PRESENTER:WABWILE MACHUMA SHEILA

DEPARTMENT: BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGENEERING

TITLE: ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELING

INDEX NO: 5031110712

PAPER NO: 2312/307A

COURSE CODE: 2312

EXAM CENTER: THE KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN LAND SURVEY

SUPERVISOR: MR .MAIRURA ROBERTY

CELL: 0757401910

EMAIL:[email protected]

EXAM SERIES:NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2024.

Table of Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.02 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT SURVEY...............................................................................1
1.03 METHOD OF SURVEY CONTROL.......................................................................................................1
1.3.1 HORIZONTAL CONTROL..................................................................................................................1
TRAVERSING........................................................................................................................................2
TRIANGULATION..................................................................................................................................2
ASTRONOTICAL OBSERVATION............................................................................................................2
SPACE TECHNIQUES.............................................................................................................................2
TRILLATERATION..................................................................................................................................2
1.3.2.VERTICAL CONTROL....................................................................................................................2
BAROMETRIC HEIGHTING....................................................................................................................3
LEVELLING...................................................................................................................................................3
TRIGONOMETRIC HEIGHTING..................................................................................................................3
ALTIMENTRY........................................................................................................................................3
1.04. PURPOSE OF SURVEY CONTROL......................................................................................................3
BRANCHES OF SURVEY CONTROL............................................................................................................3
Braches of land survey.............................................................................................................................3
CADASTRL SURVEY...................................................................................................................................3
ENGINEERING SURVEY.............................................................................................................................4
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY........................................................................................................................4
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING...................................................................................................................4
1.05. LAND SURVEY.................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................5
2.0 ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING.................................................................................................................5
2.1 DEFINITION............................................................................................................................................5
2.2 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................5

i
2.04 PRINCIPLE OF SPIRIT LEVELLING..........................................................................................................6
2.5 .1SIMPLE LEVELLING..............................................................................................................................7
2.5.2 PROFILE LEVELLING.............................................................................................................................7
2.5.3RECIPROCAL LEVELLING.......................................................................................................................7
2.5.4 FLY LEVELLING....................................................................................................................................7
2.5.5 PRECISE LEVELLING.............................................................................................................................7
2.0.6PROCEDURE OF ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING.....................................................................................7
2.07 FIELDS NOTES COMPUTATION.............................................................................................................8
2.7.1COLLIMATION METHOD......................................................................................................................8
2.7.2.RISE AND FALL METHOD.....................................................................................................................9
ARITHMETIC CHECK.................................................................................................................................9
2.08. COMPARISON BETWEEN HEIGHT OF INTRUMENT METHOD AND RISE AND FALL METHOD........10
2.09. INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING...............................................................11
LEVEL STAFF.......................................................................................................................................11
2.10.TYPES OF LEVEL STAVES.............................................................................................................11
2.11.TYPES OF ERRORS IN LEVELLING....................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................14
3.0 FIELD WORK.........................................................................................................................................14
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE...........................................................................................................................16
3.2 FIELD NOTES 1,500M ABOVE SEA LEVEL..........................................................................................16
3.3 REDUCED FIELD NOTES....................................................................................................................17
3.4 RISE AND FALL METHOD..................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................................20
4.0 RESULTS ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................................................21
5.0 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................21
5.1 BENEFITS..............................................................................................................................................21
5.2 METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................21
5.3 FINDINGS.............................................................................................................................................21
5.4 CHALLENGES........................................................................................................................................21
5.5 RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................................................22
ACRONYMS............................................................................................................................................22
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................23

ii
APENDIX....................................................................................................................................................24

DECLARATION
According to this document, I fully disclose that this is my original work. Which has not yet
been submitted to the exanimation body for the award of diploma in land surveying level. I also
disclose that the information is true, accurate and has been preserved with academic rules. No
part of this project may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the author and the
Kitale national polytechnic.

NAME: WABWILE MACHUMA SHEILA

SIGN…………………………..

DATE…………………………..

SUPERVISOR: MR.MAIRURA ROBERTY

SIGN……………………..

DATE …………………….

iii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my beloved parents, sisters, brothers and friends who kept encouraging
me through the writing of the project.

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank almighty God for enabling me to succeed in the processes in the
preparation of the business project since the beginning to the end.

