • Machine guarding
o • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulation • Machine safety
requires or mandates training • Material handling
o • An employee is promoted to supervisor • Medical facility location
o • A new employee is hired • Mobile equipment
o • An employee is transferred to another job or task • Personal responsibility for safety
o • New equipment, machinery, or vehicles are brought into the • Rules regarding dress code, conduct, and expectations
workplace • Reporting procedures for unsafe acts/conditions
o • Changes have been made in the normal operating procedures • Use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
o • A worker has not performed a task for some period of time
o • It is required by OSH regulations Supervisors Training
- The list of suggested training topics for supervisors includes the following:
Training New Employees • Accident causes and basic remedies
- New-hire training sets the stage or lays the foundation of the employer’s • Building attitudes favorable to safety
commitment to OSH. • Communicating safe work practices
- New hire training should include the following: • Cost of accidents and their effect on production
• Accident reporting procedures • Determining accident causes
• Basic hazard identification and reporting • First-aid training
• Chemical safety • Giving job instruction
• Company’s basic philosophy on safety and health • Job instruction for safety
• Company’s safety and health rules • Knowledge of federal and state laws
• Confined space entry • Making the workplace safe
• Electrical safety • Mechanical safeguarding
• Emergency response procedures (fire, spills, etc.) • Motivating safe work practices
• Eyewash and shower locations • Number and kinds of accidents
• Fall protection • Organization and operation of a safety program
• Fire prevention and protection • Safe handling of materials
• First aid/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) • Supervising safe performance on the job

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 49

 • Supervisor’s place in accident prevention - Risk Manager: The risk manager in an organization is typically responsible
• The investigation and methods of reporting incidents to the company and for insurance programs and other activities that minimize losses resulting
government agencies from fire, accidents, and other natural and man-made losses.
- Safety Professional: An individual who, by virtue of their specialized
Training Employees/Workers knowledge and skill and/or educational accomplishments, has achieved
- The training of all workers in safety and health has been demonstrated to professional status in the safety field.
reduce costs and increase the bottom line - They may also have earned the status of Certified Safety Professionals.
- Employee training must be conducted during the initial assignment to a work - Safety Engineer: An individual who, through education, licensing,
area containing one or more hazardous chemicals and each time a new and/or experience, devotes most or all of their employment time to
hazard is introduced into the workplace. the application of scientific principles and methods for the control
- Use the following guidelines to insure that employees are trained and safety and modification of the workplace and other environments to achieve
and health training has been upgraded: optimum protection for both people and property.
• Any new hazards or subjects of importance - Safety Manager: The individual responsible for establishing and
• Basic skills training maintaining the safety organization and its activities in an enterprise.
• Explanation of policies and responsibilities Typically, the safety manager administers the safety program and
• Federal and state laws manages subordinates, including the fire prevention coordinator,
• First-aid training industrial hygienist, safety specialists, and security personnel
• Importance of first-aid treatment
• Methods of reporting accidents Roles, Responsibilities and Activities performed by Safety Professionals
• New safe operating procedures - Accident Investigation: determining the facts and causes related to an
• New safety rules and practices accident based on witness interviews and site inspections.
• New skill training for new equipment, etc. - Work with Emergency Response Teams: organizing, training, and
• Technical instruction and job descriptions coordinating skilled employees to react to emergencies such as fires,
accidents, or other disasters.
OSH Professional - Environmental Protection: recognizing, evaluating, and controlling
- Industrial Hygienist: Although basically trained in engineering, physics, hazards that can lead to undesirable releases of harmful substances
chemistry, or biology, this individual has acquired through study and into air, water, or the soil.
experience knowledge of the effects on health of chemical and physical - Ergonomic Analysis and Modification: designing or modifying the
agents under various levels of exposure. workplace based on an understanding of human physiological/psychological
- The industrial hygienist is involved in the monitoring and analytical methods characteristics, abilities, and limitations.
required to detect the extent of exposure and the engineering and - Fire Protection: eliminating or minimizing fire hazards by inspection,
other methods used for hazard control. layout of facilities, and design of fire suppression systems.
- Hazard Recognition: identifying conditions or actions that may cause
injury, illness, or property damage.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 50

