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Chapter 2 Introduction To Signals

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Chapter 2 Introduction To Signals

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hungdo1highbar456
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 2:

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS

Dinh-Tan Pham, PhD.


Signal

Luis F. Chaparro, Aydin Akan - Signals and Systems Using MATLAB-Academic Press (2019) – Example 0.4, 0.5 2
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
1. Unit Impulse Function (Dirac Delta Function)
2. Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function)
3. Unit Pulse Function
4. Unit Ramp Function
5. Unit Triangle Function
6. Sinusoidal Signal
7. Unit Parabolic Function
8. Unit Signum Function (Sign Function)
9. Unit Sinc function
10. Real Exponential Signal

3
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
1. Unit Impulse Function (Dirac Delta Function)
✓ The unit impulse function, denoted δ(t), is not a regular
function but a distribution that is zero everywhere except at
t=0, where it is undefined, but with an integral of 1:

4
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
Scaled and time shifted impulse function

5
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
Sampling property Sifting property
∞
𝑓 𝑡 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡1 = 𝑓 𝑡1 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡1 න 𝑓 𝑡 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡1 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡1
−∞

6
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
2. Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function)

1 𝑡>0
u 𝒕 =ቊ ;
0 𝑡<0
discontinuous at t = 0
𝑡
𝑢 𝑡 =න 𝛿 𝜆 𝑑𝜆
−∞
𝑑𝑢 𝑡
𝛿 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡 7
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
3. Unit Pulse Function
✓ A unit pulse function is a rectangular pulse with unit width
and unit amplitude, centered around the origin.

1
1, 𝑡 <
Π 𝑡 = 2
1
0, 𝑡 >
2

8
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
4. Unit Ramp Function

𝑡, 𝑡≥0
𝑟 𝑡 =ቊ
0, 𝑡<0

𝑡
𝑟 𝑡 =න 𝑢 𝜆 𝑑𝜆
−∞

9
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
5. Unit Triangle Function

10
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
6. Sinusoidal Function 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴co s 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃

11
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
7. Unit Parabolic Function

1 2
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡 ,
2
𝑡≥0

12
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
8. Unit Signum Function (Sign Function)

1 𝑡>0
sgn(𝑡) = ቐ 0 𝑡 = 0
−1 𝑡 < 0

13
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
9. Sinc Function

sin 𝜋𝑡
sinc(𝑡) = −∞<𝑡 <∞
𝜋𝑡

14
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
𝑎𝑡
10. Real Exponential Signal 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒

a>0

a<0

15
Basic Continuous-Time Signals

−3𝑡 −6𝑡
𝑒 −𝑒 , 𝑡≥0
𝑥 𝑡 =ቊ
0, 𝑡<0

Alkin, Oktay - Signals and systems _ a MATLAB integrated approach-CRC Press (2014) – MATLAB Exercise 1.1 16
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
Example:

Alkin, Oktay - Signals and systems _ a MATLAB integrated approach-CRC Press (2014) – MATLAB Exercise 1.2 17
Basic Continuous-Time Signals
Example
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 cos(2𝜋𝑡) −2 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 4

Luis F. Chaparro, Aydin Akan - Signals and Systems Using MATLAB-Academic Press (2019) – Example 1.24 18
Basic Signal Operations
❖Time Shifting
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑

19
Basic Signal Operations
❖Time Scaling
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑡

20
Basic Signal Operations
❖Time Reversal
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡

21
Basic Signal Operations
❖Differentiation
𝑑𝑥 𝑡
𝑔 𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣𝐶 𝑡
𝑖𝐶 𝑡 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑡

22
Basic Signal Operations
❖Integration
𝑡
𝑔 𝑡 =න 𝑥 𝜆 𝑑𝜆
−∞
𝑡
1
𝑖𝐿 𝑡 = න 𝑣𝐿 𝜆 𝑑𝜆
𝐿 −∞

23
Basic Signal Operations
❖Example:

24
Impulse decomposition for continuous-time signals

∞
𝑥 𝑡 =න 𝑥 𝜏 δ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑥 𝑡 ∗ δ 𝑡
−∞

25

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