221

Inemslter
l Ting synckmnisaton whch enable poNr timng of Ihe dov aw
oeton im the riir with respect to sutching natanta (aetching meng
iend 0) in the orginal binary data, vtuven

n Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

In a binary phase shift keying (BPSK), the binary
nhase of the carrier. Let us assume that the symbols '' and '0 modulate
carrier is given as,
s(t) = A cos (2nf,) ...(4.257)
Here 'A' represents peak value of sinusoidal carrier. For
bad resistor, the power dissipated would be, the standard I a

P=

or A= 2P ...(4.258)
Now, when the symbol is changed, then the phase of the
be changed by an amount of 180 degrees (i.e., n radians). carrier will also
Let us consider, for example,
For symbol '1', we have
s,(0) = VP cos (2rf.) .(4.259)
If next symbol is '0', then we have
For symbol '0', we have
s,) = /2P cos (2rf,!+n) ..(4.260)
Now, because cos (0 + n) = cos O, therefore, the last equation can be
written as,
s,() = -V2P cos(2ry) ...(4.261)
With the above equation, we can define BPSK signal combinely as,
s(t) = b) V2P cos (2r )
..(4.262)
where b() = [+1when binary '1' is to be transmitted
|-1when binary 0' is to be trarsmittd
Figure 4.84 illustrates binary signal and its
equivalent signal M)
Wote: It may be obserpnd from figure 4.84(b) that the
signal Mo> ise NRZ bpole
dpal. In fact, this signal direwtly mudulates the carrr yl w 24
 i27, i37, 4 57,

|27, 137, 5T,

e) Binary quence, (b) The corresponding bipolar signal b0)

ti. Gmoretion of BPSK
Signal
The SSh sugnal may be generated
moduiator Here. the bipolar signal b(t) by
is
applying carrier signal to a balanced
applied as a modulating signal to the
haan modulator.
Fur 485 shows the block diagram of a
A \RZ level encoder BPSK signal generator.
converts the binary data sequence into bipolar NRZ

Bnery Bipolar Bipolar NPZ

NAZ Signal b)
balanced BPSK
encoder modulator signal

Carrier signal
E
Gereration of BPSK
4R2. Roception i.e. Detection) of
F1gure 4 66 shows the block BPSK Signal
sgral from BPSK signal. diagram of the scheme to recover
The baseband
transmitted BPSK signal is given as
s() = K)\2P cos (2rft)
Thus wgal
from trarsm1tttundergoes the phase change
end to receiver depending upon the time
pha shuh n th end. This phase change is, usually, a deay
Le us (Unssdetransmitted signal. ne
that this phase shift is 0.
nput of thereAIVE Can be written as Because of this, the signal at ne
t) = BI) 2P cos (2r ft +0) ...(4.263)
Now, rom thus recmved wgnal, a carrier is
ent deutson As stwwn fn the separated because this is coner
figure
pass hrOugh a quarr Law device, At the4.86. the received signal is allowea
get a signal which is gven a outout of the square law device, We
Cs? (2rf, " 6)
 223
Incoming
ASquare cos´ (2rt 48) A
law cos2 (2t,I " 0) AFrequency
BPSK
Signal
Devica Bandpas8
dilter

An sntegerto
Synchronous b()2P cos´ (24! )
demodulator
(muitipller)

b(t)/2P cos (2 (l +0)

A Bit
synchronizer

Fig. 4.86. Reception of baseband signal in RPSK

sgnal
Here, it may be noted that we have neglected the amplitude, since we are
only interested in the carrier of the signal.
Again, we know that
cos = 1+ cos 20
2
Therefore, we have
cos² (2rf.t + 0) l+cos 2(27f. t +e)
2
1,1
cos² (2%f, t + e) = 2cos 2(2r ft+e)
1
Here, represents a DC level. This signal is then allowed to pass through
2
a bandpass filter (BPF) whose passband is centred around f, Bandpass flter
removes the DC level of and at the output, we obtain,
2
cos 2(2 ft + 0)
Ihis signal is having frequency equal to 2f. Hence, it is passed through
arequency divider by two. Thus, at the output of frequency divider, we get
a carrier signal whose frequency is f i.e, cos (2r t+ 0).
the input signal
ne synchronous (i.e., coherent) demodulator multiplies
and the recovered carrier. Hence, at the output of multiplier, we get
bN2F'cos(2rft +0) xcos (2rft +6) = b()/2P cos (2ryft+8)
=

P ..(4.261)
K)1+cos 2(2r ft +e)) integratur. The in
This signal is then applied to the bit synchronizer and synchrunized takes
tegrator integrates one bit period. The bit
the signal over
 car t tartng ani mting hm% o a bit. At the end of bit duration Ty the bit
of.
temporan1ly. This connects the output an
hs
h thr onTnder In tat. t is equivalent to samplin8 the output of inte.
and switch S, is closed
integrator
FTah Th nntnni then opens switch S, integrator then
Thrs m hr inttator voltage to zero. The integrates next
ht le u ansum that one bit period T,' contains integral number of
temporcyclarileys.
R ame Thus means that the phase change occurs in the carrier onl.
eN ang This has heen shown in hgure 4.87. This BPSK waveform has full
deN gNUSdal carrier.
Als n the ith bit interval, we can write output signal as under:
kT,
[l+cos (2yf+0)]dt
k-1)T,