- Hazardous Materials Management: ensuring dangerous chemicals and - Workers must cooperate with their employer in making the workplace safe
other products are stored and used in such a manner as to prevent and healthy.
accidents, fires, and the exposure of people to these substances. - For employees, they have the responsibilities also comply with the
- Health Hazard Control: recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazards legislation.
that can create undesirable health effects, including noise, chemical - Also, employees have responsibilities to:
exposures, radiation, or biological hazards.  Protect your own Health and Safety and that of your co-workers
- Inspection/Audit: evaluating/assessing safety and health risks associated  Not initiate or participate in the harassment of another worker
with equipment, materials, processes, or activities.  Co-operate with your supervisor and anyone else with duties under
- Recordkeeping: maintaining safety and health information to meet the legislation
government requirements, as well as provide data for problem solving
and decision making. Employees Rights
- Regulatory Compliance: ensuring all mandatory safety and health - The legislation gives your three rights:
standards are satisfied.  The right to know the hazards at work and how to control them
- Training: providing employees with the knowledge and skills necessary to - The standards require your employer to provide you with all the information
recognize hazards and perform their jobs safely and effectively. you need to control the hazards you face at work.
- For example, chemicals at the workplace must be listed.
OSH Related Legislations - You are entitled to review this list. Your employer must train you to safely
- This is what the law requires handle the chemicals you will work with. If you are inexperienced, you must
- Workplaces under the jurisdiction are governed by your provincial receive an orientation
legislation.  The right to participate in Occupational Health and Safety
- The legislation places duties on owners, employers, workers, suppliers, the - You have the right to become involved in occupational Health and Safety.
self-employed and contractors, to establish and maintain safe and healthy - The legislation encourages employers and workers to work together to
working conditions. maintain a healthy and safe workplace.
- The legislation is administered by your provincial legislation. - Employers at workplaces with (ten or more – consult your provincial act)
- Your officials are responsible for monitoring compliance. workers must set up an occupational health committee of employer and
worker representatives.
Duties of your Employer  The right to refuse work which you believe to be unusually dangerous.
- The employer is responsible for providing his workers with safe and healthy - You have the right to refuse to do work which you believe is unusually
working conditions. dangerous.
- This includes a duty to protect them from violence, discrimination and - The unusual danger may be to you or to anyone else.
harassment. - They may not be punished for using these rights.
Duties of Workers - An employer can be required to legally justify any action taken against a
- One of your most important responsibilities is to protect your Health and worker who is active in Health and Safety.
Safety as well as that of your co-workers

