PROF. G.

RAM REDDY CENTRE FOR

DISTANCE EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

M.Sc. Mathematics Syllabus

Semester – I & II
(Choice Based Credit System)
( w.e.f. the academic year 2023-2024)
 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 101 Semester-I

Paper-I: Abstract Algebra

Unit- I
Automorphisms - Conjugacy and G - sets - Normal series - Solvable groups - Nilpotent groups.
(Page No. 104 to 128)

Unit- II
Structure theorems of groups: Direct products - Finitely generated abelian groups - Invariants of
a finite abelian group - Sylow theorems - Groups of orders p2 , pq.
(Page No. 138 to 155)

Unit- III
Ideals and homomorphisms - Sum and direct sum of ideals, Maximal and Prime ideals - Nilpotent
and nil ideals - Zorn’s lemma.
(Page No. 179 to 211).

Unit- IV
Unique factorization domains - Principal ideal domains - Euclidean domains - Polynomial rings
over UFD - Rings of Fractions.
(Page No. 212 to 228)

Text Book:
ˆ Basic Abstract Algebra by P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul. Second
Edition

References:

1. Topics in Algebra by I.N. Herstein.

2. Elements of Modern Algebra by Gibert and Gilbert.

3. Abstract Algebra by Jeffrey Bergen.

4. Basic Abstract Algebra by Robert B Ash.

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 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 102 Semester-I

Paper - II: Mathematical Analysis

Unit- I
Metric spaces - Compact sets - Perfect sets - Connected sets.
(Page No. 30-46)

Unit- II
Limits of functions - Continuous functions - Continuity and compactness, Continuity and connectedness
- Discontinuities - Monotonic functions, Differentiation.
(Page No. 83-102)

Unit- III
Riemann - Steiltjes integral - Definition and Existence of the Integral - Properties of the integral
– Integration and differentiation, Integration of vector valued functions - Rectifiable curves.
(Page No. 120-133 & 135-142)

Unit- IV
Sequences and Series of Functions: Uniform convergence - Uniform convergence and continuity
- Uniform convergence and integration - Uniform convergence and differentiation – The Stone-
Weierstrass theorem.
(Page No. 143-154, 159-161, 165-171 & 220-222)

Text Book:
ˆ Principles of Mathematical Analysis (3rd Edition) By Walter Rudin, McGraw-Hill
International Edition.

References:

1. The Real Numbers by John Stillwel.

2. Real Analysis by Barry Simon.

3. Mathematical Analysis Vol - I by D J H Garling.

4. Measure and Integral by Richard L.Wheeden and Antoni Zygmund.

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 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 103 Semester-I

Paper - III: Ordinary Differential Equations

Unit- I
Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions: Preliminaries – Successive approximations – Picard’s
theorem – Some examples – Continuation and dependence on initial conditions – Existence of
solutions in the large – Existence and uniqueness of solutions of systems.

Unit- II
Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order: Introduction – Higher order linear differential
equations – A Mathematical model – Linear dependence and Wronskian – Homogeneous linear
equations with constant coefficients – Equations with variable coefficients – Method of variation
of parameters – Some standard methods –Laplace transforms.

Unit- III
Solutions in Power Series : Introduction – Second order linear equations with ordinary points
– Legendre equation and Legendre Polynomials – Second order equations with regular singular
points – Bessel functions.

Unit- IV
Oscillations of Second Order Equations: Introduction – Sturm’s comparision theorem –
Sturm’s separation theorem-Elementary linear oscillations – Comparision theorem of Hille – Wintner
′′
– Oscillations of x + a(t)x = 0, Boundary value problems: Sturm – Liouville problem.

Text Book:
ˆ Ordinary Differential Equations by S.G. Deo, V. Raghavendra , Rasmita Kar and V.
Lakshmikantham , Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Education(India)Private Limited, New Delhi.

References:

1. Differential Equations with Applications with Historical Notes by George F.Simmons,

Second Edition.

