Peter Higgs

Peter Ware Higgs CH FRS FRSE HonFInstP (29 May

1929 – 8 April 2024) was a British theoretical Peter Higgs
CH FRS FRSE HonFInstP
physicist, professor at the University of
[7][8]
Edinburgh, and Nobel laureate in Physics for his
work on the mass of subatomic particles.[9][10]

In 1964, Higgs was the single author of one of the

three milestone papers published in Physical Review
Letters (PRL) that proposed that spontaneous
symmetry breaking in electroweak theory could
explain the origin of mass of elementary particles in
general and of the W and Z bosons in particular. This
Higgs mechanism predicted the existence of a new
particle, the Higgs boson, the detection of which
became one of the great goals of physics.[11][12] In
2012, CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs
boson at the Large Hadron Collider.[13] The Higgs
mechanism is generally accepted as an important
Higgs in 2013
ingredient in the Standard Model of particle physics,
without which certain particles would have no Born Peter Ware Higgs
mass.[14] 29 May 1929
Newcastle upon Tyne, England
For this work, Higgs received the Nobel Prize in Died 8 April 2024 (aged 94)
Physics, which he shared with François Englert in Edinburgh, Scotland
2013.[15] Alma mater King's College London (BSc,
MSc, PhD)
Known for Higgs boson
Early life and education
Higgs field
Higgs was born[16]in the Elswick district of Newcastle Higgs mechanism
upon Tyne, England, to Thomas Ware Higgs (1898– Spontaneous symmetry breaking
1962) and his wife[17] Gertrude Maude née Coghill
Spouse Jody Williamson
(1895–1969).[18][19][20] His father worked as a sound ​
​(m. 1963; div. 1972)
engineer for the BBC, and as a result of childhood
asthma, together with the family moving around Children 2
because of his father's job and later World War II, Awards Hughes Medal (1981)
Higgs missed some early schooling and was taught at Rutherford Medal (1984)
home.[21] When his father relocated to Bedford, Higgs Dirac Medal and Prize (1997)
stayed behind in Bristol with his mother, and was
High Energy and Particle Physics
largely raised there. He attended Cotham Grammar
Prize (1997)
School in Bristol from 1941 to 1946,[18][22] where he Royal Medal (2000)
was inspired by the work of one of the school's alumni, Wolf Prize in Physics (2004)
Paul Dirac, a founder of the field of quantum Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture
mechanics.[19] and Medal (2009)

In 1946, at the age of 17, Higgs moved to City of J.J. Sakurai Prize (2010)
London School, where he specialised in mathematics, Nobel Prize in Physics (2013)
then in 1947 to King's College London, where he Princess of Asturias Award
graduated with a first-class honours degree in physics (2013)
in 1950 and achieved a master's degree in 1952.[23] He Copley Medal (2015)
was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the
Scientific career
Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,[24] and
performed his doctoral research in molecular physics Fields Theoretical physics
under the supervision of Charles Coulson and Institutions University of Edinburgh
Christopher Longuet-Higgins.[1] He was awarded a Imperial College London
PhD degree in 1954 with a thesis entitled Some
University College London
problems in the theory of molecular vibrations from
King's College London
the university.[1][18][25]
Thesis Some problems in the theory of
molecular vibrations (https://kclp
Career and research ure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/studentTh
eses/some-problems-in-the-theor
After finishing his doctorate, Higgs was appointed a y-of-molecular-vibrations) (1954)
Senior Research Fellow at the University of Edinburgh Doctoral Charles Coulson[1][2]
(1954–56). He then held various posts at Imperial advisors Christopher Longuet-Higgins[1][3]
College London, and University College London
Doctoral Lewis Ryder[4][5]
(where he also became a temporary lecturer in
students David Wallace[2]
mathematics). He returned to the University of
Edinburgh in 1960 to take up the post of Lecturer at Christopher Bishop[6]
the Tait Institute of Mathematical Physics, allowing Website www.ph.ed.ac.uk/higgs (https://w
him to settle in the city he had enjoyed while ww.ph.ed.ac.uk/higgs)
hitchhiking to the Western Highlands as a student in
Signature
1949.[26][27] He was promoted to Reader, became a
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) in
1974 and was promoted to a personal chair of
Theoretical Physics in 1980. On his retirement in 1996, he became an emeritus professor.[7]