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 51

 Legislations governing OSH implementation 7. the provision and maintenance of a working environment for every person
(a) The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). employed that is, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards
- The OSH Act was enacted in 2007 by Act of parliament facilities and arrangements for the employees welfare at work;
- At the workplace, (OSHA) Occupational Health and Safety Act, ensures or 8. Create awareness of the associated risks and dangers hazardous to human
provides for proper safety, health, and welfare of all the employees and life i.e. informing all persons employed of——
persons lawfully in attendance. (i) any risks from new technologies; and
- The Act has provided for establishment of health committee responsible for (ii) imminent danger; and
this according to the prescription regulations under the law. 9. ensuring that every person employed participates in the application and
- Nevertheless, it is important to ensure preventive and protective measures review of safety and health measures
against the associated risks annually. 10. Every occupier shall carry out appropriate risk assessments in relation to
- It will ensure that the machinery, tool and equipment and chemicals used are the safety and health of persons employed and, on the basis of these results,
safe and in compliance with the safety and health act. adopt preventive and protective measures to ensure that under all conditions
- A fine of either 500,000- or six-months imprisonment is charged on any of their intended use, all chemicals, machinery, equipment, tools and process
occupier who fails to comply with this Act are safe and without risk to health and comply with the requirements of
Purpose of THE OSH Act safety and health provisions in this Act.
o secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work; and 11. Every occupier shall send a copy of a report of risk assessment carried out
o protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and to the area OSH officer;
health arising out of, or in connection with, the activities of persons at 12. Free Protection : According to OSHA 2007, an employer should provide a
work
free protection including protective equipment, clothing (gloves, google and
head covering). Besides, proper PPE helps in in reducing associated illness
o Duties of Occupier/Employer According to OSHA
and accident risk hence creating a safe environment suitable for working.
- Every occupier shall ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of all
13. Training: According to Occupational Safety and Health Act of 2007, an
persons working in his workplace.
employer should provide proper training, instruction and supervision of its
- These may include:
employees. The training should be done during the recruitment, during
4. The provision and maintenance of plant and systems and procedures of either transfer of change of job and on introducing new equipment or
work that are safe and without risks to health;
technology to the firm. Besides, the training can be carried out during either
5. arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in working hours or adapted according to the change of associated risks.
connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and
14. Besides, the occupier needs to ensure proper lighting, ventilation,
substances;
sanitary convenience and cleanliness in controlling noise and air pollution
6. the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision at the work place.
of workers as is necessary to ensure the safety and health is very crucial
maintain safe and healthy workplace o Obligations to Employees According to OSHA
- Ensure his own safety and health and that of other persons who may be
affected by his acts or omissions at the workplace;
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 52
- Co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of any - Employer to keep Records and :An employer should keep records of the
duty or requirement imposed on the employer by the Act employee’s earnings ready in case called upon by the inspection director.
- At all times wear or use any protective equipment or clothing provided - Keep a register for at least 6 years of earning and other employee records
by the employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health; and produce it to the Director when required.
- Comply with the safety and health procedures, requirements and - Repair, maintain and replace when necessary appliances for use of victim
instructions given by a person having authority over him for his own or any due to the condition inflicted by the accident
other person’s safety; - Pay compensation to an employee injured while at work. However, has
- Report to the supervisor, any situation which he has reason to believe the Right to Compensation is limited for Deliberate and wilful misconduct
would present a hazard and which he cannot correct; by the employees who are not entitled to compensation by the employer.
- Report to his supervisor any accident or injury that arises in the course of - Pay reasonable funeral expenses of a deceased employee.
or in connection with his work; and - Accidents outside Kenya: In case of accident outside the country, the
employee is entitled for compensation so long as is not deliberate. However,
(b) Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA) this is not guaranteed in case outside deployment is continuous for a period
- Is an act of parliament in Kenya with a provision of compensating of 12 months or longer.
employees in case of injuries and diseases contacted at work. - Reporting of accidents and occupational diseases: Either a written or
- WIBA provides for compensation of injuries sustained at work. verbal notice should be provided by the employer to the employee on
- This Act is applicable to all employees except the armed forces (the army, occurrence of any disease or accident.
air force and navy). - Send Notice of injury or accident by employer to Director: An employer
- For the purpose of the Act, the following persons are not regarded as should provide a notice to the director in case of occurrence of the disease or
employees: - accident by the employer in seven days on receiving the notice.
• Casual employee not employed for the employer’s trade or business. - Convey the accident victim to and from hospital
• An employee deployed outside Kenya for a continuous period of 12 or - Provide first aid to the injured person
more months. - Defray any expenses reasonably incurred by an employee as the result of
• A dependent – Any person who at the time of the accident is dependent an accident arising out of and in the course of employment
upon the employee for necessaries of life
- The Director of Occupational Safety and Health services has a duty of - Order of reporting accidents and occupational diseases:
administering WIBA, 2007. 1. Notice of Accident by Employee to Employer
2. Notice of injury or accident by employer to Director
o Obligations of Employer According to WIBA 3. Employee to submit to medical examination
- Register with the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services 4. Claim for Compensation
- It is important for every employer obtaining and maintaining insurance
policy with approved insurer by the cabinet secretary in regard to the Right of compensation
employer’s liability under the act to its employees. - An employee who is involved in an accident resulting in disablement or
- Furnish the Director with particulars of the business.: death is subject and entitled to compensation.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 53