The BPSK waveform

This equation gives the
s perforued from
(k- 1)T, output of an
to KT, Here, interval for kth bit. Hence,
one bit period. Weintegration
he above T,
equation under:
as is the
can write
ldt +
Lk-1)7, cos (2 fe t+9)dt
(-1)T,
where cos 2(2f t+9) dt
=0, since average
form is zero if value of sinusoidal wave
Equation as, integration is done
over full cycles.
Hence, we can write above

The last
Thus, equation shows that the ..(4.265)
output of the recelver
depends on inPu
 Depending upon the value of b{kT ), the wiput "JTy neted n
receiver.
This signal is then applied to a decision devike whach dcds whether
zero o
transmitted Symbol was
4.62.3. The Spectrum of BPSK
Signals
Typeof we know that the waveform b(!) is a NRZ binary wntm. In tha
waveform, there are rectangular pulses of amplitude
each pulse is +2 around its centre, then it becomes ey to fnd
Founr
transform of such pulse. The Fourier
as,
transform of this typt
X() = V, T, sin(rT,) ...44.266)
(rfT,)
Eor a large number of such positive and
tral density S) is expressed as negative pulses, the powes spec
S) = |X()P
...(4.267)
Here, X(f) denotes average value of X() due to ail the
Tis synbol duration. Substituting value of X({/)
pulses in b). And
from equation (4.266) in equabon
(*4.267), we get

S() = sin(gfT,)
For BPSK,because only one bit is
and bit durations are same i.e., T; = T,transmitted at a time, therefore, synbol
Then the ast equation becones,
S() = V T,| sinnT,) ...(4.268)
This equation gives the power spectraldensity (psd) of baseband signal
b(). The BPSK signal is generated by modulating a carrier by the baseband
signal bt), Due to modulation of the carrier of frequency , the spectral com
Ponents are translated from f to f, + f andf. -f. The magnitude of these
Components is divided by half.
of Therefore, from equation (4.268) we can write the power spectral density
BPSK signal as under:

SgpsK
It may be noted that this equation consists of two-half magnitude spectral
components of same frequency F above and belowf. Let us assume that the
 alur "I, , h mrans that the NRZ gnal is having amplh

Ihn the last tquatton brrome*,

2 n(, 4f)T, ..(4.269)

Threntangnwer pntral drnsity (pad) of BI'SK wigral for modulating
na! !. har ing amptuden rqual to t VP.
urth wr mw that thr moxdulated nignal in given as

t y , then the arriei beMON,

V2m (24,) ...(4.270)
t
I t net4o 2A8aguiat
Arv r1tn purwer prtral denslty (pad) of the NK%. wav
u , the shape of S) will be a sinc pul as shown

?, (traquwnoy)
at pnwer rirsl drnity (pd) f NR7, bashand signal
Jt mas hr hrved fnt1 thus figurr that th main obe rango% fro) t)

prot valur d tha ma ot in , Now let u (oNider th power spectral

dinly d d HI^K g al xprrd by vquatin (4.270).
Iagure 4 Wi tew the oot of this quatiin Tlij» figur, Usus, clesrly hows
thet tt-fe atr fwes uds, tn at . atid othur at .he haIne j trum of
figure
14 9 th t lar od al , and , Hwrver, the amplltudes of main lobes

Henue, thry ase prdurd t hal!. The spr trum of S) aN wel as SN )

 Modusdon TouhncWro o
227

PTJ2 --

4-21, -t, -f,+, "2, |-,-(, ,-4,

,4Ma Plot of
puwer apertral dunity d BrSK
ignal
4.62.4, A Goomotrical
Wi know tlhat Representation
131SK signal carries the for BPSK Signeis
Th symbols are symbol 1 infurmation sbout two
geomeirically to show those twOand nymbol ' , We can ruprrwnt B[SKsymbols
ignal
BrSK signal is expreNCd an, Nymbols. Prom equation (4 264), we knuwthat
a(!) - b(I) V2P con2r f. t)
.(4.27 1)
Let us rearrange the last cquation an,

(4.272)

2
Now, let 4,() - (s2r/ t) represnta an orthonormal carrer gnal

equallon (4.27(0) alsco gives vquation for carrier. It is nlightly difterent than ,
(i)defind here. Then, we may write vquatton (4.272) an,
..(4.273)
The bit ergy L in defined in terms of power "" and bit duratkon T, as,
.(4.274)
Therefore, vquation (4.20) bvcomen,
(4 275)
s() t!, ,()
Ilerv, l{1) is Ninply I. there will be two points. One point w1ll be
Thun, 1 the single axis of .(),
located at JE,. This has been
led atl J, and othe point will be
sown in figure 4.90.
,in

ivometrlcal representation uf BISK ignal

Hy L90, epreents aymbul ' and
,()
at t E on two points
Ai the reeiver end, the polnt separation between thesr
separatiun
rupresents nymbol U. The BPSK slgnal. This
lnt at Vls symbols '1' end 'u'in
represent the isolatiun In