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FM 7

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35 views

FM 7

Uploaded by

pradnya.waghmare
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Friction in Pipes

Expt. No.-07
AIM:
To determine friction in pipes.

INTRODUCTION:

When a gas or a liquid flows through a pipe, the flow of


fluid through a pipe is resisted by viscous shear stresses
within the fluid and the turbulence that occurs along the
internal pipe wall. Due to this there will be a loss of pressure
in the fluid, because energy is required to overcome the
viscous or frictional forces exerted by the walls of the pipe on
the moving fluid. In addition to the energy lost due to
frictional forces, there will be a loss in energy when the fluid
flows through fittings, such as valves, elbows, contractions
and expansions. This loss in pressure is mainly due to the
local flow separation as it moves through such fittings. The
pressure loss in pipe flows is commonly referred to as head
loss. The frictional losses are mainly caused in a straight
pipe, friction loss induced in fittings, such as bends,
couplings, valves, or transitions in hose or pipe accounts for
minor losses. The frictional losses are referred to as major
losses (hf) while losses through fittings, etc, are
called minor losses (hm). Together they make up the total
head losses (h) for pipe flows.
Types of fittings
In practice, loss in a pipe flow comes into picture in
cases like calculation of rate of flow in the pipes connecting
two reservoirs at different levels or to calculate the additional
head required to double the rate of flow along an existing
pipeline. These pipe losses are dependent on number of
factors like viscosity of the fluid, the size of the internal pipe
diameter, the internal roughness of the inner surface of the
pipe, the change in elevation between the ends of the pipe,
material of the pipe and the length of the pipe along which
the fluid travels.
Pipes with smooth surface does not account for larger
friction loss, whereas pipes with less smooth walls such as
concrete, cast iron and steel fluid requires large energy to
overcome the friction induced in a pipe due to the viscosity of
liquid. Rougher the inner wall of the pipe, more will be the
pressure loss due to friction.
Internal surface of smooth and rough pipes

(Source: Haung et al 2013)

Friction loss in pipe

The friction loss in a uniform, straight sections of pipe,


known as "major loss", is caused by the effects of viscosity,
the movement of fluid molecules against each other or
against the (possibly rough) wall of the pipe. Here, it is
greatly affected by whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Laminar Flow: It occurs when the fluid flows in parallel
layers without adjacent mixing between the layers. In this
type of flow there are neither eddies nor cross currents, with
fast flow over the center part of the pipe and no movement
near the pipe surface. The roughness of the pipe surface
influences neither the fluid flow nor the friction loss. For
laminar flow Reynolds’s number (Re) < 2100.
Turbulent Flow: It occurs when the liquid is moving fast
with mixing between layers. The speed of the fluid at a point
continuously undergoes changes in both magnitude and
direction. For turbulent flow Reynolds's number 2100 < R e <
4000
Transitional flow: is a mixture of laminar and turbulent
flow, with turbulence flow in the center of the pipe and
laminar flow near the edges of the pipe. Each of these flows
behaves in different manners in terms of their frictional
energy loss while flowing and have different equations that
predict their behaviour. For transitional flow Reynolds's
number Re > 4000.
It is useful to characterize that roughness as the ratio of
the roughness height k to the pipe diameter D, the "relative
roughness". Three sub-domains pertain to turbulent flow:

 In the smooth pipe domain, friction loss is relatively


insensitive to roughness.
 In the rough pipe domain, friction loss is dominated by
the relative roughness and is insensitive to Reynolds
number.
 In the transition domain, friction loss is sensitive to both.

The Darcy Equation is a theoretical equation that


predicts the frictional energy loss in a pipe based on the
velocity of the fluid and the resistance due to friction. It is
used almost exclusively to calculate head loss due to friction
in turbulent flow.

Where,

 hf = Friction head loss,


 f = Darcy resistance factor,
 L = Length of the pipe,
 D = Pipe diameter,
 v = Mean velocity,
 g = acceleration due to gravity
In turbulent flow, the friction factor, f depends upon the
Reynolds number and on the relative roughness of the pipe,
k/D, where, k is the roughness parameter and D is the inner
diameter of the pipe. When k is very small compared to the
pipe diameter D i.e., k/D > 0, f depends only on R e. When k/D
is a significant value, at low R e, the flow can be considered as
in smooth regime (no effect of roughness). As R e increases,
the flow becomes transitionally rough, called as transition
regime in which the friction factor rises above the smooth
value and is a function of both k and R e and Re increases more
and more the flow eventually reaches a fully rough regime in
which f is independent of Re. For design purposes, the
frictional characteristics of round pipes, both smooth and
rough are summarized by the friction factor chart, which is a
log-log of fanning friction factor vs R e which is based on
Moody's chart.

These procedure steps will be followed on the simulator

1. Open Friction in Pipes experiment, a window will appear


as shown.
2. Select the required diameter of pipe, then click NEXT
button.
3. Click on the selected pipe inlet valve to allow the flow
through it.
4. Click on main inlet valve to allow the flow through it and
then click on pipe valve to allow water flow to test for air
bubbles.

5. Click on knot to change from isolated position to air-vent


position and again click to change it to read position.
6. Now click on tank outlet valve to open and allow flow,
note the manometer reading.
7. Here click on tank outlet valve to close and then
calculate Head Loss value.

8. Calculate the discharge, velocity and analytical friction


factor with the help the observation given here.
9. Repeat the same procedure for other trials.
Self Assessment:

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