- An employee on his/her way to/from place of work by means of transport - • May convey the compensation funds to the claimant within 30 days from
provided by the employer is entitled to compensation if injured in the the date of remittance by employer/insurer.
process. - The injured person just like any other person has a right to fair
- An employee temporarily deployed outside Kenya for a period of 12 or less administrative action pursuant to article 47 of the Constitution.
months and injured during that deployment has right of compensation. - The Director of Occupational Safety and Health services has a duty of
- An employee injured while undertaking training for performance of administering WIBA, 2007.
emergency services
Compensation
Not eligible for compensation - An accident disabling a worker for 3 or more days should be compensated
- • Misconduct and if the accident is not serious. with periodical payment equivalent to employees’ earnings but not for a
- NB. An accident is deemed serious if the degree of disablement is 40% or period of exceeding 12 months.
more. - Compensation expires upon termination of disablement or if the employee
- • An employee who willingly presents false information about the injury is resumes work of greater earnings
not entitled to compensation - Permanent disablement = Monthly salary x percentage of incapacity x 96
- • An employee whose disablement or death was caused or prolonged by months
deliberate refusal or willful neglect of employee to submit to medical aid. - Percentage of incapacity may be determined by the doctor attending to the
- • If an accident is not reported within 12 months, then the benefits are lost. injured.
- Earning in respect of temporary incapacity will be equivalent to the
Reporting of Accidents periodical earnings while away if the accident victim was not paid while
- To the employer by the employee or on behalf of the employee immediately away.
upon occurrence of the accident. Occupational Diseases
- To the Director by the employer - These are diseases arising from the work conditions where the employee was
i. Within 24 hours if fatal engaged.
ii. Within 7 days if non-fatal - On the event of occurrence of an occupational disease, an employee is
- The employee may also report the accident to the Director directly. entitled to compensation whereby the percentage of incapacity is determined
by the doctor.
The director Appeals
- • May make inquiry into the occurrence of the accident - • Any person aggrieved by the decision of the Director is to lodge an
- • May cause medical examination to be carried out on the claimant objection to the Director within 60 days of such decision.
- • May require production of medical report by the employer for the purpose - • The Director is to reply within 14 days. If not satisfied by the reply, the
of the claim objector to appeal to the industrial court.
- • May lodge a claim of compensation within 12 months after the date of the
accident on behalf of the injured or 12 months after the death of an accident - Functions of the Director of WIBA
victim if the accident was not reported to the Director. • Register employers

