Access Class 10 Science Chapter 6 - Control and Coordination

Notes
Animals - Nervous System
 Function: Controls and coordinates body actions through the brain, spinal
cord, and nerves.
 Role: Sends, receives, and processes messages as chemical signals
(impulses).
 Structure: Composed of a network of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit
information via electrical impulses.
 Neuron Components:
o Cell Body (Cyton): Contains the nucleus.

o Dendrites: Branched projections that receive signals.

o Axon: Long process that sends signals away from the cell body.
o A synapse is a connection between two neurons.
 Nerves are strands of tissue that emerge from the brain and spinal cord.
Nerves are crucial for conveying messages throughout the body and
branch out to all regions of the body.
 Nerve cells or neurons come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
 The brain or spinal cord receives messages from the sense organs via
sensory nerves.
 Motor neurons transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to all of
the body's muscles and glands.
 Interneuron or relay neuron is a type of neuron that connects neurons in
different parts of the central nervous system.

What Happens in Reflex Actions?

Definition: An automatic and immediate movement in response to stimuli.
Function: Occurs as a quick reaction to environmental changes.
Reflex Arc: The pathway involved in reflex actions, where sensory neurons
synapse in the spinal cord before reaching the brain.
Efficiency: Reflex arcs enable faster responses by bypassing the brain, resulting
in quicker reactions.
Human Brain:
Types of the Nervous System
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the two parts
of the nervous system.

Central Nervous System:

 The brain and spinal cord are part of the central nervous system. It
receives data from the body and transmits instructions to certain organs.
 The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain are the three major portions or
areas of the brain.
 The forebrain is the region of the brain that is responsible for thinking.
The cerebrum and diencephalon make up this structure.
 Memory and intelligence, as well as sense centres such as hearing,
smell, and sight, are all housed in the cerebrum. The diencephalon is
where pressure and discomfort are stored.
 The midbrain connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and regulates vision
and hearing reflexes.
 The cerebellum, pons, and medulla make up the hindbrain. The
cerebellum is responsible for coordinating muscle actions as well as
maintaining balance and posture.
 The medulla is in charge of involuntary functions such as blood pressure,
salivation, vomiting, and heart rate.
 The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column or backbone and
extends from the medulla of the brain through the entire length of the
vertebral column.
Peripheral Nervous System:
The cranial and spinal nerves emerge from the brain and spinal cord, respectively,
to form the peripheral nervous system.

What Safeguards are in Place for the Tissues?

The brain is protected by the sturdy bones of the skull, as well as a fluid called
cerebrospinal fluid, which absorbs additional shock.

What is the Mechanism by Which the Nervous System Causes Action?

Muscle fibres must move when a nerve impulse reaches them. Muscle cells will
shorten as a result of their changing form. Special proteins in muscle cells change
their form and arrangement in the cell in response to nerve electrical signals. When
this happens, the muscle cells take on a new shape as a result of new protein
groupings.

 Plant Coordination: All living organisms react to their surroundings.

Chemicals released by cells help plants respond to stimuli as well. Plants,
like all living beings, move about. Plants have two types of movement: one
that is dependent on growth and the other that is not.
Plants also use electrical and chemical mechanisms to transmit information
from cell to cell, but there is no dedicated tissue for information transmission
in plants. Plants slowly respond to stimuli by growing in a specific direction.
Because of the directional growth, the plant looks to be moving.
 Directional Movements: Tropic movements are also known as
directional movements. These movements can be either toward or away
from the stimuli.
1. Positive Phototropism: Shoots bend towards light.
2. Negative Geotropism: Shoots grow away from the earth.
3. Negative Phototropism: Roots bend away from light.

4. Positive Geotropism: Roots grow towards the ground.

5. Hydrotropism: Growth response to water stimuli.
6. Chemotropism: Movement in response to chemicals.
7. Thigmotropism: Movement in response to touch, with positive
thigmotropism moving towards touch and negative thigmotropism
away from touch.

8. Pollen Tubes: Grow towards ovules.

9. Auxins: Promote cell elongation and shoot apical dominance.
10. Gibberellins: Stimulate stem growth, seed germination,
bolting, and blooming.
11. Cytokinins: Encourage cell division and stomata opening.
12. Abscisic Acid: Slows growth, closes stomata, and can cause
leaf wilting.
  Animal Hormones: The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands
that emit chemical compounds known as hormones. Hormones are released
directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands.
 Hormones are chemical messengers that are injected into the
bloodstream and act on specific organs.
Endocrine Glands
The pituitary gland, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the thyroid, the
parathyroid, the thymus, the adrenal gland, the pancreas, the testes, and the ovary
are all examples of endocrine glands.

