Lecture

Presentation

Chapter 4
Forces and
Newton’s Laws of
Motion

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 4 Preview
Looking Ahead

Text: p. 97

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 What Causes Motion?

Newton’s First law also called Law of Inertia

Inertia is the tendency of object to resist the change in

state of motion.

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 What Causes Motion?

• In the absence of friction, if the sled is moving, it will

stay in motion.

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 What Is a Force?
• Force is push or pull.
• A force is a vector.
• Contact forces are forces that act on an
object by touching it at a point of
contact.

• Long-range forces are forces that act

on an object without physical contact.

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 Combining Forces
• Experiments show that when
several forces
are exerted on an object, the
combine to form a net force
that is the vector sum of all COMP: Symbols with
overarrows are
the forces: MathType

• The net force is sometimes

called the resultant force. It is
not a new force. Instead, we
should think of the original
forces being replaced by .

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 Weight
• The gravitational pull of
the earth on an object on
or near the surface of the
earth is called weight.
•
• An object’s weight
vector always points
vertically downward, no
matter how the object is
moving.

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 Weight

The weight of an object on the Earth’s surface

is the gravitational force exerted on it by the
Earth.
 Normal Force
• The force exerted on an
object that is pressing
against a surface is in a
direction perpendicular to
the surface.
• The normal force is the
force exerted by a surface
(the agent) against an
object that is pressing
against the surface.

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 Normal Force

• The symbol for the normal force is .

COMP: n[overarrow]
is MathType.

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 Friction
• Friction, like the normal force, is exerted by a surface.
• The frictional force is always parallel to the surface.
• Kinetic friction, denoted by , acts as an object slides
across a surface. Kinetic friction is a force that always
“opposes the motion.”
• Static friction, denoted by , is the force that keeps an
object “stuck” on a surface and prevents its motion relative
to the surface. Static friction points in the direction
necessary to prevent motion.

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 Friction

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Kinetic and Static Friction

Slide 4-13
Frictional Forces
 Identifying Forces

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 Newton’s Second Law
• A force causes an object to accelerate.
• The acceleration a is directly proportional to the force
F and inversely proportional to the mass m:

• The direction of the acceleration is the same as the

direction of the force:

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 What Do Forces Do?
The experimental findings of the motion of objects acted on
by constant forces are:
• An object pulled with a constant force moves with a
constant acceleration.
• Acceleration is directly proportional to force.
• Acceleration is inversely proportional to an object’s
mass.

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 Weight
Apparent weight:
Your perception of your weight is based on the
contact forces between your body and your
surroundings.

If your surroundings
are accelerating, your
apparent weight may
be more or less than
your actual weight.
Standing on a Scale in an elevator

Fnet = ma

Fscale- Fg = ma
Fscale=Fg+ ma
 QuickCheck 4.3

A steel beam hangs from a cable as a crane lifts the beam.

What forces act on the beam?

A. Gravity
B. Gravity and tension in the cable
C. Gravity and a force of motion
D. Gravity and tension and a force of motion

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 QuickCheck 4.3

A steel beam hangs from a cable as a crane lifts the beam.

What forces act on the beam?

A. Gravity
B. Gravity and tension in the cable
C. Gravity and a force of motion
D. Gravity and tension and a force of motion

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-21

 QuickCheck 4.2

A ball rolls down an incline and

off a horizontal ramp. Ignoring
air resistance, what force or
forces act on the ball as it moves
through the air just after leaving
the horizontal ramp?
A. The weight of the ball acting vertically down.
B. A horizontal force that maintains the motion.
C. A force whose direction changes as the direction of motion
changes.
D. The weight of the ball and a horizontal force.
E. The weight of the ball and a force in the direction of motion.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-22
 QuickCheck 4.2

A ball rolls down an incline and

off a horizontal ramp. Ignoring
air resistance, what force or
forces act on the ball as it moves
through the air just after leaving
the horizontal ramp?
A. The weight of the ball acting vertically down.
B. A horizontal force that maintains the motion.
C. A force whose direction changes as the direction of motion
changes.
D. The weight of the ball and a horizontal force.
E. The weight of the ball and a force in the direction of motion.
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 QuickCheck 4.5

A cart is pulled to the right with a

constant, steady force. How will
its acceleration graph look?

A. B. C.

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 QuickCheck 4.5

A cart is pulled to the right with a

constant, steady force. How will
its acceleration graph look?

A. B. C.

A constant force produces a constant acceleration.

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 QuickCheck 4.6

A constant force causes an object to accelerate at

4 m/s2. What is the acceleration of an object with
twice the mass that experiences the same force?

A. 1 m/s2
B. 2 m/s2
C. 4 m/s2
D. 8 m/s2
E. 16 m/s2

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 QuickCheck 4.6

A constant force causes an object to accelerate at

4 m/s2. What is the acceleration of an object with
twice the mass that experiences the same force?

A. 1 m/s2
B. 2 m/s2
C. 4 m/s2
D. 8 m/s2
E. 16 m/s2

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 QuickCheck 4.9

An object on a rope is lowered at constant speed.

Which is true?

A. The rope tension is greater than the object’s

weight.
B. The rope tension equals the object’s weight.
C. The rope tension is less than the object’s weight.
D. The rope tension can’t be compared to the object’s
weight.

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 QuickCheck 4.9

An object on a rope is lowered at constant speed.