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 54

 • Supervise implementation of WIBA lawfully CAP. 387 Environmental Management and Co-ordination [Rev.
• Ensure all employers insure their employees 2012] [Issue 1] E12 - 16 available, that person may apply to the High Court
• Receive reports of accidents and carry out investigations for redress and the High Court may make such orders, issue such writs or
• Ensure compensation of the injured give such directions as it may deem appropriate to—
- General Penalty  prevent, stop or discontinue any act or omission deleterious to the
- 200,000/= fine or a jail term not exceeding 12 months or both environment;
- It is not explicit as to whom delegated prosecutorial powers are vested in  compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any
WIBA, 2007. act or omission deleterious to the environment;
- Contravention of provisions of WIBA, 2007 is criminal and their provisions  require that any on-going activity be subjected to an environment audit in
of Criminal Procedure Code Cap. 75 and the Evidence Act Cap.80 come into accordance with the provisions of this Act;
play during prosecution..  compel the persons responsible for the environmental degradation to
restore the degraded environment as far as practicable to its immediate
(c) Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999(EMCA) condition prior to the damage; and
- Is an act of parliament that establishes appropriate legal and institutional  provide compensation for any victim of pollution and the cost of beneficial
framework for managing the environment as well as other matters that are uses lost as a result of an act of pollution and other losses that are connected
related to it. with or incidental to the foregoing.
- It is important for the following reasons:
- It emphasizes that every citizen is entitled to untidy and healthy -
A person proceeding under subsection (3) of this section shall have the
environment and provides basic regulations entitled to protecting the capacity to bring an action notwithstanding that such a person cannot show
environment in Kenya. that the defendant’s act or omission has caused or is likely to cause him any
- It ensures authorities’ control and proper harvesting of forests to protect the personal loss or injury provided that such action—
water catchment areas and reduce soil erosion.  is not frivolous or vexatious; or
 is not an abuse of the court process.
General principles of EMCA - In exercising the jurisdiction under subsection (3), the High Court shall be
i. Entitlement to a clean and healthy environment guided by the following principles of sustainable development—
- Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has  the principle of public participation in the development of policies, plans
the duty to safeguard and enhance the environment. and processes for the management of the environment;
- The entitlement to a clean and healthy environment under subsection (1)  the cultural and social principles traditionally applied by any community
includes the access by any person in Kenya to the various public elements or in Kenya for the management of the environment or natural resources in
segments of the environment for recreational, educational, health, spiritual so far as the same are relevant and are not repugnant to justice and morality
and cultural purposes. or inconsistent with any written law;
- If a person alleges that the entitlement conferred under subsection (1) has
 the principle of international co-operation in the management of
been, is being or is likely to be contravened in relation to him, then without
environmental resources shared by two or more states;
prejudice to any other action with respect to the same matter which is
 the principles of intergenerational and intragenerational equity;
Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 55
  the polluter-pays principle; and restoration of the damaged environment, which may be incurred by a
 the pre-cautionary principle. Government agency or organ in that respect;
 pay third parties reparation, cost of restoration, restitution or compensation
ii. Protection and conservation of the environment as may be determined by a court of law on application by such third parties.
- No person shall, without the prior written approval of the Director-General
given after an environmental impact assessment, in relation to a river, lake or iv. Duty to supply plant information to the Authority
wetland in Kenya, carry out any of the following activities— - All owners or operators of irrigation project schemes, sewerage systems,
 erect, reconstruct, place, alter, extend, remove or demolish any structure or industrial production workshops or any other undertaking which may
part of any structure in, or under the river, lake or wetland; discharge effluents or other pollutants shall within ninety days upon the
 excavate, drill, tunnel or disturb the river, lake or wetland; coming into force of this Act or as may be demanded from time to time by the
 introduce any animal, whether alien or indigenous, dead or alive, in any Authority, submit on demand, to the Authority accurate information about the
river, lake or wetland; quantity and quality of such effluent or other pollutant.
 introduce or plant any part of a plant specimen, whether alien or
indigenous, dead or alive, in any river, lake or wetland; v. Effluents to be discharged only into sewerage system
 deposit any substance in a lake, river or wetland or in, on or under its bed, - Every owner or operator of a trade or industrial undertaking shall discharge
if that substance would or is likely to have adverse environmental effects any effluents or other pollutants originating from the trade or industrial
on the river, lake or wetland; undertaking only into existing sewerage systems and the relevant Local
 direct or block any river, lake or wetland from its natural and normal Authority operating or supervising such sewerage system shall issue, at a
course; or prescribed fee, the necessary license for discharge.
- The proponent or owner of a trade or an industrial undertaking shall, prior to
 drain any lake, river or wetland.
being granted a license to discharge effluents into the environment, install an
appropriate plant for the treatment of such effluents before they are discharged
iii. Water pollution prohibition
into the environment
- Any person, who upon the coming into force of this Act, discharges or applies
- Prohibition of discharge of hazardous substances, chemicals and materials or
any poison, toxic, noxious or obstructing matter, radioactive waste or other
oil into the environment and spiller’s liability
pollutants or permits any person to dump or discharge such matter into the
- No person shall discharge any hazardous substance, chemical, oil or mixture
aquatic environment in contravention of water pollution control standards
containing oil into any waters or any other segments of the environment
established under this Part shall be guilty of an offence and liable to
contrary to the provisions of this Act or any regulations thereunder.
imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine not exceeding
- A person who discharges a hazardous substance, chemical, oil or a mixture
one million shillings or to both such imprisonment and fine.
containing oil into any waters or other segments of the environment contrary
- A person found guilty under subsection (1) shall, in addition to any sentence
to subsection (1) commits an offence.
or fine imposed on him—
- A person convicted of an offence under subsection (2) shall, in addition to any
 pay the cost of the removal of any poison, toxic, noxious or obstructing
other sentence imposed by the court—
matter, radioactive waste or other pollutants, including the costs of