Higgs was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1983 and Fellow of the Institute of Physics
(FInstP) in 1991. He was awarded the Rutherford Medal and Prize in 1984. He received an honorary
degree from the University of Bristol in 1997. In 2008, he received an Honorary Fellowship from
Swansea University for his work in particle physics.[28] At Edinburgh, Higgs first became interested in
mass, developing the idea that particles – massless when the universe began – acquired mass a fraction of
a second later as a result of interacting with a theoretical field (which became known as the Higgs field).
Higgs postulated that this field permeates space, giving mass to all elementary subatomic particles
interacting with it.[19][29]
The Higgs mechanism postulates the existence of the Higgs field, which confers mass on quarks and
leptons;[30] this causes only a tiny portion of the masses of other subatomic particles, such as protons and
neutrons. In these, gluons that bind quarks together confer most of the particle mass. The original basis of
Higgs's work came from the Japanese-born theorist and Nobel Prize laureate Yoichiro Nambu from the
University of Chicago. Nambu had proposed a theory known as spontaneous symmetry breaking based
on what was known to happen in superconductivity in condensed matter, which incorrectly predicted
massless particles (the Goldstone's theorem).[7]

Higgs reportedly developed the fundamentals of his theory after returning to his Edinburgh New Town
apartment from a failed weekend camping trip to the Highlands.[31][32][33] He stated that there was no
"eureka moment" in the development of the theory.[34] He wrote a short paper exploiting a loophole in
Goldstone's theorem (massless Goldstone particles need not occur when local symmetry is spontaneously
broken in a relativistic theory[35]) and published it in Physics Letters, a European physics journal edited
at CERN, in Switzerland, in 1964.[36]

Higgs wrote a second paper describing a theoretical model (the Higgs mechanism), but the paper was
rejected (the editors of Physics Letters judged it "of no obvious relevance to physics").[19] Higgs wrote an
extra paragraph and sent his paper to Physical Review Letters, another leading physics journal, which
published it later in 1964. This paper predicted a new massive spin-zero boson (later named the Higgs
boson).[35][37] Other physicists, Robert Brout and François Englert[38] and Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen
and Tom Kibble[39] had reached similar conclusions at about the same time. In the published version,
Higgs quotes Brout and Englert, and the third paper quotes the previous ones. The three papers written on
this boson discovery by Higgs, Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Brout, and Englert were each recognised as
milestone papers by Physical Review Letters 50th-anniversary celebration.[40] While each of these
famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL
symmetry breaking papers are noteworthy. The mechanism had been proposed in 1962 by Philip
Anderson although he did not include a crucial relativistic model.[35][41]

On 4 July 2012, CERN announced the ATLAS and Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiments had
seen strong indications for the presence of a new particle, which could be the Higgs boson, in the mass
region around 126 gigaelectronvolts (GeV).[42] Speaking at the seminar in Geneva, Higgs commented
"It's really an incredible thing that it's happened in my lifetime."[13] Ironically, this probable confirmation
of the Higgs boson was made at the same place where the editor of Physics Letters rejected Higgs's
paper.[7]

Awards and honours

Higgs was honoured with several awards in recognition of his work, including the 1981 Hughes Medal
from the Royal Society; the 1984 Rutherford Medal from the Institute of Physics; the 1997 Dirac Medal
and Prize for outstanding contributions to theoretical physics from the Institute of Physics; the 1997 High
Energy and Particle Physics Prize by the European Physical Society; the 2004 Wolf Prize in Physics; the
2009 Oskar Klein Memorial Lecture medal from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; the 2010
American Physical Society J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics; a unique Higgs Medal
from the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2012;[18] and the Royal Society awarded him the 2015 Copley
Medal, the world's oldest scientific prize.[43]

