BS-6 (BHARATH STAGE-6)

Seminar report

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the award of the Diploma in Automobile engineering

Submitted by

VINEETH. V

2201051653

DEPARTMENTOF AUTOMOBILEENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE ATTINGAL

November 2023

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

 GOVT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE ATTINGAL

2023

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report titled BS-6(Bharath Stage

6) here being submitted by Vineeth. V, Register No.

2201051653, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of the Diploma in Automobile Engineering, is a

bonafide record of the seminar presented by Vineeth. V

at Govt Polytechnic College, Attingal.

Faculity-in-charge
Premjith p

Head of department

Declaration
 I undersigned, hereby declare that the seminar reoprt titled

“BS-6 (Bharath stage 6)” submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of diploma in Automobile

Engineering by State Board of Technical Education, Kerala, is

A bonafide record of seminar presented by me in

Department of Automobile Engineering, Govt Polytechnic

College, Attingal. This report has not previously formed the

Basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar title of

Any other university.

Table of Contents
Content
page no
ABSTRACT
 Bharat stage VI emission norms are the sixth stage for vehicular
emissions in India. The BS-VI emission norms are much needed for a
country such as India to keep the pollution in check. BS-VI norms are
stricter and more restrictive in terms of BS-IV norms allowing for
cleaner air and also less pollution in the process. The new BSVI
emission norms would require both the automobile sectors as well
as oil companies to make advancements and changes to their
respective products. For the best results and for the better
performance of the car the BSVI based engines will have to run on
BSVI fuel.

The new generation modern engines which are running on low-

quality fuels will emit more toxic gases compared to that generated
by the BSIV engines. The modern age engine blueprints usually
require low Sulphur content to maintain a strong performance. This
research aims at comprehending information on a new perspective
of understanding the concept and how helpful it will be in
understanding the shift from BHARAT STAGE IV TO VI for various
stakeholders. Followed by strategies adopted by top five Indian
based car manufactures..
 INTRODUCTION

The quality of air has always been an issue of concern worldwide in

the milieu of growing vehicular air pollution [1].

While pollution can usually occur from various sources, the pollution
which is usually caused by vehicles and their exhaust system is
usually very harmful and is considered a significant source of
pollution and proper measures have to be set in place in order to
curb vehicular pollution [2].

So, the Bharat stage emission standards and the basic emission
standards issued by the Indian Government regulates and control
the air pollution that is caused by exhaust of vehicles and Internal
combustion engines these standards are usually set by the central
pollution control board. The standards are based on regulations set
by European countries and was first introduced to the world in 2000.
The Bharat Stage IV emissions norms have been in place since April
2010, and it had been sanctioned for the entire country in April
2017. In the year 2016 the Government of India. Announced that the
country would skip Bharat stage V norms altogether and would
implement the BS-VI by 2020 [3].

The recent rule passed by the supreme court said that they would
ban the sale and registration of the motor vehicles that are
integrated with the BS-IV emission norms in the whole country by
April 1st 2020. Primary Sources of Pollutants and Its Effects on
Human Health are mainly because of internal combustion engines
(ICES) which are mainly notorious for the production of carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide (CO2) oxides of nitrogen and
Hydrocarbons. Particulate matter (PM), or carbon soot, is another
by-product of diesel as well as direct-injection petrol engines
currently emitted by BS-IV vehicles [4].
Bs6 engine and fuel

BS6 diesel engines are designed with very sophisticated electronics

like a re- developed exhaust system, Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). The high sulphur content in
BS4 diesel will increase the emission drastically and cause serious
damage to the fuel delivery system.

Most of the cities in India have started selling and implementing BS-
VI fuels so the customers who are owners of the older generation
cars that is the cars that conform to Bharat stage IV standards can
choose to opt for BS-VI fuel at the petrol stations. This will produce
a different result that is there is a direct interrelationship between
the sulphur content that is present in the fuel and the emission
produced by it in simple words the lesser the sulphur in the fuel the
vehicle will emit lesser particulate matter (PM) which translates into
cleaner combustion in the process [5]. Petrol usually has less
sulphur content in it, so it usually emits lesser carbon monoxide,
NOx and other toxic hydrocarbons. Recent studies also suggest that
a BSIV compatible vehicle along with BSVI fuel can reduce the
particulate matter (PM) emissions into half [6]. A reduction in the
sulphur content in the fuel can bring down the quality and energy
content in the fuel and also bring down the efficiency in the process
[7]. ULSD fuels could aso reduce the efficiency of the fuel due to low
sulphur content but most of these fuels are spiked with additives to
address

Environment

The place we live in that is our natural habitat is becoming a less

friendly place to undertake lifestyle activities. Air pollution is a huge
problem faced by our country, and proper measures have to be put
in place to curb air pollution. So, the Indian government had
decided to implement a more comprehensive emission standard that
is the shift from BSIV norms to BSVI emission norms. The BSVI
emission standards are equivalent to Euro-VI Norms which is in
place in most of the European countries the government is in the
process to develop vehicles with the latest technology to make sure
the vehicles emit fewer pollutants in the air and also contemplating
towards improving the air quality in the metropolitvehicle cities as
well

What is BS4 (BSIV) ?