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 56

  pay the cost of the removal of the hazardous substance, chemical, oil or a  i) Floors steps stairs passages and gang ways must be soundly
mixture containing oil including any costs which may be incurred by any constructed properly maintained and kept free from obstruction and
Government agency or organ in the restoration of the environment any substance likely to cause a person to slip.
damaged or destroyed as a result of the discharge; and  ii) Hand rails must be provided for stairs.
 the costs of third parties in the form of reparation, restoration, restitution  iii) All ladders must be soundly constructed and properly maintained.
or compensation as may be determined by a competent court on application  iv) Opening in floors shall, wherever practicable be securely fenced.
by such third parties. -
- The owner or operator of a production or storage facility, motor vehicle or Special Regulations of Factories Act
vessel from which a discharge occurs contrary to this section shall mitigate - The following precautions should be observed
the impact of the discharge by giving immediate notice of the discharge to the - i) Always work never runs
Authority and other relevant Government officers; immediately beginning - ii) Never throw rubbish on the floor
clean-up operations using the best available clean-up methods; complying - iii) Keep gang ways and work areas free of metal bars, components, etc.
with such directions as the Authority may, from time to time, prescribe. - v) Keep to gangways when moving about never takes short cuts.
- Where the owner or operator of a production or storage facility, motor vehicle - vi) If oil water or grease is spilled wipe it up immediately
or vessel has refused, neglected and/or failed to take the mitigation measures - vii) Wear safety shoes- shoes are available with until slip soles and with
prescribed in subsection (4), the Authority may seize the production or storage metal toe caps to protect the feet from falling objects.
facility, motor vehicle or vessel. - viii) Always check ladders for damage before use.
- Where the owner or operator fails to take the necessary measures under - ix) Always position ladders on firm base at the correct angle.
subsection (4) after the passage of a reasonable time not exceeding six months
in all the circumstances, the Authority may, upon an order of court, dispose of Aims and objectives of The Factories Act
the production or storage facility, motor vehicle or vessel to meet the costs of 1. To provide protection to the workers employed in factories against
taking the necessary measures under subsection (4) and other remedial and industrial hazards and to ensure safe and better working conditions.
restoration measures. 2. It regulates and maintains properly various safety health and welfare
- The Court in convicting a person of an offence under this section shall take activities in the factories.
into account the measures taken by that person to comply with subsection (4). 3. It regulates & maintains working hours of workers, employment of
children and adolescents, employment of women, annual leave with wages
(d) The Factory Act etc.
- It is concerned with Industrial safety.
- Industrial safety is primarily concerned with mechanical hazards such as The salient features of this act regarding safety are as follows:
falling, tripping, being caught in or between things, fire and explosion. 1. Fencing of machinery
- These hazards are evaluated and controlled by safety engineers, safety - Every prime mover like engine or motor, moving part of the machinery is
professionals or other safety specialists. fenced properly.
- The factory act 1961 states that: 2. Work on or near the machinery in motion.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 57

- Only specially trained workers wearing tight fitting clothes should carry out - To minimize workplace accidents, proper engineering procedure could be
inspection of any part of the machinery in motion. followed.
3. Employment of young persons on dangerous machines. - Fencing of machinery, adequate space between machines parts and
- No young person should be allowed to work on dangerous machine unless equipments, use of material handling equipment, safety devices, proper
he is properly trained and carefully supervised maintenance of machines etc., are undertaken to prevent accidents from
4. Hoist and lifts occurring.
- Every hoist and lifts should be of god mechanical construction, adequate o Safety Training & Education:
strength and must be protected by enclosure and fitted with gates. - Safety training and education programmes should be held from time to time
- Every hoist and lift should be adequately maintained and periodically to train and educate employees, supervisor and workers, about precautions to
examined be taken during machine handling.
5. Listing machinery, chains, ropes and lifting tackles - These programmes should develop and encourage among them safety habits
- Lifting machines such as cranes, crab, etc should be of good construction, like paying attention to warnings etc.
adequate strength should be maintained. - Disciplinary actions may be used for breach of safety regulations.
6. Revolving machinery o Safety Committee:
- It should always be ensured that safe working peripheral speed is not - A safety committee should be constituted is every plant and factory.
exceeded for every revolving machinery. - It should consist of the representative of both the management and the
7. Pressure plants workers.
- The pressure plant should not be operated at a pressure higher than the - The committee should educate and impress upon the line manger about the
specified safe working pressure. safety measures required in the establishment.
8. Floors stairs and means of access to different places - The safety programmes & policies should be formulated and implemented
- All floors, steps, stairs, passages should of sound construction and free from through the safety committee.
obstructions - The committee should also hold safety campaigns and safety contests from
9. Pits sumps, opening in floor etc. time to time.
- Every pit, sumps, opening in floor, fixed vessels, tanks etc should be o Regular Inspection:
securely covered or fenced. - There should be regular inspection of machines and equipment to check any
10. Excessive weights defect.
- No person should be asked to lift carry or move any load so heavily that’s - The inspection should also check that the machines are well-maintained and
likely to cause him injury. safety devices are properly plugged in or properly placed.
- Organizations should also monitor and evaluate the workers at regular
Measures to Ensure Industrial Safety: intervals so as to check whether they are following warnings, instructions and
- In order to reduce or minimize the physical hazards and accidents, effective precautions while handling any machine or equipment.
safety management must be followed in industries.
o Safety Engineering: MAINTAINING OSH-RELATED RECORDS
- Procedures for maintaining OSH-related records are implemented.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 58