My sincere gratitude goes to my brother Mr. Bromwell Adwanyika for the maximum support he
gave me in writing the project. I would like to also thank my beloved supervisor Mr

Mairura Roberty for guiding me through the project. Not forgetting my beloved grandfather Mr.
Zablon Salwenye for the support he gave me by paying school fees and house accommodation to
ensure that I am in school.

May God expand their territories.

v
ABSTRACT
The land registration system act was established for the purpose of revising and rationalizing the
registration of tittle to land to give. The survey will be conducted in accordance with local and
state regulations governing land.

Surveying is the science of determining the position in two or three dimensions of natural and
manmade features beneath or on the surface of the earth, survey control is a method of surveying
which is used to determine both horizontal and vertical position of points on or beneath the earth
surface.

The basic principles of survey control is working from the [whole to the part] which means that
when working or carrying at survey work, we should work from a known point i.e. point of
known reference to unknown point. The second basic principle is that errors should be
minimized in all measurements.

The survey will be conducted using a level staff,level machine,measuring tapes and
bands,Ranging rod,tripod stand. Measurements will be taken at each stations. The procedure
followed during the survey will be in compliance with local and state regulations regulations and
data will be collected using field note and sketches. The survey will also identify any
encumbrances or easement. Computation are to be done and survey file to be prepared and
presented at survey of Kenya.

vi
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
A site visit was conducted before the actual survey day to familiarize with the site of study
determine the instrument stations and the best instrument to be used. Surveying is a process of
establishing physical physical limits and exact measurements of the land. The basic principle of
survey of survey involves working from whole to part first system of control points which is to
be established covering the whole area with very high precision. The minor details are located by
less precise.

1.02 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT SURVEY

Surveying is the science of determining the position in two or three dimentions of natural and
manmade features beneath or on the surface of the earth. Survey control is a method of survey
which is used to determine both horizontal and vertical position of points on or beneath the eath
surface

The basic principle of survey control is working from the ‘ whole to the part’ which means that
when working or carrying out survey work, we should work from a known point i.e a point of
known reference to a unknown point.

The second basic principle is that survey work must check which means that errors should be
minimized in all measurements

1.03 METHOD OF SURVEY CONTROL

There are two types of survey control namely:

Horizontal control

Vertical control

1.3.1 HORIZONTAL CONTROL

This is a method of horizontal control where plan metric position of specified control points
features are located by the use of

 Traversing
 Triangulation
 Trilateration

1
  Astrenotrical observations
 Space techniques

TRAVERSING
It is a surveying technique where measurements are taken between traverse points. Distances and
bearings are determined between traverse points.

TRIANGULATION
It is the establishment of horizontal control over large areas comprising triangles whose verticles
have been measured and one or two bases are known. Its basic principle is that if one side of the
triangle is known then the other positions can be determined provided that angular measurements
are made at the vertices.

ASTRONOTICAL OBSERVATION
Is a science that offers surveyors means of determining the absolute location of the earth by
making astronomical observations to celestial bodies e.g. stars and moons.

SPACE TECHNIQUES
It is a modern method surveying technique which relies on data that has been received from
satellite to determine the position of receiving stations.

TRILLATERATION
It is a surveying technique related to triangulation n the grand except that distance measurement
of the sides of the triangle are taken instead of angles.

1.3.2.VERTICAL CONTROL
It is a method of survey control in which difference in elevations between grant points are
established on a specified bench mark located through the area to be surveyed. It is achieved
through the following methods

a) Barometric weighting
b) Trigonometric heightening
c) Levelling
d) Altimetry

2
BAROMETRIC HEIGHTING
It is the operation of determination of altitude by barometric altimeters by reference to a pressure
level and calculated according to the standard atmosphere laws.

LEVELLING
It is the operation of determining differences in elevation of points on the earth surface

TRIGONOMETRIC HEIGHTING
It is the process of determining the distance of elevations of stations from observed vertical angle
and a known distances.

ALTIMENTRY
It refers to the science of measuring the altitude of a place.

1.04. PURPOSE OF SURVEY CONTROL

To provide standards of accuracy for future survey to meet

It is used to control dimensions of features especially in construction works e.g. monitoring of

the vertically of the wall

It is used to provide large scale for topographic tropes e.g. by the use in monitoring defamation
of engineering structures e.g. construction of highways

BRANCHES OF SURVEY CONTROL

 Land survey
 Photometry
 Cartography
 Geodesy

Braches of land survey

 Cadastral survey
 Topographical survey
 Hydrographic/marine survey
 Engineering survey

CADASTRL SURVEY
It is a branch of surveying undertaken to define and record the boundaries of properties,
legislative areas and even countries

3
ENGINEERING SURVEY
This is a survey taken to provide special information for construction projects. It involves
planning, and execution of survey for the development, design construction, operation and
maintenance of civil and other engineering projects.