2. Ordinary Differential Equations by Earl A Coddington.

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 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 104 Semester-I

Paper - IV: Elementary Number Theory

Unit- I
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Divisibility- GCD- Prime numbers, Fundamental
theorem of arithmetic- the series of reciprocal of the primes- The Euclidean algorithm.
(Page No. 13 - 23)

Unit- II
Arithmetical Functions and Dirichlet Multiplication: The functions ϕ(n), µ(n) and a
relation connecting them- Product formula for ϕ(n) - Dirichlet product- Dirichlet inverse and
Mobius inversion formula -The Mangoldt function ∧(n)- Multiplicative functions and Dirichlet
multiplication- The inverse of a completely multiplicative function- Liouville’s function λ(n)- The
divisor functions σα (n).
(Page No. 24-39 & 46-51)

Unit- III
Congruences: Properties of congruences- Residue classes and complete residue system- Linear
congruences-Reduced residue systems and Euler-Fermat theorem- Polynomial congruence modulo
p - Lagrange’s theorem- Application of Lagrange’s theorem- Chinese remainder theorem and its
applications.
(Page No. 106-120 & 126-128)

Unit- IV
Quadratic Residues and The Quadratic Reciprocity Law: Quadratic residues- Legendre’s
symbol and its properties- Evaluation of (−1|p) and (2|p) - Gauss’ lemma- The quadratic reciprocity
law and its applications-The Jacobi symbol.
(Page No. 178-190 & 201-203)

Text Book:
ˆ Introduction to Analytic Number Theory by Tom M. Apostol. Narosa publishing house

References:

1. Number Theory by Joseph H. Silverman.

2. Theory of Numbers by K.Ramchandra.

3. Elementary Number Theory by James K Strayer.

4. Elementary Number Theory by James Tattusall.

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 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 201 Semester-II

Paper - I: Galois Theory

Unit- I
Algebraic extensions of fields: Irreducible polynomials and Eisenstein criterion - Adjunction
of roots - Algebraic extensions - Algebraically closed fields.
(Page No. 281- 299).

Unit- II
Normal and separable extensions: Splitting fields - Normal extensions - Multiple roots - Finite
fields - Separable extensions.
(Page No. 300 - 321).

Unit- III
Galois theory: Automorphism groups and fixed fields - Fundamental theorem of Galois theory -
Fundamental theorem of Algebra.
(Page No. 322 - 339).

Unit- IV
Applications of Galois theory to classical problems: Roots of unity and cyclotomic polynomials
- Cyclic extensions - Polynomials solvable by radicals – Symmetric functions-Ruler and Compass
constructions.
(Page No. 340 - 364).

Text Book:
ˆ Basic Abstract Algebra by P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain and S.R. Nagpaul. Second
Edition

References:

1. Topics in Algebra by I.N. Herstein.

2. Elements of Modern Algebra by Gibert and Gilbert.

3. Abstract Algebra by Jeffrey Bergen.

4. Basic Abstract Algebra by Robert B Ash.

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 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 202 Semester-II

Paper - II: Lebesgue Measure and Integration

Unit- I
Algebra of sets - Borel sets - Outer measure - Measurable sets and Lebesgue measure - A non -
measurable set - Measurable functions – Littlewood’s three principles.

Unit- II
The Riemann integral - The Lebesgue integral of a bounded function over a set of finite measure
- The integral of a non - negative function - The general Lebesgue integral.

Unit- III
Convergence in measure - Differentiation of monotone functions - Functions of bounded variation.

Unit- IV
Differentiation of an integral - Absolute continuity - The Lp - spaces - The Minkowski and Holder
inequalities - Convergence and completeness.

Text Book:
ˆ Real Analysis (3rd Edition)(Chapters 3, 4, 5 ) by H. L. Royden, Prentice-Hall India.

References:

1. Lebesgue measure and Integration by G.de Barra.

2. Measure and Integral by Richard L.Wheeden, Anotoni Zygmund.

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 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 203 Semester-II

Paper III: Complex Analysis

Unit- I
Regions in the Complex Plane - Functions of a Complex Variable - Limits - Continuity - Derivatives
- Cauchy – Riemann Equations - Sufficient Conditions for Differentiability - Analytic Functions -
Harmonic Functions - Reflection Principle - The Exponential Function - The Logarithmic Function
- Complex Exponents- Trigonometric functions- Hyperbolic functions .