- Any work-related injuries and illnesses that result in one or more - Likewise, if property damage results, the event may be minor or serious. All
of the following must be recorded: Death, Days away from work, Restricted accidents/incidents should be investigated regardless of the extent of injury
work, Transfer to another job, Medical treatment beyond first aid, Loss of or damage.
consciousness, Diagnosis of a significant injury or illness etc. - While documenting accident reports, Accident Types highlight and my
- The OSH documentations for recordkeeping may include include the following types:
a) Accident reporting: i. Struck-by. A person is forcefully struck by an object.
- This includes investigation and analyzing incidents, underlying deficiency ii. Struck-against. A person forcefully strikes an object.
and renew the incident reports. iii. Contact-by. Contact by a substance or material that is by its very
- Accidents are incidents that result in loss nature harmful and causes injury.
iv. Contact-with. A person comes in contact with a harmful material.
b) Dangerous occurrences: v. Caught-on. A person or part of the person’s clothing or equipment
- The OSH committee shall maintain register for such occurrences in the is caught on an object that is either moving or stationary.
format give in the OSH regulations. vi. Caught-in. A person or part of the person is trapped, stuck, or
otherwise caught in an opening or enclosure.
c) Incident/Near miss: vii. Caught-between. A person is crushed, pinched, or caught between
- The workers shall report any accident and near miss within the work area. either a moving object and a stationary object or between two
- The Osh committee shall maintain a register and the occurrence should be moving objects.
investigated. viii. Foot-level-fall. A person slips, trips, and/or falls to the surface the
- Near misses are incidents that result in no loss. person is standing or walking on.
ix. Fall-to-below. A person slips, trips, and/or falls to a level below
d) Notifiable diseases: the one the person was walking or standing on.
- The OSH committee shall maintain a register of occupational x. Overexertion. The person performs a task beyond his physical
disease that has been reported. capabilities, resulting in sprain or strain injuries.
xi. Exposure. Employee injury results from her close proximity to
OSH Related-Records harmful environmental conditions in the workplace
(A) Incident/Accident Reports - History has shown that situations that involve more severe or catastrophic
- An accident, by definition, is any unplanned event that results in personal injuries/incidents are reasonably predictable, for example,
injury or in property damage.  Unusual, non-routine work
- When the personal injury requires little or no treatment, or is minor, it  Nonproduction activities such as maintenance
is often called a first-aid case.  Sources of high energy
- If it results in a fatality or in a permanent total, permanent partial, or  Certain construction situations such as steel erection, tunneling,
temporary total (lost-time) disability, it is serious. working over water, or handling explosives
 Lifting or material-handling tasks
 Repetitive motion situations

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 59

  Psychological stress situations - • To document the circumstances for legal and workers’ compensation issues
 Occupations with dangerous exposures to hazards - To provide answers for the effectiveness of intervention and prevention
 Exposure to toxic materials approaches
- The main purpose of conducting an accident investigation is to prevent a
recurrence of the same or a similar event i.e. the purpose of any incident Reasons for Reporting Accidents
investigation is to determine cause(s) - There are sound reasons for reporting accidents, such as the following:
- Since incident investigation is concerned with fact-finding, not fault finding, • You learn nothing from unreported accidents.
it is important to find out answers to the questions who, what, where, when, • Accident causes go uncorrected.
why, and how. • Infection and injury aggravations can result.
- The kinds of accidents that should be investigated and reported are as • Failure to report injuries tends to spread and become an accepted practice
follows:
 Disabling injury accidents Reasons why workers fail to, or avoid, reporting accidents
 Non-disabling injury accidents that require medical treatment - In order to promote conscientious reporting, it may be helpful to know some
 Circumstances that have contributed to acute or chronic occupational of the reasons why workers fail to, or avoid, reporting accidents.
illness - There are usually reasons that workers espouse for not reporting accidents:
 Non-injury, property damage accidents that exceed a normally 1. Fear of discipline
expected operating cost 2. Concern about the company’s record
 Near accidents (sometimes called near miss) with a potential for 3. Concern for their reputation
serious injury or property damage 4. Fear of medical treatment
5. Dislike of medical personnel
Reasons for Accident Investigations Within a Company’s OSH 6. Desire to keep personal record clear
initiative: 7. Avoidance of red tape
- • To determine cause and effect or to know and understand what happened 8. Desire to prevent work interruptions
- • To systematically collect and gather information on the incident or To 9. Concern about attitudes of others
gather information and data for present and future use 10. Poor understanding of importance
- • To determine the facts, not the faults
- • To provide data for comparing and contrasting How can a company combat these reporting problems?
- • To take short- and long-term prevention actions - 1. React in a more positive way.
- • To provide an overview of success and failure of safety and health - 2. Indoctrinate workers on the importance of reporting all accidents.
- • To help others in solving and preventing accidents/incidents in their - 3. Make sure everyone knows what kinds of accidents should be reported.
operations - 4. Give more attention to prevention and control.
- • To standardize the investigational process - 5. Recognize individual performance.
- • To be an integral part of the occupational safety and health (OSH) initiative - 6. Develop the value of reporting.
or To become a vital component of the safety and health program - 7. Show disapproval of injuries neglected and not reported.