Before we understand about BS6 emission or BS6 compliant engine,

let’s understand the current BS4 (BSIV) emission norms, engine,
performance, and its significance.

The BSES, which is the governing organization for emissions from all
types of vehicles in the country, introduced the first emission norms
with the name ‘India 2000’ in the year 2000. BS2 and BS3 were
introduced in 2005 and 2010, while BS4 norms came into effect in
2017 with stricter emission standards ornorms.

Among the regulations set by the governing body, emission-related

changes included tailpipe emissions, Electronic Control Unit (ECU),
ignition control, etc. The most visible change was the AHO
(Automatic Headlamp On), this is one of the norms under the BS4
which catered to the safety aspect of the new emission standards.
What is BS6 (BSVI)?

The governing body, Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES),

regulates the output of pollutants from vehicles plying in the
country. The Central Pollution Control Board which falls under the
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change sets the
standards to regulate emissions from vehicles in India.

The first emission standard or norm, introduced in the year 2000,

was known as 'India 2000' and later, BS2 and BS3 were introduced in
2005 and 2010, respectively. While the first three emission norms
were introduced at regular intervals, BS4 was introduced in 2017.
after a gap of seven years.

The BS6 emission standard is the sixth iteration of the emission

norm and comparatively, it's a substantial leap in terms of reducing
pollution compared to the outgoing BS4. This is also because the
BS5 (BSV) has been skipped in an effort to move to better emission
norms.
Difference Between BS4 (BSIV) and BS6 (BSVI):

A vital difference between BS6 and the outgoing BS4 fuel is that the
BS6 fuel BS450 contains ppm 5 times NOx fewer (Nitrogen sulphur
Oxide) traces level (10 parts per brought million) down compared
staggering 70% for Diesel engine and 25% for Petrol Engines.

Both BSIV and BSVI are emission norms that set the maximum
permissible levels for pollutants emitting from a car or a two-
wheeler exhaust. Compared to the BS4, BS6 emission standards are
stricter. While manufacturers use this change to update their
vehicles with new features and safety standards, the biggest or the
significant change comes in the form of stricter permissible
emission norms.

Pollution Emission Norms (BS4 Vs. BS6):

For a cleaner environment and to address the growing concerns

about global warming, the Indian government has fast- forwarded
the BS6 pollution norms to 1 April 2020. Hence, the jump from BS4
to BS6 instead of moving to BS5 and then to BS6. Below are the
differences between pollution norms between BSIV and BSVI:
BSVI or BS6 is the sixth emission benchmark or criterion in reducing
pollution levels when compared to the BSIV or BS4 emission norms.
Both are the maximum emission norms which set the maximum
pollution from the exhaust of the motor vehicle

While the BS4 emission norms allow a motor vehicle to emit not
more than 80mg/km of NO2 (nitrogen oxides), the BS6 emission
norms have reduced it to 60mg/km. The Particulate Matter (PM) for
petrol vehicles has been restricted to 4.5mg/km in the BS6 emission
regime.

With the BSVI norms, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Diesel
Particulate Filter (DPF) were included to assess the emission levels
of the BS6 motor vehicle; however, this was not part of the emission
norms set on BS4
What are BSI, BSII, BSIII, BSIV and BSVI Emission Norms?

These are emission standards set by the governing body Bharat

Safety Emission Standard (BSEB) to regulate the output of
pollutants from vehicles plying on the road. The Central Pollution
Control Board, under the Ministry of Environment and Forest and
Climate Change, sets the permissible pollution levels and timeline to
implement the same by vehicle manufacturers

The abbreviation of 'BS' is Bharat Stage and is suffixed with the

iteration of the particular emission norms. The Indian emissions
standards are based on the lines of European norms commonly
known as EURO 2, EURO 3, and so on. The first regulations with the
moniker India 2000 were introduced in 2000, with the second and
third iteration introduced in 2001 and 2005 with the moniker BSII
(BS2) and BSIII (BS3), respectively.

The fourth iteration BSIV or BS4 was introduced in 2017 and the
delay between the introduction of BS3 and BS4 resulted in fast-
tracking the BSVI or BS6 emission instead of BSV or BS5 norms.
Each of these emission norms has stricter emission standards
compared to its predecessors.
Why they skip from BS4 to BS6 and not BS5.