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
It is a survey where the physical features of the earth are measured and maps and plans are
prepared to show their relatives positions both horizontal and vertical.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
It refers to the art of delineating the submarine level, contours and features of seas,gulfs and
lakes.

1.05. LAND SURVEY

It refers to the science and art that involve both horizontal and vertical measurements on or
below the earth’s surfaces

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING

2.1 DEFINITION
It is a method of vertical control where points are highlighted or established in reference to a
known datum

2.2 OBJECTIVES
Its main objective is to establish a point at a given elevation or may be at a different elevation
with respect to the given or assumed datum

2.3 DEFINITIN OF TERMS

DATUM SURFACE: It refers to any level surface with respect at which levels of points are
measured or referred to e.g. moon sea level or arbitcy surface

BENCH MARK: It is a permanently / semi- permanently fixed points of reference located

through the area to be surveyed

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE: It is a distance measured along a level especially in plane

surveying

VERTICAL LINE: It refers to the line between two intersecting line in a vertical plan

LEVEL SURFACE: It is the equipment surface of earths gravitational field

LEVEL LINE: It is any line lying on the level surface is a level it is true, thus a curve line is
normal to the plumb line

HORIZONTAL PLANE: It is the plane which is tangent to the level surface at a given point

HORIZONTAL LINE: It is the line tangent to the level surface

HORIZONTAL ANGLE: It is the angle measured between intersecting lines in a horizontal

place

VERTICAL ANGLE: It is the angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane

ELEVATION: It is the vertical distance of a point from an assumed datum on mean sea level

5
LINE OF COLLIMATION: It is an imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs at
diaphragm to the optical center of the object, glass and its continuation

REDUCED LEVEL: It is the height or depth of a point above or below any datum

BACK SIGHT: It referrers to a staff reading taken by the leveling instruments at a point of
known elevation i.e. at a benchmark

INTERMEDIET SIGHT: It is any other reading taken after the backsight before the changing
of the position of instrument is done

FORE SIGHT: It is the last staff reading taken before shifting the level instruments to another
position

HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENTS: It is reduced level of line of collimation

CHANGE POINT: It is an intermediation staff station on which two sights FS and BS are taken
in order to use for the purpose of changing the position of the instrument

STATION: It is a point whose levelling staffs are held to establish the RL or elevation

LEVEL BOOK: It is a book rolled in a suitable line rows and column and is used for recording
levelling work

2.04 PRINCIPLE OF SPIRIT LEVELLING

The fundamental relation is that the line of collimation should be exactly parallel to the axis of
the bubble

2.05.TYPES OF SPIRIT LEVELING

 Simple leveling
 Profile leveling
 Reciprocal leveling
 Fly leveling
 Precise leveling

6
2.5 .1SIMPLE LEVELLING
It is simple and basic form of levelling in which the levelling instruments its placed between the
points which elevations is to be determined. Here, levelling rods are placed at those points and
being sighted through levelling instruments.

2.5.2 PROFILE LEVELLING

It is a method adopted to find elevation of a pant a long a line such as a road , risk or even river.
Were, reading of intermediate stations are taken and reduced levell of each station is fund from
this cross section of the alignment is drawn

2.5.3RECIPROCAL LEVELLING
Here when it is not suitable to locate the levelling instrument in between the intervisible points
reciprocal levelling is performed. It majorly occurs in places like ponds or rivers. The instrument
is set nearer to 1st station and sighted toward 2nd station

2.5.4 FLY LEVELLING

It is conducted when a bench mark is very far from the work station. In such cases, a temporary
benchmark is located based on the original benchmark

2.5.5 PRECISE LEVELLING

The method is similar to differential levelling but in case, higher precise wants to achieve higher
precision ,a serious observations procedure is performed. The accuracy of 1mm per km is
achieved

2.0.6PROCEDURE OF ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING

INSTRUMENT STATION/SET UP

The instrument station or set up should be first chosen along the route of levelling sighted at a
convenient place away from vehicle or movements or even vibrations

STAFF STATION/POINTS

These are positions where the graduated staff will be placed or held. They are usually placed
over the point or route of interest

7
MARKING OF STAFF POINTS AND ORDER OF TAKING READINGS

The making of staff stations and readings are in most cases determined by ground conditions,
then determine the order of taking readings

2.07 FIELDS NOTES COMPUTATION

There are two methods of reducing levells i.e.