Civic awards
Higgs was the recipient of the Edinburgh Award for 2011. He was
the fifth person to receive the Award, which was established in
2007 by the City of Edinburgh Council to honour an outstanding
individual who has made a positive impact on the city and gained
national and international recognition for Edinburgh.[44]

Higgs was presented with an engraved loving cup by the Rt Hon

George Grubb, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, in a ceremony held at
the City Chambers on Friday, 24 February 2012. The event also
marked the unveiling of his handprints in the City Chambers Edinburgh Award handprints
quadrangle, where they had been engraved in Caithness stone
alongside those of previous Edinburgh Award recipients.[45][46][47]

Higgs was awarded the Freedom of the City of Bristol in July 2013.[48] The Dirac-Higgs Science Centre
in Bristol is also named in his honour.[49] In April 2014, he was also awarded the Freedom of the City of
Newcastle upon Tyne. He was also honoured with a brass plaque installed on the Newcastle Quayside as
part of the Newcastle Gateshead Initiative Local Heroes Walk of Fame.[50]

Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics

On 6 July 2012, Edinburgh University announced a new centre named after Professor Higgs to support
future research in theoretical physics. The Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics brings together scientists
from around the world to seek "a deeper understanding of how the universe works".[51] The centre is
currently based within the James Clerk Maxwell Building, home of the university's School of Physics and
Astronomy and the iGEM 2015 team (ClassAfiED). The university has also established a chair of
theoretical physics in the name of Peter Higgs.[52][53]

Nobel Prize in Physics

On 8 October 2013, it was announced that Higgs and François Englert would share the 2013 Nobel Prize
in Physics "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the
origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the
predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron
Collider".[54] Higgs admitted he had gone out to avoid the media attention[55] so he was informed he had
been awarded the prize by an ex-neighbour on his way home, since he did not have a mobile
phone.[56][57]

Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour

Higgs turned down a knighthood in 1999, but in 2012, he accepted membership of the Order of the
Companions of Honour.[58][59] He later said that he only accepted the order because he was wrongly
assured that the award was in the gift of the Queen alone. He also expressed cynicism towards the
honours system, and the way the system "is used for political purposes by the government in power". The
order confers no title or precedence, but recipients of the order are entitled to use the post-nominal letters
CH. In the same interview he also stated that when people ask what the CH after his name stands for, he
replies "it means I'm an honorary Swiss."[60] He received the order from the Queen at an investiture at
Holyrood House on 1 July 2014.[61]

Honorary degrees
Higgs was awarded honorary degrees from the following institutions:

DSc University of Bristol 1997[62]

DSc University of Edinburgh 1998[62]
DSc University of Glasgow 2002[62]
DSc Swansea University 2008[62]
DSc King's College London 2009[62]
DSc University College London 2010[62]
ScD University of Cambridge 2012[62]
DSc Heriot-Watt University 2012[62]
PhD SISSA, Trieste 2013[62]
DSc University of Durham 2013[62]
DSc University of Manchester 2013[62]
DSc University of St Andrews 2014[62]
DSc Free University of Brussels (ULB) 2014[62]
DSc University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2015[62]
DSc Queen's University Belfast 2015[62]
ScD Trinity College Dublin 2016[62]
A portrait of Higgs was painted by Ken Currie in 2008.[63] Commissioned by the University of
Edinburgh,[64] it was unveiled on 3 April 2009[65] and hangs in the entrance of the James Clerk Maxwell
Building of the School of Physics and Astronomy and the School of Mathematics.[63] A large portrait by
Lucinda Mackay is in the collection of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh. Another
portrait of Higgs by the same artist hangs in the birthplace of James Clerk Maxwell in Edinburgh; Higgs
was the Honorary Patron of the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation. A portrait by Victoria Crowe was
commissioned by the Royal Society of Edinburgh and unveiled in 2013.[66]