The first emission norm was introduced in 2000, while the second
and third iteration was introduced in 2005 and 2010. The BS4 was
implemented in 2017, the big gap prompted the government to skip
BS5 and jump to BS6 in an effort to reduce pollution in the country.

What will happen to BS4 vehicles after 2020?

No new BS4 vehicles will be manufactured or registered by the RTO

after 1st April 2020 when the BS6 emission norms are implemented.
However, existing BS4 vehicles will be allowed to run on public
roads. Currently, there is no deadline set for BS4 vehicles to stop
playing on public roads..

Impact of BS6 on CNG Cars:

Vehicle manufacturers will have to make minor changes or
modifications to their diesel and petrol engines for the usage of CNG
on BS6 vehicles. It's only a matter of time before manufacturers
start offering CNG compliant BS6 engines in the country. CNG
powered BS6 cars or vehicles could be a stop-gap arrangement
before the era of electric and hybrid vehicles are soldin the country.

How Do BS6 (BSVI) Diesel Engines Work :

The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit converts nitrogen oxide

(NOx) into diatomic nitrogen and water (both are harmless
products) with the help of a catalyst. The SCR unit uses AdBlue or
diesel exhaust fluid to reduce NOx emissions. This fluid is made up
of two parts – urea and deionized water. When exhaust gases come
in contact with the AdBlue fluid, urea is converted to ammonia and
carbon dioxide and in turn, the ammonia converts NOx into nitrogen
and water vapour, thereby reducing pollutants.
Why are there no Light switch on BS6 Bikes?

All two-wheelers, including motorcycles and scooters that were

manufactured from 1 April 2020 featured the Automatic Headlamp
On (AHO). As the moniker suggests, all two- wheelers are required
to have the headlights on at all times. In compliance with the BS6
norms, all new two-wheelers will not have a light switch for the
headlight, since it needs to be always on. However, the pass and the
low and high beam light switch were kept untouched.

The reason behind the Introduction of AHO was keeping both the
rider’s and pedestrian’s safety. The light remains on during the day
as well, which makes it visible to passersby
What’s next after BS6?

Currently, there are no new emission norms has been set by the
governing body. However, there may be a second version of the BS6
which will include Real Driving Emissions (RDE) cycle. As per this
law, the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) will test
new vehicles in real-world conditions to ascertain the level of
pollution. Currently, the test is done in a controlled environment.

Why the skip from BS4 to BS6 and not BS5?

The first emission norm was introduced in 2000, while the second
and third iteration was introduced in 2005 and 2010. The BS4 was
implemented in 2017, the big gap prompted the government to skip
BS5 and jump to BS6 in an effort to reduce pollution in the country.

What is the difference between a Euro 6 and a BS6 engine?

The emission limits for both the Euro 6 and BS6 engine are
numerically equivalent, although it could be slightly tweaked to
Indianstandards.
Conclusion

The newly introduced BS-VI norms are going to bring a radical

change in the Indian automobile sector industry. India will also get
low emission producing and more fuel- efficient vehicles soon.
Diesel engines will be more expensive as compared to that of petrol
engines because they need more adjustment and after-treatments
in order to stay clean. So, this will make sure to attract the original
equipment manufacturers (OEM) towards hybrid fuels and another
environment friendly alternative technology solution providing
companies are also going to benefit a lot from the transition. In case
of fuel specifications in terms of BSVI the main understanding is
that the consequence of the fuel effects on the emission of
controlled air pollutants has reduced because of the recent
advancements in the engine- after treatment technologies. The
modern age engines usually require very low sulphur content in the
fuel in order to maintain a strong performance during their need.
The efforts put in for the transition from BSIV to BSVI can incredibly
help in the reduction of air pollution fromautomobiles. This will
bring a substantial enhancement in the air quality of highly
populated cities as exhaust emission from vehicles are the primary
source of air pollution in cities. The researchers could find out more
on the strategies adopted by the foreign car manufacturers in order
to cope up with the transition from BSIV to BSVI. Researchers can
further investigate on the sale strategies adopted by top car
manufacturers in order to sell their BSIV compliant vehicles existing
in their inventory.

References

Bharat stage emission standards”, En.wikipedia.org, 2019.

Clearing the air on BSVI”, Autocar India, 2019. [Online]. Available:

Mahindra BSVI diesel engine strategy revealed”, Autocar India,

2019

Worldwide Fuel Charter 2019 – Gasoline and Diesel Fuel | ACEA –

European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association”, Acea.be, 2019.

“Ashok Leyland Becomes First CV Manufacturer With BS- VI

Certification for Its Heavy Trucks Range”, www.drivespark.com,
2019.