Adrenal Glands:
Adrenal glands are found above the kidneys. The adrenal cortex and adrenal
medulla are two parts of the adrenal gland.
 The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, while
the adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenaline
is sometimes known as the "fight or flight" hormone or the "emergency
hormone." It prepares the body to deal with physical stress in an
emergency situation, such as danger, anger or excitement.

Thyroid Gland:
 The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body, and
it is positioned in the neck, ventral to the larynx.
 Triiodothyronine and thyroxine are the main hormones generated by this
gland. Thyroxine is a hormone that controls the body's glucose, protein,
and fat metabolism. Iodine is required for the production of thyroxin.
Goitre is caused by a lack of iodine in the diet. A swollen neck is one of
the signs of this condition.

Pituitary Gland:
 The pituitary gland is a master gland that secretes several hormones to
regulate the organs as well as the other glands. It is located near the base
of the brain.
 Growth hormone, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, Vasopressin, and
Oxytocin are among the hormones released by this gland. Growth
hormone is a hormone that controls the body's growth and development.
Dwarfism is caused by a lack of this hormone throughout childhood.
Gigantism is caused by the excessive release of this hormone.

Gonads:
Female gonads and male gonads are the two types of gonads found in humans.
Female Gonads:
  Oestrogen and progesterone are two hormones produced by the ovaries.
 Oestrogen regulates puberty-related changes such as feminine voice,
soft skin, and mammary gland development; progesterone regulates
uterine changes during the menstrual cycle and aids in the maintenance
of pregnancy.

Male Gonads:
 In males, a pair of testes constitutes the gonads.
 A pair of testes is the male sex organ placed outside the abdomen in the
scrotum.
 The hormone testosterone is produced by the testes.
 Testosterone regulates the changes that occur throughout puberty, such
as a deeper voice, the development of the penis, and the growth of facial
and body hair.

The Pancreas:
 The pancreas is found just below the stomach, within the duodenum's
curvature. Its role is both exocrine and endocrine. Insulin, glucagon,
somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide are among the hormones
secreted by the pancreas.
 Insulin is a hormone that controls the amount of sugar in our blood. Insulin
secreted in little amounts raises blood sugar levels, resulting in diabetes
mellitus.

The Pineal Gland:

 The pineal gland generates the hormone melatonin and is located
towards the centre of the brain, dorsal to the diencephalon.
 Melatonin has an impact on reproductive development, wake and sleep
pattern modulation, and seasonal functions.

The Hypothalamus:
 The hypothalamus is a neuro-endocrine region of the brain that connects
the neurological and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland, which
secretes hormones like Somatostatin and Dopamine.

Parathyroid Glands:
 Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands embedded on the dorsal surface
of the thyroid gland in the neck are known as parathyroid glands.
 They secrete a hormone called parathormone. It aids in calcium and
phosphate ion control in the bones and blood.
  Tetany is caused by hyposecretion, while osteoporosis is caused by
hypersecretion.

The Thymus Gland:

 The thymus gland is located in the upper region of the sternum, in front
of the heart, and generates the hormone thymosin. It also aids in the
maturation of T-lymphocytes.
 The hormone testosterone is produced by the testes.
 Feedback systems control the timing and amount of hormones released.
For example, when blood sugar levels rise, the pancreatic cells sense it
and respond by creating more insulin. Insulin secretion decreases when
blood sugar levels fall.

The Nervous System

The nervous system works with multiple organs coming together to transfer the
electric signals from the brain to the other parts of the body. The neurons present
in the nervous system work as a functional and structural unit of the nervous
system.

Neuron
Neurons constitute three main parts, namely dendrites, Cyton, and Axon. The work
of dendrites is to receive the impulses from the other neurons. The Cyton will
process the impulse which dendrites have taken. Once the Cyton processes the
impulse, Axon switches the impulse to another neuron or the muscle and glands,
depending on the requirement.

Lastly, the Axon is of two types, the first one is myelinated, and the other one is
non-myelinated. The transfer of the impulse will be faster in the myelinated
neurons.

Different Parts of the Brain and their Importance

 Cerebrum: It is responsible for reasoning, logic, emotions, speech, memory,
auditory and taste stimuli, etc. if this part of the brain doesn't work correctly,
the individual might not be able to hear or speak.
 Cerebellum: We know these words may sound similar to students, but they
are named after different brain parts. The cerebellum is responsible for the
body's movements, such as walking, running, sitting, posture, and balance.
 Pons: This is the brain's relay network, which helps in transferring signals
from the hindbrain to the forebrain parts.
  Medulla Oblongata: This part of the brain controls all the involuntary
movements which our body does. The vomit you feel, the sneeze you make,
along with the yawn which you take all of it is regulated by the Medulla
Oblongata.
 This part of the brain will also continue to the spinal cord, which follows the
vertebral column and controls all the reflex actions that the human body
does.

