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GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
NEDUMKAND AM – IDUKKI DIST 685 553
www.gptcnedumkanda m.ac.in

LABORATORY RECORD
SUBJECT: ………………………………

NAME……………………………………………………..

BRANCH…………………………………………………

CLASS NO………………….YEAR…………………….

REG.NO………………………………………………….

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done

by…………………………………………………………………………………

in ………………………………Lab during……………………………………

Lecturer in charge Seal External Examiner

Head of section Internal Examiner

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INDEX
Sl no NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT DATE PAGE INITIAL
NO. OF
TEACHER
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OBSERVATIONS
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑀𝑆𝐷)
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝐿 𝐶 ) =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟

1 main scale division (MSD) =

Number of divisions on vernier, N=
Zero error =
Zero correction =

Measuring the radius of the sphere :

Sl Main Scale Vernier Measured diameter

. reading, (MSR) scale = MSR + (VSR x
N (cm/mm) reading LC)
o (VSR) (cm/mm)
1
2
3
4
5

Mean Diameter of the sphere, d =

CALCULATIONS

Radius of the sphere, r = d/2 =

Volume of the sphere, = 4/3 𝜋𝑟3 =
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Experiment No:
Date:
VERNIER CALIPERS

AIM

1. To find the volume of the given test tube

2. To find the volume of the given Sphere

APPARATUS

Vernier Calipers, Test tube, Sphere

THEORY
If the radius of the sphere is r measured using the vernier calipers then the volume
of the sphere is given by
4
Volume of the sphere = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
The diameter of the sphere is obtained by taking the main scale and
vernier scale readings of the vernier calipers then
Diameter = MSR + (VSR x LC)
MSR is the Main Scale Reading, VSR is the Vernier Scale Reading and LC is the
Least Count of the Vernier Calipers.
If r is the inner radius and d is the depth of the test tube, then
Volume of the test tube = 𝜋𝑟2d

PROCEDURE

To find the Volume of the given sphere:

The given sphere is firmly gripped between the jaws. The main scale reading and
the vernier coincidence are noted. The main scale reading is the reading on the
main scale that is just before the vernier zero. The vernier scale coincidence is
found by noting the vernier division that coincides with any one of the main scale.
Then the vernier scale reading is found by multiplying the vernier coincidence
with the least count. The observations are repeated for various positions of the
sphere.
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Measuring the radius of the test tube

Sl Main Scale Vernier Measured diameter

. reading, (MSR) scale = MSR + (VSR x LC)
N (cm/mm) reading (cm/mm)
o (VSR)
1
2
3
4
5

Mean diameter = ……………..

Radius , r = d/2 = ……………………………

Measuring the depth of the test tube

Sl Main Scale Vernier Measured diameter
. reading, (MSR) scale = MSR + (VSR x LC)
N (cm/mm) reading (cm/mm)
o (VSR)
1
2
3
4
5

Mean depth, d = ……………………….

Volume of the test tube = 𝜋𝑟2d

= ………………………………………

=…………………………
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To find the volume of the given test tube

Measurement of diameter of the test tbe

Put the pair of upper jaws of vernier callipers into the calorimeter and adjust the
position of jaws till the jaws gently touch the wall of the test tube Note the main scale
and vernier scale readings.
Repeat above steps two or more times at two different places of the test tube.Apply
zero corrections to get correct readings.

Measurement of test tube

Keep the right edge of main scale strip (M) on the upper edge of the test tube and
move the vernier scale in such and way that the strip attached to it touch the bottom of
the test tube. Clamp the vernier scale with the help of screw. Note the main scale
reading and the number of coinciding vernier scale divisions and record them .Repeat
the process two more times at different positions.

Result

Volume of the sphere = …………………………

Volume of the test tube = ………………………

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OBSERVATIONS
Value of One Pitch Scale Division =

Pitch of the screw, P =Distance

moved during one rotation

Number of Divisions on the head scale, N =

Pitch
Least Count, LC =
N

Zero coincidence

Zero error=
Zero correction (ZC)=
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Experiment No:
Date:

SCREW GAUGE
AIM

1. To measure the thickness a glass plate

2. To find the diameter of the metallic wire
3. To find the diameter of the solid sphere

APPARATUS

Screw gauge, glass plate, Sphere, wire

THEORY Dimensions Measured = PSR + (Corrected HSR x LC)

The LC of the Screw Gauge is the distance through which the screw advances
when it is rotated through one division of the head scale. The Pitch of the
screw is the distance through which the screw advances in one complete
rotation of the head scale

PROCEDURE
To find the least count (LC) of the screw gauge:
Least count of a screw gauge is the distance through which the screw tip
moves when the screw is rotated through one division on the head scale. To
find the pitch, the head or the screw is given say 5 rotations and t he distance
moved by the head scale on the pitch scale is noted. Then by using the above
formula, the least count of the screw gaugeis calculated.