Which is true?
Constant velocity
Zero acceleration

A. The rope tension is greater than the object’s

weight.
B. The rope tension equals the object’s weight.
C. The rope tension is less than the object’s weight.
D. The rope tension can’t be compared to the object’s
weight.

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 QuickCheck 4.10

An object on a rope is lowered at a steadily

decreasing speed. Which is true?

A. The rope tension is greater than the object’s

weight.
B. The rope tension equals the object’s weight.
C. The rope tension is less than the object’s weight.
D. The rope tension can’t be compared to the object’s
weight.

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 QuickCheck 4.10

An object on a rope is lowered at a steadily

decreasing speed. Which is true?
Decreasing downward velocity
Acceleration vector points up
points up

A. The rope tension is greater than the object’s

weight.
B. The rope tension equals the object’s weight.
C. The rope tension is less than the object’s weight.
D. The rope tension can’t be compared to the object’s
weight.

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 QuickCheck 4.11

An elevator, lifted by a cable, is moving upward and

slowing. Which is the correct free-body diagram?

A. B. C. D. E.
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 QuickCheck 4.11

An elevator, lifted by a cable, is moving upward and

slowing. Which is the correct free-body diagram?

A. B. C. D. E.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-33
 QuickCheck 4.12

A ball has been tossed straight up. Which is the correct

free-body diagram just after the ball has left the hand?
Ignore air resistance.

A. B. C. D.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-34
 QuickCheck 4.12

A ball has been tossed straight up. Which is the correct

free-body diagram just after the ball has left the hand?
Ignore air resistance.

No points of
contact.
Gravity is
the only
A. B. C. D. force.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-35
 QuickCheck 4.13

A ball, hanging from the ceiling by a

string, is pulled back and released.
Which is the correct free-body
diagram just after its release?

A. B. C. D. E.

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 QuickCheck 4.13

A ball, hanging from the ceiling by a

string, is pulled back and released.
Which is the correct free-body
diagram just after its release?

A. B. C. D. E.

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 QuickCheck 4.14

A car is parked on a hill. Which is

the correct free-body diagram?

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 QuickCheck 4.14

A car is parked on a hill. Which is

the correct free-body diagram?

C.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-39

 QuickCheck 4.15

A car is towed to the right at

constant speed. Which is the
correct free-body diagram?

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 QuickCheck 4.15

A car is towed to the right at

constant speed. Which is the
correct free-body diagram?

D.

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 Newton’s Third Law
• Motion often involves two or more objects interacting
with each other.
• As the hammer hits the nail, the nail pushes back on the
hammer.
• A bat and a ball, your
foot and a soccer ball,
and the earth-moon
system are other
examples of interacting
objects.

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 Interacting Objects
• An interaction is the mutual influence of two objects on
each other.
• The pair of forces shown in the figure is called an
action/reaction pair.
• An action/reaction pair
of forces exists as a pair,
or not at all.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-43

 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Although the forces are the same, the
accelerations will not be unless the objects
have the same mass.

Contact forces:
The force exerted by
one box on the other is
different depending on
which one you push.
 Reasoning with Newton’s Third Law

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 Runners and Rockets
• In order for you to walk, the
floor needs to have friction so
that your foot sticks to the
floor as you straighten your
leg, moving your body
forward.
• The friction that prevents
slipping is static friction.
• The static friction has to point
in the forward direction to
prevent your foot from
slipping.

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 Runners and Rockets
• The rocket pushes hot gases out the back, and this results
in a forward force (thrust) on the rocket.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-47

 QuickCheck 4.16

10-year-old Sarah stands on a skateboard. Her older brother

Jack starts pushing her backward and she starts speeding up.
The force of Jack on Sarah is

A. Greater than the force of Sarah on Jack.

B. Equal to the force of Sarah on Jack.
C. Less than the force of Sarah on Jack.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-48

 QuickCheck 4.16

10-year-old Sarah stands on a skateboard. Her older brother

Jack starts pushing her backward and she starts speeding up.
The force of Jack on Sarah is

A. Greater than the force of Sarah on Jack.

B. Equal to the force of Sarah on Jack.
C. Less than the force of Sarah on Jack.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-49

 QuickCheck 4.17

A mosquito runs head-on into a truck. Splat! Which is true

during the collision?

A. The mosquito exerts more force on the truck than the

truck exerts on the mosquito.
B. The truck exerts more force on the mosquito than the
mosquito exerts on the truck.
C. The mosquito exerts the same force on the truck as the
truck exerts on the mosquito.
D. The truck exerts a force on the mosquito but the mosquito
does not exert a force on the truck.
E. The mosquito exerts a force on the truck but the truck
does not exert a force on the mosquito.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4-50
 QuickCheck 4.17

A mosquito runs head-on into a truck. Splat! Which is true

during the collision?

A. The mosquito exerts more force on the truck than the

truck exerts on the mosquito.
B. The truck exerts more force on the mosquito than the
mosquito exerts on the truck.
C. The mosquito exerts the same force on the truck as the
truck exerts on the mosquito.
D. The truck exerts a force on the mosquito but the mosquito
does not exert a force on the truck.
E. The mosquito exerts a force on the truck but the truck
does not exert a force on the mosquito.
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 Summary: General Principles

Text: p. 118

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 Summary: General Principles

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 Summary: General Principles

Text: p. 118
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 Summary: Important Concepts

Text: p. 118

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 Summary: Important Concepts

Text: p. 118

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 Summary: Important Concepts

Text: p. 118

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 Summary: Applications

Text: p. 118

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 Summary: Applications

Text: p. 118

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