Lecture

Presentation

Chapter 2
Motion in One
Dimension

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 2 Preview
Looking Ahead

Text: p. 28

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-2

 Scalars and Vectors
• Scalars: Quantities with only magnitude (just a number)
• Examples:
• Distance and Speed:
•

Vectors: Quantities with both magnitude and direction

• Examples:
Displacement Velocity Acceleration

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-3

 Representing Position
• We will use an x-axis to analyze horizontal motion and
motion on a ramp, with the positive end to the right.
• We will use a y-axis to analyze vertical motion, with the
positive end up.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-4

 Distance and Speed: Scalar Quantities
• Distance is the path length traveled from one location
to another. It will vary depending on the path.
• Distance is a scalar quantity—it is described only by a
magnitude.
•
Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the
elapsed time:
•

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-5

 Displacement and Velocity: Vector Quantities
• Displacement is a vector that points from the initial
position to the final position of an object. Different
from distance.
• Note that an object’s position coordinate may be
negative, while its velocity may be positive; the two are
independent.
•

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-6

 Position, Distance, and Displacement

Before describing motion, you must set up a

coordinate system – define an origin and a positive
direction.
 Position, Distance, and Displacement
The distance is the total length of travel; if you drive
from your house to the grocery store and back, you
have covered a distance of 8.6 mi.
 Position, Distance, and Displacement
Displacement is the change in position. If you drive
from your house to the grocery store and then to
your friend’s house, your displacement is - 2.1 mi
and the distance you have traveled is 10.7 mi.
 Position and Coordinate Systems
• To specify position we need a reference point (the origin),
a distance from the origin, and a direction from the
origin.

• The combination of an origin and an axis marked in both

the positive and negative directions makes a coordinate
system.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-10
Distance and displacment
For motion in a straight line with no reversals, the
average speed and the average velocity are the
same.
Otherwise, they are not.
The average velocity of a round trip is zero, as the
total displacement is zero!

Slide 2-11
 Instantaneous Velocity
• For one-dimensional motion, an object changing its
velocity is either speeding up or slowing down.
• An object’s velocity—a speed and a direction—at a
specific instant of time t is called the object’s
instantaneous velocity.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-12

 Position and Coordinate Systems

• The symbol that represents a position along an axis is

called a coordinate.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-13

 Time
• For a complete motion diagram we need to label each
frame with its corresponding time (symbol t) as read off
a clock.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-14

 QuickCheck 1.5

An ant zig-zags back and forth on a picnic table as shown.

The ant’s distance traveled and displacement are

A. 50 cm and 50 cm
B. 30 cm and 50 cm
C. 50 cm and 30 cm
D. 50 cm and –50 cm
E. 50 cm and –30 cm
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-15
 QuickCheck 1.5

An ant zig-zags back and forth on a picnic table as shown.

The ant’s distance traveled and displacement are

A. 50 cm and 50 cm
B. 30 cm and 50 cm
C. 60 cm and 30 cm
D. 50 cm and –50 cm
E. 60 cm and –30 cm
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-16
 Representing Position

The motion diagram of a student walking to school and a

coordinate axis for making measurements

• Figure 2.3 shows the

student’s motion shows
the student’s position as
a graph of x versus t.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-17

 From Position to Velocity
• On a position-versus-time
graph, a faster speed
corresponds to a steeper
slope.

• The slope of an object’s

position-versus-time
graph is the object’s
velocity at that point in
the motion.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-18

 From Position to Velocity
• We can deduce the
velocity-versus-time
graph from the
position-versus-time graph.
• The velocity-versus-time
graph is yet another way to
represent an object’s
motion.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-19

 QuickCheck 2.2

Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight road:

Which velocity-versus-time graph matches this motion diagram?

E. None of the above.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-20
 QuickCheck 2.2

Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight road:

Which velocity-versus-time graph matches this motion diagram?

C.

E. None of the above.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-21
 QuickCheck 2.3

Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight

road:

Which velocity-versus-time graph matches this motion

diagram?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-22

 QuickCheck 2.3

Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight

road:

Which velocity-versus-time graph matches this motion

diagram?