To find the thickness of the glass plate:

The glass plate is gently gripped between the faces A and B. The pitch scale
reading and the head scale coincidence are noted. The readings are tabulated.

To find the diameter of the sphere:

The sphere is gently gripped between the faces A and B. The pitch scale
reading and the head scale coincidence are noted. The readings are tabulated.
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OBSERVATIONS

To find the thickness of the glass plate:

Sl. Pitch scale Head scale Corrected HSR Total reading =
No reading reading (HSR) = HSR + ZC PSR+(Corrected HSR x
(PSR) LC)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean thickness =

To find the diameter of the sphere:

Sl. Pitch scale Head scale Corrected HSR Total reading =
No reading reading (HSR) = HSR + ZC PSR+(Corrected HSR x
(PSR) LC)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean Diameter, d =

To find the diameter of the wire:

Sl. Pitch scale Head scale Corrected HSR Total reading =
No reading reading (HSR) = HSR + ZC PSR+(Corrected HSR x
(PSR) LC)
1
2
3
4
5

Mean Diameter, d =
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To find the diameter of the wire: The wire is gently gripped between the faces
A and B. The pitch scale reading and the head scale coincidence are noted.
The readings are tabulated.

RESULT
Thickness of the given glass plate

Diameter of the given Sphere =

Diameter of the wire =

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OBSERVATIONS

To find the radius of the bob:

Sl. Main Scale reading, VSR Measured diameter

No (MSR) = MSR + (VSR x LC)
(cm/mm) (cm/mm)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean Diameter, d =
Radius of the bob =

To find l/T2

Sl. Length of Time for 20 oscillations (s)

the Period,T
No.
pendulum, l = T2 l/T2
(cm) Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean t/20
(t)
(s) (s2) cm/s2

1
2
3
4
5
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Experiment No:
Date:
SIMPLE PENDULUM

AIM

1. To measure the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum

APPARATUS

A spherical bob, cotton thread, clamp stand, stop watch, meter scale

THEORY

A simple pendulum consists of a bob hanging at the end of a string of length l.

The period of a pendulum T is the time required for one complete cycle, that is,
the time to go back and forth once. If the amplitude of motion of the swinging
pendulum is small, then the period T of the pendulum is given by

Then the acceleration due to gravity g is can be calculated using the formula

PROCEDURE

Measure the radius of the bob r using a vernier caliper, using a meter scale
adjust the pendulum such that the distance between the point of suspension to
the top of the bob is (40 – r) cm. Then the length of the pendulum is 40 cm. Now
make small oscillations in the pendulum by pulling the bob side wise. After first
few oscillations, start the stop watch and note the time for 20 oscillations.
Repeat the procedure again and find the mean time for 20 oscillations. Repeat
the experiment by varying the length of the pendulum. Tabulate the readings
and fine the mean value of l/T2. From the mean value of l/T2 acceleration due to
gravity g is calculated using the formula

RESULT
The acceleration due to gravity 'g’=
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OBSERVATIONS

Scale factor 1 cm = gwt

Sl. P Q OA OB OD W= OD x scale Mean

No (gwt) (g wt) (cm) (cm) (cm)

Weight of the given body, w =

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Expt No:
Date :
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF FORCE

AIM

To determine the weight of the given body

APPARATUS

Board with pulleys, Weight hanger, Strings, Weights, Drawing sheet, Unknown
weight, mirror strip

THEORY

If two force P and Q acting on a particle, be represented in magnitude and

direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant (R) is
represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram, Magnitude of the resultant
force is given by:

Where is the angle between the forces P and Q

If P and Q are the known weights and W is the weight of the unknown body,
which are in equilibrium and acting as coplanar concurrent forces, then
according to the Parallelogram law of vectors.
W = Diagonal x Scale Factor
Where the diagonal vector represents the resultant of the forces P and Q

PROCEDURE
Arrange the setup such that the string easily moves through the pulley without
friction. Two weight hangers are fixed on the two ends and the given unknown
weight is fixed on the center as shown in the figure. A drawing sheet is fixed on the
on the board. Suitable weights P and Q are added on the weight hanger so that
the system is in equilibrium and the junction is in the middle of the drawing sheet.
Make sure that all weights hang freely and none of them touches the board or
table. With the help of a mirror strip mark the positions of the string in the drawing
sheet. By joining these marks complete the diagram in the sheet. Now taking a
suitable scale (1cm = 50g) mark the lengths OA and OB corresponding the weights
P and Q, and complete the parallelogram. Measure the diagonal OD. Tabulate the
parameter in the table and repeat the above procedure for different values of P and
Q. From the table mean weight of the body is calculated.