Weight of the instruments/collimation method

Rise and fall method

2.7.1COLLIMATION METHOD
It consists of finding elevation of the plane of collimation i.e. for every setting of the instrument
obtain the reduced level of points with reference to the respective plan of collimation.

Start with adding the back sight of the RL of the starting point then intermediate point of the
first change point are obtained by subtracting the respective.

When reading RI ,the instrument is shifted then a new plane of collimation is set up and the
height of collimation is calculated by adding backsight to the RL of the first change point.

The reduced level of the successive of the second change point are found by subtracting their
staff readings from this new HI. The process is repeated until all the RLS are worked out, and
then arithmetic check applied.

8
ARITHMETIC CHECK

The difference between the sum of the backsight and the sum of the foresight should be equal to
the difference between the last RLS of the plane of collimation and the change point only. There
is no plane in the reduction of RLS of the intermediate

BS IS FS HI RL BENCH MARK
1.501 62.001 60.500 TBM(60.5)
2.510 59.491 A
4.032 57.969 B
3.021 2.012 63.010 60.000 C (CP)
5.572 57.438 D
6.032 1.021 68.021 62.000 E(CP)
3.010 65.011 TBM(65.1)
É=10.554 É=6.043

Arithmetic check; ÉBS-ÉFS= last RL- first RL

10.554– 6.043= 65.011- 60.500

=4.511

2.7.2.RISE AND FALL METHOD

In this method the different between consecutive points is calculated by comparing each point
with immediate proceedings in it.

The difference of their staff reading indicates rise or fall according to any staff reading that is
smaller or greater than that at the preceeding point of the RL of each point ,which is then
calculated by adding rise or subtracting fall to or from the RL of the proceeding point.

N/B: if a staff reading (foresight reading) is greater than that at the preceding point then is a fall
and if smaller is rise.

ARITHMETIC CHECK
In this method there are three checks on the accuracy of reduction of levels. Difference between
the sum of the foresight is equal to the difference between the sum of the rise and that of the fall
which is equal to the difference between the first RL and the last RL.

9
BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARKS
1.501 60.500 TBM(60.500)
2.510 1.009 59.491 A
4.032 1.502 57.989 B
3.021 2.012 2.020 60.009 C (CP)
5.572 2.551 57.458 D
6.032 1.021 4.551 62.009 E(CP)
3.010 3.022 65.031 TBM(65.10)
É=10.554 É=6.043 É=9.573 É=5.062

Arithmetic check: 10.554-6.043= 9.573-5.062=65.031-60.500

= 4.511 = 4.511=4.511

2.08. COMPARISON BETWEEN HEIGHT OF INTRUMENT METHOD AND

RISE AND FALL METHOD
HI METHOD RISE AND FALL METHOD
1) It is a rapid method as it comprises 1)it is laborious as it comprise calculations
for calculations of rise and fall

2) There is no check on the RL of the 2) there is a check on the RL of the

intermediate sight intermediate sight
3) Errors in the intermediate RL cannot 3) Errors in the intermediate RL can be
be detected easily detected as the points are connected.
4) This method is suitable for longitude 4)this method is suitable for fly leveling
levelling whose there are a number where there are no intermediate sight
of intermediate sight

10
 5) There are two checks on accuracy of There are three check on the accuracy of RL
RL calculaion conclution
6)The intermediate checks are Checks are simple but arithmetic complete
cumbersome checks involves

2.09. INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ORDINARY SPIRIT LEVELLING

LEVEL STAFF
This is graduated wooden domition rod used with a lavelling instrument to determine the
difference in height between points on heights of the above virtual return.

2)LEVEL ROD

It is a rod that is divided into several sections, easy for storage ,transported and lengthened for
use

3)ALLUMINATION ROD

This may sharpened by telescoping section that can be attached to each other with sliding
correction or slip joint or hinged field when not in use.

2.10.TYPES OF LEVEL STAVES

Target staff

It is a kind of staff that is equiped with a target around as oval plate market constricting that
allow such a rod white in opposite.

Soft reading staff

It is a kind of staff that is rod by the person viewing it through the telescope of the instrument.