Unit- II
Derivatives of Functions w(t) - Definite Integrals of Functions w(t) - Contours - Contour Integrals
- Some Examples - Upper Bounds for Moduli of Contour Integrals – Anti derivatives - Cauchy –
Goursat Theorem - Simply Connected Domains - Multiply Connected Domains - Cauchy Integral
Formula - An Extension of the Cauchy Integral Formula - Liouville’s Theorem and the Fundamental
Theorem of Algebra - Maximum Modulus Principle.

Unit- III
Convergence of Sequences - Convergence of Series - Taylor Series - Laurent Series - Absolute and
Uniform Convergence of Power Series - Isolated Singular Points - Residues - Cauchy’s Residue
Theorem - Residue at Infinity - The Three Types of Isolated Singular Points - Residues at Poles
- Examples - Zeros of Analytic Functions - Zeros and Poles - Behavior of Functions Near Isolated
Singular Points.

Unit- IV
Evaluation of Improper Integrals - Improper Integrals from Fourier Analysis - Jordan’s Lemma
- Definite Integrals Involving Sines and Cosines - Argument Principle - Rouche’s Theorem -
Linear Transformations - The Transformation w = 1/z - Mappings by 1/z - Linear Fractional
Transformations - An Implicit Form.

Text Book:
ˆ Complex Variables with Applications by James Ward Brown and Ruel V Charcill.
McGraw- Hill International Edition.

References:

1. Complex Analysis by Dennis G. Gill.

2. Complex Analysis by Steven G. Krantz.

3. Complex Variables with Applications by S. Ponnusamy, Herb Silverman.

4. Complex Analysis by Joseph Bak, Donald J. Newman.

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 M. Sc. Mathematics

M 204 Semester-II

Paper - IV: Integral Equations and Calculus of Variations

Unit- I
Volterra Integral Equations: Basic concepts - Relationship between Linear differential equations
and Volterra Integral equations - Resolvent Kernel of Volterra Integral equation. Differentiation
of some resolvent kernels - Solution of Integral equation by Resolvent Kernel - The method of
successive approximations - Convolution type equations - Solution of Integro-differential equations
with the aid of the Laplace Transformation – Volterra integral equation of the first kind-Euler
integrals-Abel’s problem-Abel’s integral equation and its generalizations.

Unit- II
Fredholm Integral Equations : Fredholm integral equations of the second kind – Fundamentals
– The Method of Fredholm Determinants - Iterated Kernels constructing the Resolvent Kernel
with the aid of Iterated Kernels - Integral equations with Degenerated Kernels. Hammerstein type
equation – Characteristic numbers and Eigen function and its properties.
Green’s function :Construction of Green’s function for ordinary differential equations-Special
case of Green’s function –Using Green’s function in the solution of boundary value problem.

CALCULS OF VARIATIONS:
Unit- III
Introduction – The Method of Variations in Problems with fixed Boundaries: Definitions of
Functionals –Variation and Its properties - Euler’s’equation- Fundamental Lemma of Calculus of
Variation – The problem of minimum surface of revolution - Minimum Energy Problem Brachistochrone
Problem - Variational problems involving Several functions - Functional dependent on higher order
derivatives - Euler Poisson equation.

Unit- IV
Functional dependent on the functions of several independent variables - Euler’s equations in
two dependent variables – Variational problems in parametric form-Applications of Calculus of
Variation-Hamilton’s principle - Lagrange’s Equation,Hamilton’s equations.

Text Book:
ˆ Problems and Exercises in Integral Equations by M.KRASNOV, A.KISELEV, G.MAKARENKO,
(1971).

ˆ Integral Equations by S.Swarup, (2008).

ˆ Differential Equations and The Calculus of Variations by L.ELSGOLTS, MIR Publishers,

MOSCOW.