RESULT

Weight of the given body , W =

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OBSERVATIONS

Reading of the centre of gravity (G) =

The fixed distance of the weight hanger from G, (GA) or r1 =

Sl. No Known Position of the Unknown mass mean

mass unknown mass W = M x r1
M(g) (GB) or r2 r2
(cm)
1

Mass of the given body, W =

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Expt No:
Date :

MOMENT BAR - Mass of the given body

AIM

To determine the mass of the given body using a meter scale

APPARATUS

Meter scale, Weight hanger, Strings, Weights, Unknown mass

THEORY
The Moment bar works with the Principles of Moments. A meter scale
suspended on the center of gravity G. If two masses M and W are suspended at
the points A and B respectively on either sided of the meter scale, then at
equilibrium we can write.

GA x M = GB x W
Or
r 1 x M = r2 x W

Then the unknown mass W can be calculated using the formula

W = M r1 / r2

PROCEDURE
The meter scale is suspended at its center of gravity G using a thread tied to its
center so that the scale is in the horizontal position. Now with the help of a
string attach the given unknown mass W at a point B on the scale. A known
weight M is introduced in the weight hanger placed at a point A on the other
side of the scale. The position of the known weight A is adjusted so as to bring
the meter scale back to the horizontal position. The distance from the center of
gravity G to the points A and B (GA and GB) are noted. The experiment is
repeated for various values of known weight M in the weight hanger and the
corresponding distances GA and GB are tabulated. From the table the mean
value of the unknown mass W is calculated.

RESULT

Mass of the given body, W =

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OBSERVATIONS
Reading of the pointer with dead load (M 0 ), r0 = ……………cm
Sl. No Mas Loadin Unloading Mean Extension,
s(g) g(cm) (cm) r (cm) x= r – r0 k = Mg/x

2 Mo+

3 Mo +

4 Mo +

5 Mo +

6 Mo +

Mean spring constant, k =.................. N/m

CALCULATIONS
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ExptNo:
Date:

Hooke’s Law

AIM

To verify Hooke’s law and determine force constant of a spring using Hooke’s
law apparatus.

APPARATUS

Hooke’s law Apparatus, Weight hanger, Weights

THEORY

According to Hooke's Law, within the elastic limit, the magnitude of the
elongation or extension is directly proportional to the applied force. Following
Hooke’s law, the spring constant (or force constant) of a spring is given by

If 'm' is the slotted weight then the force F = mg, where g is the acceleration
due to gravity. Hence the spring constant,

PROCEDURE
Arrange the helical spring apparatus such that the spring makes free
oscillations and the pointer moves freely over the scale without touching it, and
the tip of the pointer is in front of the graduations on the scale. Find out the least
count of the scale. It is usually 1 mm or 0.1 cm. suspend the weight hanger, H
from the lower free end, of the helical spring and record the position of the
pointer, P on the scale. Now add a slotted mass on the hanger gently. Wait for
some time to attain equilibrium (rest) position and record the position of the
pointer P on the scale. Enter the observations in a table with proper units.
Continue the process by adding weights in steps (5 – 6 weights) and note the
reading for each step. Now the weights are unloaded in steps and
simultaneously record the position of the pointer in each steps. From the table
the mean value of the spring constant k is calculated. Using the value of k
unknown mass is calculated by substituting the extension for unknown mass.
RESULT

1. Hooke’s law is verified

2. Spring constant =
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Screen
Lens
v

OBSERVATIONS

Distant object method

1 2 3 Mean f

Distance between lens and

image of distant object

u,v method

Sl. No u(cm) v (cm) uv u+v f=uv/u+v

Mean focal length, f =

Power of the lens p=

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Expt No:
Date:

CONVEX LENS
AIM

1. To determine the focal length of a convex lens by u,v method

2. To determine power of the lens

APPARATUS

Convex lens, illuminated cross wire, meter scale

THEORY

If u and v represent the distance of the object and image from the lens
respectively, the focal length f of the convex lens is given by

PROCEDURE
Approximate focal length – distant object method:
The approximate focal length of the given convex lens is determined first by the
distant object method. For this, the convex lens is mounted vertically on the
lens stand such that it is facing a distant building or tree. A screen is placed on
the other side of the lens and its position is adjusted to get a well defined sharp
image of the distant object. The distance between the lens and the screen is
measured using a scale. The obtained image distance will give the
approximate focal length of the lens. The experiment is repeated 3 times and
the mean value of the focal length is calculated.

u, v method :

