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Thủy động lực học Lecture13

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Thủy động lực học Lecture13

Uploaded by

Tuấn Nguyễn
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Offshore hydrodynamics

Chapter 13: Survival Loads on Tower Structures


Contents
➢ Environmental Conditions to Choose
➢ Ambient Flow Schematizations
➢ Structure Schematization
➢ Force Computation
➢ Force and Moment Integration
1. Environmental Conditions to Choose
Wind Speed
Wind loads on offshore structures often play a relatively minor role in comparison to the hydrodynamic
loads.
For an offshore wind turbine, even - on which one would expect to have a relatively high wind load - the
wind load is seldom greater than the combined wave and current load unless the structure is placed in
water somewhat less than about 20 meters deep.
This implies that the selection of design wind conditions is often not all that important.
When one does want to estimate wind loads, a maximum one-minute wind gust is often chosen. This wind
speed is usually measured at a ’standard’ elevation of 10 meters above the sea surface.
Current Speed
Maximum current speeds are usually chosen for survival design purposes as well. One could select a
speed corresponding to a maximum spring tide current, for example.
In some cases a velocity profile giving the current as a function of depth will be available, too. If not, it is of
course conservative to assume that the maximum current acts over the entire depth.
1. Environmental Conditions to Choose
Wave Height and Period
One should choose wave height and period values such that a maximum wave force or overturning
moment is obtained.
The necessary relationships (for deep water and a quick estimate) include:

(13.1)

in which is the wave length (m), H is the wave height (m) and T is the wave period (s).
Wind, Current and Wave Directions
In general, each of these independent physical phenomena will have its own direction, independent - at
least to some extent - from that of others.
This is most obvious for the relation between the tidal current direction and the wave direction. These
seldom have much correlation. The wind direction and the wave direction - in a major storm at least - is
usually rather well (but not perfectly) correlated of course.
The conservative choice is to simply assume that all three of these phenomena are colinear; they all come
from the same direction.
1. Environmental Conditions to Choose
Phasing
Since the tidal period (12 h 24 min) is long relative to the wind gusts and waves, it is almost certain that a
high wave or strong wind gust can occur when the tidal current is high.
Looking next at the wind gust relative to the wave, its duration (1 minute) would be a few wave periods
long. Here, again, there is at least some finite chance that a major wave peak will coincide with this in time.
Implications
The choices made above already have significant implications for the computations to be carried out.
For example, the wave length, , chosen above will be rather large relative to the horizontal dimensions of
(most) offshore structures being considered.
This means that there will be relatively little phase difference between the ’upstream’ and ’downstream’
sides of the entire structure at any instant in time.
2. Ambient Flow Schematizations
Wind
If - as is standard meteorological practice - the wind is given at a standard elevation of 10 meters above
mean sea level, then wind speeds at other elevations are often predicted from this value by using:

(13.2)

in which:

The exponent 0.11 in equation 13.2 is for sea conditions only.


2. Ambient Flow Schematizations
Waves
Remember from chapter 5 that the (extreme) wave crest will be higher than H/2 above the still water level
as well. A common rule of thumb is that:

(13.3)

One should note the following about the waves formulas to be used:
▪ If only a maximum velocity is needed, the time function in the wave can be neglected.
▪ Since the wave length is usually considerably larger than the horizontal dimensions of the total structure
being considered, the phase relation, kx can be dropped too.
▪ If the wave crest is involved, then the maximum crest elevation will follow from equation 13.3.
▪ The full equations (and not deep or shallow water approximations) must be used when evaluating the
horizontal kinematics in the wave. This is then valid for any water depth and at any point under a wave
profile.
2. Ambient Flow Schematizations
Current

Since the current is constant and in the same direction as the wave propagation, it can simply be added to
the velocity component amplitude, ua(z), computed for the wave. If the current velocity is given by V (z) ,
then the total horizontal velocity will become:

(13.4)

Of course, V (z) = 0 for z > 0.


3. Structure Schematization
The drag term in the Morison equation (for a vertical cylinder) is of the form:

(13.5)

in which:
3. Structure Schematization
Upon reflection, one will discover that at each elevation, z, one finds the following contributions to De:
▪ Leg chords (nearly vertical) each contribute their actual diameter, D.
▪ Horizontal braces (if present at the chosen elevation) at an angle relative to the plane of water motion
contribute:
(13.6)
in which:

▪ Sloping braces in the plane of the picture contribute:

(13.7)

in which:
3. Structure Schematization
Upon reflection, one will discover that at each elevation, z, one finds the following contributions to De:
▪ Sloping braces in a vertical plane perpendicular to the plane of the picture (in the plane of the water
motion) contribute D.
▪ Sloping members with other spatial orientations - think of sloping braces when waves approach a tower
in a diagonal direction - require a bit more geometry and book- keeping. Letting:

(13.8)

then:
(13.9)

in which is the bracing azimuth relative to the wave direction (rad).


4. Force Computation
Once a proper CD value has been selected, then the (peak value of) the drag force per unit elevation can
be computed directly:

(13.10)

for the waves plus current, and:

(13.11)

in which A(z) is the projected area exposed to the wind.


5. Force and Moment Integration
5.1. Force and Moment Integration
The resulting horizontal force can now be computed by integrating Fdraga and Fwinda over the appropriate
height segment of the structure. This integration can most efficiently be done using a spreadsheet program.
This integration usually proceeds by computing the forces (per unit length) at chosen elevations and then
linearly interpolating the loading between these values. The elevations to choose for this evaluation should
be chosen based upon the following criteria:
▪ If De or Aw changes abruptly, then one should evaluate the loading for each value - just above and just
below the transition.
▪ Additional successive elevations should be chosen close enough together so that linear interpolation
between elevations still provides a reasonable approximation of the exponential curve of the actual
elevation function associated with the drag force.
5. Force and Moment Integration
5.2. Overturning Moment Integration
Overall structure overturning moments are usually computed about a horizontal axis at the sea bed
(mudline).
The computation proceeds quite analogously to that used to compute the horizontal force, but now one must
include the appropriate moment arm with each integration step.
This is simply the elevation of that segment relative to the sea bed.

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