The graduation are sufficiency closer to read with good accuracy

2.11.TYPES OF ERRORS IN LEVELLING

The sources of errors in levelling include

i) Personal errors

11
 ii) Instrumented error
iii) Natural error

personal error

a) Sighting error - these error can occur due to difficulty to see the exact coincident of the
cross and the staff graduated usually happens in long sighting.
b) Careless setting up of the level – if the level instrument is not set up carefully levelling
error is likely to occur
c) Imperfect focusing (parallax) – Eye piece should be moved in or out untill the cross are
districting visible against white paper. The parallax should also be removed by properly
focusing the object glass before taking any reading to avoid this error
d) Imperfect bubble adjustment – The bubble should be exactly centered to mark the axis
vertical and the horizontal axis of the telescope become horizontal
e) Non verticality of the staff – in the absence of a plumb bob attached to the staff it
becomes difficult to judge verticallity of the staff inclined staff reading are always more.
f) Error in recording – sometimes recording error are always more than level field back the
mistakes may be in entering BS recording figures and even ordinary arithmetic mistakes

2) Instrument error

a) Imperfect adjustment – this occur when line of collimation is not horizontally in order to keep
it in horizontal position bubble.

Elimination – can be avoided by observing the bubble after target has been sighted.

Incorrect graduation of the staff – incorrect length of division on rod cause error to those
insulting of incorrect of making on a tape if the rod is too long the correction is added to measure
difference in elevation if the rod is too short the correction is subtracted.

Error in the movement of object side

In the case of extend focusing instrument at the object slide is slightly worn out ,it may not move
in truly horizontally distorted.

Sluggish level tube – if the bubble is suggest it will come to rest in wrong position which was
lead to the casing of error.

12
3) Natural error

a) Earth curvature – the effective of curvature is to increase the rod. When the distance are
small , the errors is negligible but for greater distance, when the back and fore sight are not
balanced a systematic error is produced.

b) Vibration due to wind – this causes the tripod / instrument and the staff to vibrate especially
when the staff is fully extended hence making accurate reading impossible.

c) variation in temperature - in hot sunny weather, there is a possibility of the instrument to

expand hence entering the curve of the bubble.

Refraction due to refraction the ray of light bending downwards in form of a curve as its
concavity is towards the earth surface this will lead to the decreased of staff reading,

13
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 FIELD WORK

14
15
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE
It refers to the previsit of the area to be worked on to obtain information by making issued
observation about the characteristic of that particular area.

The next stage traking observation and taking measurement level is along the Kitale –Kipsongo
road.

A 1,500m above sea level datum benchmark was adopted for the exercise since it was not yet
established due to the result of the distribution of the dust interval between the intersight of
frequently changed positions.

3.2 FIELD NOTES 1,500M ABOVE SEA LEVEL

BS IS FS REMARKS DISTANCE
1.383 BM 30
1.639 A 28
2.424 B 20
0.413 2.961 C(cp) 20
0.795 D 20
1.145 E 20
1.539 F 20
1.268 1.365 G 20
1.412 H 20

1.337 I 20
1.485 J 20
1.329 K 20
0.794 1.173 L(cp) 20
2.062 M 20

0.100 3.502 N 20
2.809 O 20
0.525 3.439 P(cp) 20

16
 2.825 Q 20
3.565 R 20
1.003 4.260 S(cp) 28
3.873 T 30
4.893 U 20
1.095 V 20
3.571 0.525 W(cp) 20
1.499 X 20
1.620 Y 20
1.791 Z 20
2.830 1.782 A1(cp) 20
2.456 B1 20
1.525 C1 20
1.798 D1 20
1.599 E1 20
2.663 1.090 F1(cp) 20
1.802 G1(cp) 20
2.857 0.549 H1 20
1.180 I 20
0.902 J1 20
0.629 K1 20
0.410 L1 20
1.472 0.224 M1(cp) 20
1.408 N1 27
1.280 (P1) 30