The given convex lens is mounted vertically on a stand is directed towards the
illuminated cross wire which act as the object. The lens is initially placed at a
distance slightly greater than the approximate focal length obtained by the
distant object method. The position of the screen is adjusted to get a clear
image on it. The distance between the lens and the image (v) is measured
using a meter scale
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The focal length, f of the convex lens is calculated as

The experiment is repeated for both magnified and diminished

images. If u is between f and 2f, the image is magnified. If u is greater
than 2f image is diminished. The average value of f is then
calculated.
Power of the lens is calculated as p=1/f

RESULT

1) Focal length by distant object method =

2) Focal length by u,v method=

3) Power of the lens=

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OBSERVATION
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Exp no:

Date:
THE RESONANCE COLUMN

AIM
To find velocity of sound in air at room temperature

APPARATUS

Resonance column apparatus, tuning forks, rubber hammer

THEORY
If ℓ1 and ℓ2 are the first and second resonating lengths for a tuning fork of frequency n,
Velocity of sound in air at room temperature is given by
𝑽 = 𝟐 n (𝓵𝟐 − 𝓵𝟏)
Resonance occurs when frequency of the tuning fork becomes equal to the frequency
of the stationary waves produced inside the resonance column. At resonance a
booming sound is heard.
PROCEDURE
The inner tube of resonance column apparatus is kept at lowest position and an
excited tuning fork of frequency 512Hz is held at the mouth of inner tube. The tube is
raised till a booming sound is heard. The resonating length is measured. This is
repeated and mean value gives the first resonating length ℓ1. The tube is further
raised keeping the excited tuning fork above it, till another booming sound is heard.
This length is measured. This is repeated and average gives the second resonating
length ℓ2. Then velocity of sound is calculated by using the equation v= 2 ν (ℓ2 − ℓ1)
The experiment is repeated by using tuning fork of different frequencies and average
is found out
RESULT

Velocity of sound at room temperature = ....................... m/s

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sl.no Angle of Angle of Sin i Sin r sin 𝑖 /sin 𝑟

incidenc refraction(r
e (i) )
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Exp.no

Date :
SNELL’S LAW

AIM
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for
different angles of incidence and prove law of refraction

APPARATUS

A drawing board, 4-6 all pins, white sheet of paper, rectangular glass slab, a
protractor, a scale, a pencil and thumb pin

THEORY

The incident ray, the normal ray and the refracted ray, all lie in the same plane.
The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant quantity for the two given media. This law is also known as Snell’s law

sin 𝑖 𝑛2
=
sin 𝑟 𝑛1
𝑐
𝑛=
𝑣

This constant 𝑛2refractive index of the second medium and 𝑛1is the refractive
index of first medium. The refractive index n of an optical medium is defined
as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum, c and the velocity v of light in the
medium.

PROCEDURE

Take a soft drawing board. Fix a white sheet on it with the help of thumb pins. Place
The rectangular glass slab in the centre of the white paper and draw its outline
boundary with pencil. Mark this rectangular figure obtained as ABCD. On one
side of this figure, i.e., AB take one point E, draw a perpendicular EN and label it
as normal ray. With the help of a protractor drawone angle of 30° with the EN.
Fix two pins P and Q on the ray of this angle, the distance between the pins
should be more than 4-5 cm. Put the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD.
See through the glass slab from side CD and fix pin R and S such that when
seen through the glass slab all the pins lie in straight line, [i.e., Pins P, Q, R and
S should lie in straight line when seen through the glass slab], ‘Now, remove the
pins P, Q, R and S one by one and draw small circles around the pin points.
Remove the glass slab. Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F.
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Draw perpendicular to CD at point F as N’M’.

Join points E and F with the pencil. Measure the angles formed at AB and CD,
i.e., the incident angle, refracted angle and emergent angle. Extend ray PQ
with scale and pencil in dotted line. It will be parallel to ray FRS. The distance
between these two parallel rays is called lateral displacement (d).Measure the
lateral displacement. Repeat the above procedure for angles 45° and 60°.

RESULT

Law of refraction is proved

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CALCULATIONS
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Exp no: Mercury Thermometer

Date:

AIM

To measure room temperature and temperature of a hot bath using mercury thermo
meter and convert it into different scales.

THEORY

A thermometer is a device used to measure temperature. Mercury thermometer is

used in laboratories and it is work on the principle of thermal expansion of liquids. The
relation connecting Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales given by,

F = 1.8C+32

K = C + 273

PROCEDURE

Place the thermometer in the centre of room at least 2 feet off the ground for an accurate
measure. Set the thermometer on a table. Wait 5 minutes for the thermometer to adjust to
the room temperature. Back away from the thermometer so your body heat doesn’t
influence the reading. Place the thermometer out of direct sunlight, which will produce
a warmer reading. Read the thermometer without holding or touching it.
Then place the thermometer on hot both and check temperature.

RESULT

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