D.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-23

 Uniform Motion
• Straight-line motion in
which equal displacements
occur during any
successive equal-time
intervals is called uniform
motion or
constant-velocity motion.
• An object’s motion is
uniform if and only if its
position-versus-time
graph is a straight line.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-24

 Section 2.4 Acceleration

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Acceleration
• We define a new motion concept to describe an object
whose velocity is changing.
• The ratio of Δvx/Δt is the rate of change of velocity.
• The ratio of Δvx/Δt is the slope of a velocity-versus-time
graph.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-26

 Representing Acceleration

• An object’s acceleration is the slope of its

velocity-versus-time graph.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-27

 Positive and negative acceleration
• If the sign of velocity and acceleration are
the same, the object will speed up, if they are
different, it will slow down.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-28

 Representing Acceleration
• We can find an acceleration graph from a velocity graph.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-29

 QuickCheck 2.17

These four motion diagrams show the motion of a particle

along the x-axis.
1. Which motion diagrams correspond to a positive
acceleration?
2. Which motion diagrams correspond to a negative
acceleration?

Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-30
 QuickCheck 2.4
A graph of position versus time for a basketball player
moving down the court appears as follows:

Which of the following velocity graphs matches the position

graph?

A. B. C. D.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-31

 QuickCheck 2.4
A graph of position versus time for a basketball player
moving down the court appears as follows:

Which of the following velocity graphs matches the position

graph?

A. B. C. D.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-32

 Example 2.2 Analyzing a car’s position graph
FIGURE 2.11 gives the position-versus-time graph of a car.
a. Draw the car’s velocity-
versus-time graph.
b. Describe the car’s motion
in words.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-33

 Example 2.2 Analyzing a car’s position graph
(cont.)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-34

 QuickCheck 2.1

Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight

road:

Which position-versus-time graph matches this motion

diagram?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-35

 QuickCheck 2.1

Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight

road:

Which position-versus-time graph matches this motion

diagram?

E.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-36

 QuickCheck 2.6

A graph of velocity versus time for a hockey puck shot into a

goal appears as follows:

Which of the following position graphs matches the velocity

graph?

A. B. C. D.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-37
 QuickCheck 2.6

A graph of velocity versus time for a hockey puck shot into a

goal appears as follows:

Which of the following position graphs matches the velocity

graph?

A. B. C. D.
(d)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-38
 QuickCheck 2.8

Here is a position graph

of an object:

At t = 1.5 s, the object’s

velocity is

A. 40 m/s
B. 20 m/s
C. 10 m/s
D. –10 m/s
E. None of the above
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-39
 QuickCheck 2.8

Here is a position graph

of an object:

At t = 1.5 s, the object’s

velocity is

A. 40 m/s
B. 20 m/s
C. 10 m/s
D. –10 m/s
E. None of the above
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-40
 From Velocity to Position, One More Time
• The displacement Δx is equal to the area under the
velocity graph during the time interval Δt.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-41

 QuickCheck 2.11

Here is the velocity graph of an object that is at the origin

(x = 0 m) at t = 0 s.

At t = 4.0 s, the object’s

position is

A. 20 m
B. 16 m
C. 12 m
D. 8m
E. 4m
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-42
 QuickCheck 2.11

Here is the velocity graph of an object that is at the origin

(x = 0 m) at t = 0 s.

At t = 4.0 s, the object’s

position is

A. 20 m
B. 16 m
C. 12 m Displacement = area under the curve
D. 8m
E. 4m
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-43
Blake and carlos embark on a southward
journey. First they walk south at 6.5 Km/hr
for 1.1 hr.Then they stop to take a nap for 18
minutes(0.3 hr),then continues south at 5.5
Km/hr for 1.2 hours.
Calculate average Velocity and
displacement of whole trip?
 QuickCheck 2.13

A car moves along a straight stretch of road. The following graph

shows the car’s position as a function of time:

At what point (or points) do the following conditions apply?

• The displacement is zero.
• The speed is zero.
• The speed is increasing.
• The speed is decreasing.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-45
 QuickCheck 2.13

A car moves along a straight stretch of road. The following graph

shows the car’s position as a function of time:

At what point (or points) do the following conditions apply?

• The displacement is zero. D
• The speed is zero. B, E
• The speed is increasing. C
• The speed is decreasing. A
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-46
 QuickCheck 2.14

The motion diagram shows a particle that is slowing down.