3.3 REDUCED FIELD NOTES

3.4 RISE AND FALL METHOD

BS IS FS RISE FALL RL REMARKS
1.383 1500.00 BM

17
 1.639 0.256 1499.744 A
2.424 0.785 1498.959 B
0.413 2.961 0.537 1498.422 C(CP)
0.795 0.382 1498.040 D
1.145 0.350 1497.690 E
1.539 0.394 1497.296 F
1.268 1.365 0.174 1497.470 G(CP)
1.412 0.144 1497.326 H
1.337 0.075 1497.401 I
1.485 0.144 1497.253 J
1.329 1497.409 K
0.794 1.173 0.148 1497.565 L(CP)
2.062 0.156 1496.297 M
0.100 3.502 0.156 1494.857 N
2.809 1.268 1492.148 O
0.525 3.439 1.440 1491.518 P(CP)
2.825 2.709 1489.218 Q
3.565 0.630 1488.478 R
1.003 4.260 2.300 1487.783 S(CP)
3.873 0.740 1484.913 T
4.893 0.695 1483.893 U
1.095 3.798 2.870 1487.691 V
3.571 0.525 0.570 1.020 1488.261 W(CP)
1.499 2.072 1490.333 X
1.620 0.121 1490.212 Y
1.791 0.171 1490.041 Z
2.830 2.456 1.782 0.009 1490.050 A1(CP)
1.525 0.374 1490.424 B1
1.798 0.931 1491.355 C1
1.813 0.273 1491.082 D1

18
 1.599 0.214 0.015 1491.067 E1
2.663 1.090 0.509 1491.281 F1
1491.790 G1(CP)
1.802 0.861 1492.651 H1
2.857 0.549 1.253 1493.904 H(CP)
1.180 1.677 1495.581 JI
0.902 0.278 1495.859 KI
0.629 0.273 1496.132 LI
0.410 0.219 1496.351 MI
1.472 0.224 0.186 1496.537 NI(CP)
1.408 0.064 1496.601 DI
1.280 0.128 1496.729 PI
£BS =18.879 £FS =22.15 £Rise = 13.977 £Fall = 17.248

ARITHMETIC CHECKS

£BS - £FS =£RISE -£FALL =LAST RL – FIST RL

18.879 -22.15 = 13.977 – 17.248 = 1496.729 – 1500.00

- 3.271 =-3.271 =-3.271

19
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS ANALYSIS.

This project was obtained from the Kitale National Polytechnic through the head of department

INSTRUMENTS

The instruments used during the entire field work excersice were:

1. Level machine
2. Level staffs
3. Measuring tapes and bands
4. Ranging rods
5. Tripod stand

20
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION
The Leveling was successfully completed on time and the data in the study area was accurate
and up-to-date. The overall specific objectives were achieved with the required accuracy as per
the survey regulations.

1.Arithmetic checks. The misclosure obtained was+0.001

5.1 BENEFITS
During the exercise, the supervisors were friendly and willing enough to assist untill the end of
the exercise. Having carried out the exercise along Kitale town to Kipsongo Road, it was much
easier to control the movement within the area. I gained enough experience on how to establish
and record heights between points along the highway

5.2 METHODOLOGY
Profile levelling – it is a type of levelling operation mainly used to determine the undulation of
the ground surface along a predetermined line, which is usually the center line of railway, Road,
canal and pipeline.

5.3 FINDINGS
The good condition of the level machine made the project to be carried out more successfully
and faster. The willingness of the supervisors to assist me during the

entire exercise motivated me to work more hard of the exercise

5.4 CHALLENGES
1.It was difficult for me to set up the level machine and center it since it was my first time to
encounter the machine. But as the exercise continued it became much easier

2.Changing of the intervals constantly due to the nature of earth’s crust

3.More plantations and trees which obstructed the level staff during the taking of levels

4.The exercise was too tiresome.

5.Disturbance by the movement of vehicles along the highway

21
5.5 RECOMMENDATION
The college should introduce practical lessons for diploma classes to enable trainees to be more
familiar with survey instruments and equipments The college should purchase more instruments
to accommodate the large number of trainees.

ACRONYMS
H.I –height of instrument

R.l – reduced level

I.S – intermediate sight

B.S –back sight

B.M – bench mark

T.B.M – temporal bench mark

M.S.L – mean sea level

A.S.L – above sea level

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REFERENCES
1. Teachers guidance – Mr. Mairura Roperty
- Mr Wangili Jackson
2. Class notes -RCMRD
3. Fundamentals of survey by SK. Raymond
4. Surveying volume II by Dr. BC Purmia
5. Surveying and levelling II SS Bhavi katti
6. Plane surveying third edition by AM Chandra

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APENDIX
This project was written by Wabwile Machuma Sheila under the supervision of Mr Mairura
Roperty and Mr Wangili Jackson. The writer of this project gathered useful information during
her writing from various sources. She also carried out a lot of research to acquire relevant
information by studying how to carry out ordinary spirit levelling.

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