Different Types of Nervous System in Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Notes

In Class 10 Chapter 6 science notes, we learn about three different types of
nervous systems, and all of them are explained in detail in this section.

Central Nervous Systems (CNS)

The notes of Chapter 6 Science Class 10 from Vednatu describe adequately how
the CNS, the part of our human body, is made from the spinal cord and brain.

The CNS is protected by 3 main layers:

 The bony skull (cranium)
 The cerebrospinal fluid
 The meninges (Dura mater, Arachnoid and Pia mater)

Peripheral Nervous System

These are the nerves that are given out by the brain and the spinal cord for the
human peripherals to work and coordinate with the brain. This nervous system
contains 12 cranial nerves along with 31 spinal nerves.

Somatic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system can be found in some parts of the Peripheral nervous
system. It is made from the nerves, which are responsible for the control of all the
voluntary actions.

Autonomic Nervous System

 The last nervous system in notes of control and coordination Class 10th is
ANS. All the nerves responsible for the human body's involuntary actions
are combined to form an autonomic nervous system.
 The ANS is divided into two parts, which are the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems.
 The sympathetic part of the ANS prepares the body for the intense physical
activity that the body is about to do.
  It is often the system responsible for the fight-or-flight decision-making.

Synapse
Synapse is the neuronal junction, a site where the two neurons change their
information through the electric impulse or a bridge between a neuron cell and the
human gland or muscle. Without the presence of Synapses in the neuron and the
muscles of a human body won't transfer and receive electrical impulses. As a
result, the muscle movement will not take place, and it will remain in the same state
forever.

Reflex Action
When a football is coming with a high speed right at you, you duck yourself and let
the football pass over you. You do it without even thinking twice, well, that's what
the reflex action is, and that's how it protects you from sudden accidents and
injuries. According to Chapter 6 science Class 10 notes, a reflex action is a sudden
action performed by the body in response to the stimuli. The path used for the
electrical impulse to serve the reflex action is called a reflex arc.

On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system works in the complete
opposite way. Thus, it makes your body feel relaxed and slows down many high
functioning parts of your body.

Important Topics of Class 10 Chapter 6

Detailed Structure of Topics Covered:

Topics Subtopics

 What happens in Reflex Actions?

 Human Brain
Animals – Nervous System
 How are these Tissues protected?
 How does the Nervous Tissue cause Action?

 Immediate Response to Stimulus

Coordination In Plants
 Movement Due to Growth

Hormones In Animals  Understanding Animal Hormones

Important Points of Class 10 Chapter 6 Control and Coordination

 Nervous System
1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of nerves that connect
the CNS to the rest of the body.
3. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system responsible for
transmitting impulses.
4. Reflex Action: Involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus.

 Brain Structure and Function

1. Cerebrum: Controls voluntary actions, intelligence, memory, and
senses.
2. Cerebellum: Maintains balance and coordinates muscular activities.
3. Medulla Oblongata: Regulates involuntary actions like breathing and
heart rate.

 Endocrine System:
a. Hormones: Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands.
b. Pituitary Gland: The "master gland" that controls other endocrine
glands.
c. Thyroid Gland: Produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.
d. Pancreas: Produces insulin, which controls blood sugar levels.
Adrenal Glands: Produce adrenaline, which helps the body respond
to stress.
 Coordination in Plants:
a. Tropism: Directional movement responding to a stimulus (e.g.,
phototropism, geotropism).
b. Nastic Movements: Non-directional responses to stimuli (e.g., touch
response in Mimosa).
c. Plant Hormones: Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and
ethylene regulate growth and responses.
Importance of Revision Notes for Class 10 Control and
Coordination
 Vedantu’s Revision Notes for Class 10 Science Chapter 6, "Control and
Coordination," provides in-depth explanations of essential concepts such as
the nervous system, hormones, and reflex actions, ensuring a
comprehensive understanding of how organisms control and coordinate
their activities.
 It offer detailed and step-by-step solutions that simplify complex processes
involved in the nervous and endocrine systems.
 Class 10 Science Ch 6 includes diagrams and illustrations that make
learning about neurons, synapses, and different glands more visual and
easier to understand.
 This Notes aligns with the CBSE curriculum, ensuring that students cover
the topics and concepts required for their academic year.
  Vedantu also offers additional study materials such as class notes, important
concepts, and exemplar solutions to reinforce learning and ensure a solid
grasp of the subject matter.
Tips for Learning the Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Control and
Coordination
 Focus on core processes with illustrations and examples.

 Draw and label diagrams for clarity.

 Create brief summaries of each process.
 Connect concepts to everyday examples.
 Solve past exam questions to test understanding.

 Explain concepts to others to reinforce learning.

 Revisit material frequently to retain information. Utilise platforms like
Vedantu for additional support.