The sign of the position x and the sign of the velocity vx are:

A. Position is positive, velocity is positive.

B. Position is positive, velocity is negative.
C. Position is negative, velocity is positive.
D. Position is negative, velocity is negative.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-47

 QuickCheck 2.14

The motion diagram shows a particle that is slowing down.

The sign of the position x and the sign of the velocity vx are:

A. Position is positive, velocity is positive.

B. Position is positive, velocity is negative.
C. Position is negative, velocity is positive.
D. Position is negative, velocity is negative.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-48

 QuickCheck 2.18

Mike jumps out of a tree and lands on a trampoline. The

trampoline sags 2 feet before launching Mike back into the
air.

At the very bottom, where the sag is the greatest, Mike’s

acceleration is

A. Upward.
B. Downward.
C. Zero.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-49
 QuickCheck 2.18

Mike jumps out of a tree and lands on a trampoline. The

trampoline sags 2 feet before launching Mike back into the
air.

At the very bottom, where the sag is the greatest, Mike’s

acceleration is

A. Upward.
B. Downward.
C. Zero.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-50
 QuickCheck 2.20

A cart speeds up toward the

origin. What do the position and
velocity graphs look like?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-51

 QuickCheck 2.20

A cart speeds up toward the

origin. What do the position and
velocity graphs look like?

C.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-52

 QuickCheck 2.21

A cart speeds up while moving

away from the origin. What do
the velocity and acceleration
graphs look like?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-53

 QuickCheck 2.21

A cart speeds up while moving

away from the origin. What do
the velocity and acceleration
graphs look like?

B.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-54

 QuickCheck 2.22

Here is a motion diagram of a car speeding up on a straight

road:

The sign of the acceleration ax is

A. Positive.
B. Negative.
C. Zero.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-55

 QuickCheck 2.22

Here is a motion diagram of a car speeding up on a straight

road:

The sign of the acceleration ax is

A. Positive.
B. Negative. Speeding up means vx and ax have the same sign.
C. Zero.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-56

 Section 2.5 Motion with Constant Acceleration

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Constant Acceleration Equations
For motion with constant acceleration:
• Velocity changes steadily:

• The position changes as the square of the time interval:

• We can also express the change in velocity in terms of

distance, not time:

Text: p. 43

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-58

You are driving through town at 12 m/s when suddenly a
ball rolls out in front of your car. You apply the brakes and
begin acelerating at 3.5 m/s2.
How far do you travel before coming to a complete stop?

20.57m

A boat moves slowly out of a marina with a speed of 1.50

m/s. As soon as it passes the breakwater, leaving the
marina, it throttles up and accelerates at 2.40 m/s2.How
fast is the boat moving after accelerating for 5 seconds?
13.5 m/sec
b) How far did the boat travel during that time?

37.5m

Slide 2-59
 Section 2.7 Free Fall

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Free Fall
• If an object moves under the
influence of gravity only, and
no other forces, we call the
resulting motion free fall.
• Any two objects in free fall,
regardless of their mass,
have the same acceleration.
• On the earth, air resistance is
a factor. For now we will Apollo 15 lunar astronaut David Scott
performed a classic experiment on the moon,
restrict our attention to simultaneously dropping a hammer and a
situations in which air feather from the same height. Both hit the
ground at the exact same time—something
resistance can be ignored. that would not happen in the atmosphere of
the earth!
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-61
 Free Fall

• The figure shows the motion diagram for an object that

was released from rest and falls freely. The diagram and
the graph would be the same for all falling objects.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-62

 Freely Falling Objects
An object falling in air is subject to air resistance
(and therefore is not freely falling).
 2-7 Freely Falling Objects

Free fall from rest:

 Free Fall
• The free-fall acceleration always points down, no matter
what direction an object is moving.
• Any object moving under the influence of gravity only,
and no other force, is in free fall.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-65

 QuickCheck 2.26

A ball is tossed straight up in the air. At its very highest

point, the ball’s instantaneous acceleration ay is

A. Positive.
B. Negative.
C. Zero.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-66

 QuickCheck 2.26

A ball is tossed straight up in the air. At its very highest

point, the ball’s instantaneous acceleration ay is

A. Positive.
B. Negative.
C. Zero.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-67

 QuickCheck 2.27

An arrow is launched vertically upward.