Personal life and political views

Higgs married Jody Williamson, an American lecturer in linguistics at Edinburgh and a fellow activist
with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND),[67] in 1963. Their first son was born in August
1965.[68] Higgs had two sons: Christopher and Jonny, a jazz musician.[69] He also had two grandchildren:
Jo, a writer, and Bonnie (Kemplay), a musician.[46] Higgs and Williamson separated in 1972 but
remained friends until she died in 2008.[70]

Higgs was an activist in the CND while in London and later in Edinburgh but resigned his membership
when the group extended its remit from campaigning against nuclear weapons to campaigning against
nuclear power, too.[19][71] He was a Greenpeace member until the group opposed genetically modified
organisms.[71] Higgs was awarded the 2004 Wolf Prize in Physics (sharing it with Robert Brout and
François Englert) but declined to attend the awards ceremony in Jerusalem in protest of Israel's treatment
of Palestinians.[72] Higgs was actively involved in the Edinburgh University branch of the Association of
University Teachers, through which he agitated for greater staff involvement in the management of the
physics department.[60]

Higgs was an atheist.[73] He described Richard Dawkins as having adopted a "fundamentalist" view of
non-atheists.[74] Higgs expressed displeasure with the nickname the "God particle".[75] Although it has
been reported that he believed the term "might offend people who are religious",[69] Higgs stated that this
is not the case, lamenting the letters he has received which claim the God particle was predicted in the
Torah, the Qur'an and Buddhist scriptures. In a 2013 interview with Decca Aitkenhead, Higgs was quoted
as saying:[76]

I'm not a believer. Some people get confused between the science and the theology. They claim
that what happened at CERN proves the existence of God. The church in Spain has also been
guilty of using that name as evidence for what they want to prove. [It] reinforces confused
thinking in the heads of people who are already thinking in a confused way. If they believe that
story about creation in seven days, are they being intelligent?

— The Guardian, 6 December 2013

The nickname for the Higgs boson is usually attributed to Leon M. Lederman, the author of the book The
God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? but the name is the result of the
suggestion of Lederman's publisher; Lederman had initially intended to refer to it as the "goddamn
particle".[77]

Higgs died after a short illness at home in Edinburgh on 8 April 2024, at the age of 94.[78][79]

Bibliography
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Further reading
Close, Frank (6 July 2023). Elusive: How Peter Higgs Solved the Mystery of Mass. Penguin
 Press. ISBN 978-0-14-199758-2.

External links
The Higgs site at the University of Edinburgh (https://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/higgs)
Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3APW+author%3
AHiggs&btnG=Search) List of Papers by PW Higgs
BBC profile of Peter Higgs (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16222710)
The god of small things (https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/nov/17/sciencenews.pa
rticlephysics) – An interview with Peter Higgs in The Guardian
My Life as a Boson (https://web.archive.org/web/20120123020012/http://pauli.physics.lsa.u
mich.edu/w/arch/som/sto2001/Higgs/real/) – A Lecture by Peter Higgs available in various
formats
Physical Review Letters – 50th Anniversary Milestone Papers (http://prl.aps.org/50years/mil
estones#1964)
In CERN Courier, Steven Weinberg reflects on spontaneous symmetry breaking (http://cernc
ourier.com/cws/article/cern/32522)
Physics World, Introducing the little Higgs (http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/11353)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100117124900/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/
print/11353) 17 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble Mechanism on Scholarpedia (http://www.schola
rpedia.org/article/Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble_mechanism)
History of Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble Mechanism on Scholarpedia (http://w
ww.scholarpedia.org/article/Englert-Brout-Higgs-Guralnik-Hagen-Kibble_mechanism_%28hi
story%29)
«I wish they hadn't dubbed it "The God Particle"» Interview with Peter Higgs (http://metode.c
at/en/Issues/Interview/Peter-Higgs)
Peter Higgs: I wouldn't be productive enough for today's academic system (https://www.theg
uardian.com/science/2013/dec/06/peter-higgs-boson-academic-system)
Peter Higgs (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/888) on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel
Lecture on 8 December 2013, "Evading the Goldstone Theorem"

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