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 60

- 8. Demonstrate belief by action. -
- 9. Do not make mountains out of molehills. (C) Sickness notifications/sick leave application
- Sick leave is an important benefit that employers provide to their employees.
Benefits of keeping records and Tracking Accidents - It allows employees to take time off work when they are unwell, and enables
- Until a business or industry tracks accidents, their related costs, and the them to take care of their health without worrying about losing their income.
resulting injuries and illnesses, they have little baseline information upon - Sick leave is not just a benefit for employees, it also has benefits for
which to lobby for better accident prevention, which can result in a multitude employers.
of benefits. Importance of Sick leave to Employees:
- Some of these benefits are as follows: 1. Protecting Health and Well-being: One of the primary benefits of sick
• Better Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) compliance leave is that it allows employees to take care of their health without
• Economic improvement worrying about losing their income. This means that employees are
• Humanitarian benefits more likely to seek medical attention when they need it, and recover
• Less legal liability more quickly from illness. By taking sick leave when necessary,
• Better employer/employee relations employees can protect their health and well-being, which in turn, leads
• More time for production to greater productivity and job satisfaction.
2. Avoiding Spread of Illness: Sick leave also helps prevent the spread of
(B) Medical/Health records illness. If employees are sick but come to work because they can't
- The standard defines an employee medical record as "a record concerning afford to take time off, they risk infecting their colleagues and spreading
the health status of an employee which is made or maintained by a illness throughout the workplace. By providing sick leave, employers
physician, nurse or other health care personnel, or technician." are helping to keep their workplace healthy and reducing the risk of
- Medical records include: illness spreading.
o Medical and employment questionnaires or histories (including job 3. Work-Life Balance: Sick leave also helps employees maintain a
description and occupational exposures). healthy work-life balance. It allows them to take time off when they are
o The results of medical examinations (pre-employment, pre- sick, without having to worry about balancing work and personal
assignment, periodic or episodic) and laboratory tests (including commitments. This can reduce stress and burnout, and lead to greater
chest and other X-ray examinations taken for the purpose of job satisfaction.
establishing a baseline or detecting occupational illnesses and all
biological monitoring not defined as an "employee exposure Importance of Sick leave to Employers
record"). 1. Reduced Absenteeism: When employees are allowed to take time off
o Medical opinions diagnoses, progress notes, and recommendations. when they are sick, they are more likely to recover quickly and return to
o First aid records. work at full capacity. This means that overall absenteeism is reduced, and
o Descriptions of treatments and prescriptions. productivity is increased.
o Employee medical complaints. 2. Improved Workplace Morale: When employees feel that their employer
- cares about their health and well-being, they are more likely to feel

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 61

 valued and motivated. This can lead to greater job satisfaction and 7. Describe briefly any three OSH related records.
employee retention.
3. Compliance with Labor Laws: In many countries, sick leave is required Project
by law. By providing sick leave, employers can ensure that they are in Do an assessment of the OSHS been implemented in a neighboring industry
compliance with labor laws and avoid potential legal issues.
###................END…………###
- By providing sick leave, employers can create a healthier, more productive
workplace for everyone.
-

Self-Assessment
Written Assessment
1. What does OSHS not deal with?
a) Provision of PPE
b) Employability
c) First Aid training
d) Workplace safety
2. Which of the following is not an OSH related record?
a) Accident report
b) Hazard report
c) Work permit
d) Incident register
3. The occupation health and safety address the following priorities except
a) Workplace audits
b) Risk assessment
c) first aid training
d) Employees attendance
4. Differentiate between OSHS and OSHA.
5. Describe briefly the following OSH terms giving relevant examples
a) Medical surveillance
b) Periodical occupational health surveillance
c) Management of occupational exposure

6. Highlight four OSH policies and standards in relation in to the workplace

procedures

Complied by Eng. S.B. Waswa 62