It moves straight up to a maximum
height, then falls to the ground. The
trajectory of the arrow is noted. At which
point of the trajectory is the arrow’s
acceleration the greatest? The least?
Ignore air resistance; the only force
acting is gravity.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-68

 QuickCheck 2.27

An arrow is launched vertically upward.

It moves straight up to a maximum
height, then falls to the ground. The
trajectory of the arrow is noted. At which
point of the trajectory is the arrow’s
acceleration the greatest? The least?
Ignore air resistance; the only force
acting is gravity.

Same at all points.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-69

 QuickCheck 2.28

An arrow is launched vertically upward. It moves straight up to a

maximum height, then falls to the ground. The trajectory of the
arrow is noted. Which graph best represents the vertical velocity
of the arrow as a function of time? Ignore air resistance; the only
force acting is gravity.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-70

 QuickCheck 2.28

An arrow is launched vertically upward. It moves straight up to a

maximum height, then falls to the ground. The trajectory of the
arrow is noted. Which graph best represents the vertical velocity
of the arrow as a function of time? Ignore air resistance; the only
force acting is gravity.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-71

 Example Problem: Champion Jumper
The African antelope known as a
springbok will occasionally jump straight
up into the air, a movement known as a
pronk. The speed when leaving the ground
can be as high as 7.0 m/s.

A. How much time will it take to reach its highest point?

B. How long will it stay in the air?
C. When it returns to earth, how fast will it be moving?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-72

 Example 2.14 Analyzing a rock’s fall
A heavy rock is dropped from rest at the top of a cliff and falls 100 m
before hitting the ground. How long does the rock take to fall to the
ground, and what is its velocity when it hits?
PREPARE FIGURE 2.36 shows a visual overview with all necessary
data. We have placed the origin at the ground, which makes
yi = 100 m.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-73

 Example 2.14 Analyzing a rock’s fall (cont.)
SOLVE Free fall is motion with the specific constant acceleration
ay = −g. The first question involves a relation between time and
distance, a relation expressed by the second equation in Synthesis 2.1.
Using (vy)i = 0 m/s and ti = 0 s, we find

We can now solve for tf:

Now that we know the fall time, we can use the first kinematic
equation to find (vy)f:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2-74

 Topic 2: Mechanics
2.1 – Motion
Determine relative velocity in one and two dimensions
∙Suppose you are a passenger in a car on a perfectly
level and straight road, moving at a constant velocity.
Your velocity relative to the pavement might be 60 mph.
∙Your velocity relative to the driver of your car is zero.
Whereas your velocity relative to an oncoming car might
be 120 mph.
∙Your velocity can be measured relative to any
reference frame.

A
 Topic 2: Mechanics
2.1 – Motion
Determine relative velocity in one and two dimensions
∙Consider two cars, A and B, shown below.
∙Suppose you are in car A which is moving at vA = +20
m s-1 and next to you is car B, moving at vB = +40 m s-1.
∙As far as you are concerned your velocity vAB relative to
car B is -20 m s-1 because you seem to be moving
backwards relative to B’s coordinate system.
∙We write
vAB = vA - vB velocity of A relative to B

A
 Relative Motion
• Amy, Bill, and Carlos are watching a runner.
• The runner moves at a different velocity relative to each of
them.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3-77

 Relative Velocity

• The runner’s velocity relative to Amy is

(vx)RA = 5 m/s
• The subscript “RA” means “Runner relative to Amy.”
• The velocity of Carlos relative to Amy is
(vx)CA=15 m/s
• The subscript “CA” means “Carlos relative to Amy.”
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3-78
Relative Velocity

Slide 3-79
For Person D ball is moving rightward with velocity of Vball

For person A ball is moving rightward with velocity of

Vball + V train

For person C ball is moving rightward with velocity of

Vball - Vc

Slide 3-80
 Summary: Important Concepts

Text: p. 55 Slide 2-81

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Summary: Important Concepts

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 Summary: Important Concepts

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 Summary: Applications

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 Summary: Applications

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 Summary: Applications

Text: p. 55 Slide 2-86

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 Summary

Text: p. 55

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 Summary

Text: p. 55

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 Summary

Text: p. 55

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