Đọc 5

THOMAS EDISON
On the night of 21 October 1931, millions of Americans took part in a coast-to-coast ceremony to
commemorate the
passing of a great man…….

19. A. turned out B. came off C. went out D. put off c WENT OUT
20. A. marked B. distinguished C. noted D. indicated a MARKED
21. A. whole B. full C. entire D. all d ALL
22. A. put B. had C. served D. set b HAD
23. A. effect B. place C. role D. share c ROLE

24. A. underestimate B.lower C. decrease D. mislead a UNDERESTIMATE

25. A. creates B. shapes C. dreams D. forms c DREAMS

26. A. gain B. make C. achieve D. get b MAKE
27. A. announcing B. informing C. instructing D. notifying a ANNOUNCING
28. A. by far B. at least C. even though D. for all b AT LEAST
29. A. notice B. regard C. attention D. view a NOTICE
30. A. gathered B. caught C. drawn D. received d RECEIVED

A stumbling block
However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes
up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small
table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next
summer.
Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.
TRUE
Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels’s system.
NOT GIVEN
The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its………………..

SIZE

Avoiding pollution can be a fulltime job. Try not to inhale traffic fumes; keep away from chemical
plants and building-sites; wear a mask when cycling. It is enough to make you want to stay at home.
But that, according to a growing body of scientific evidence, would also be a bad idea. Research
shows that levels of pollutants such as hazardous gases, particulate matter and other chemical
‘nasties’ are usually higher indoors than out, even in the most polluted cities. Since the average
American spends 18 hours indoors for every hour outside, it looks as though many environmentalists
may be attacking the wrong target.
In the paragraph the writer suggests that…….
there are several ways to avoid city pollution.

Across the Palaeolithic age - which covers the period between 2.6 million and 10,000years ago -
prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both. For men, this would have meant lots of walking or
jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent struggles, and long walks
home carrying the kill. Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent
many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children. If modern
hunter-gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and
travelled 15 kilometres or more on each trip. Women may have gathered food every two or three
days. There would also have been plenty of other regular physical activities for both sexes such as
skinning animals and tool making, and probably dancing.
Cordain compares modern hunter-gatherer societies to Paleolithic societies in terms of
their…..
resistance to certain fatal illnesses

A few years ago, publishers lost confidence and wanted to make books more like television, the
medium that frightened them most,’ says children’s book critic Julia Eccleshare. ‘But books aren’t
TV, and you will find that children always say that the good thing about books is that you can see
them in your head. Children are demanding readers,’ she says. ‘If they don’t get it in two pages,
they’ll drop it.’
No more are children’s authors considered mere sentimentalists or failed adult writers. 'Some feted
adult writers would kill for the sales,’ says Almond, who sold 42,392 copies of Skellig in 1999 alone.
And advances seem to be growing too: UK publishing outfit Orion recently negotiated a six-figure
sum from US company Scholastic for The Seeing Stone, a children's novel by Kevin Crossley-
Holland, the majority of which will go to the author.
Which company has just invested heavily in an unpublished children’s book?
Orion

A war has been going on for almost a hundred years between the sheep farmers of Australia and the
dingo, Australia’s wild dog. To protect their livelihood, the farmers built a wire fence, 3,307 miles of
continuous wire mesh, reaching from the coast of South Australia all the way to the cotton fields of
eastern Queensland, just short of the Pacific Ocean.
Why was the fence built?
to protect the Australian wool industry

Art De Vany is 62, but physical fitness tests three years ago showed he had the body of a 32-year-
old. Although De Vany is sceptical of such assessments, he knows he's in good shape. His former
career as a professional baseball player may have something to do with it, but he attributes his
physical prowess to an, exercise regime inspired by the lifestyles of our Palaeolithic ancestors.
What do you learn about Art De Vany in the paragraph?
He is older than he appears to be.

By 870, the Vikings were settling Iceland. In 980, an Icelandic assembly found a man named Eric
“the Red” Ericson guilty of murder and sent him into exile. Eric the Red responded by sailing to a
large island to the west, which he called “Greenland.” An Icelandic saga mentions that people would
be attracted to go to Greenland if it had a favorable2 name. Around 998, Eric the Red’s son, Leif “the
Lucky” Ericson, and a small Viking fleet sailed west to North America. There they established the
first European settlement in the New World, called “Vinland.”

When was Eric the Red convicted of a crime?

980
When did Vikings establish a fort in Ireland?

841

Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green
bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States. After flying some 2,000 kilometers north
from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their
eggs, and raise the chicks. A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season. Quality, not
quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction.

According to the passage, in what circumstances do hummingbirds build a second nest?

If the eggs are destroyed early in the season

The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to…….

X Females male hummingbirds

The word "clear" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to…..

X unobstructed
The word "counts" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to….

matters

COURSE GUIDELINES
Assignments
Coursework assignments will involve the production of an artefact (something shaped by human
beings rather than by nature) OR an investigation of some kind followed by a report. This is to
demonstrate the relevance of your study to society today. If you opt to produce an artefact, (e.g. a
working model or piece of machinery) you will also be expected to provide some written explanation
of how and why you produced it
A working model must be accompanied by………of some sort.
written explanation
As well as being cost effective, the method chosen must also be…………………

Safe

In order to understand the purpose of the assignment, students are advised to

read…………….

the syllabus document

To avoid handing the assignment in late, it is suggested that students…………

work plan backwards

Topics must be based on……………

a real-life problem

There are………types of assignment to choose from.

CLASSIC TOURS - coach break information

Luggage
We ask you to keep luggage down to one medium-sized suitcase per person, but a small holdall can
also be taken on board the coach.
Entertainment is available…….
Entertainment is available……
X at all hotels. if there is the demand

It may be necessary to pay extra for……..

X additional luggage

If you want to sit at the front of the coach…….

book your seat well in advance

If you need a special diet you should……

If you need a special diet you should
tell the coach company.

Your air tickets……

X will be enclosed with other documents.

X must be collected before leaving

With every booking Classic Tours guarantee you will be able to……

take hand luggage on the coach.

Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people
who need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine
had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term. Studies of runners and
cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting
sports drinks.
People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,
headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately, these
symptoms last only a day or two in most cases. Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory
side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups
of coffee a day does not harm healthy people. There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine
and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet.
Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal…….
are usually short-lived.

Some athletes use caffeine to…..

increase their endurance.

De Vany's advice to the modern exercise freak is to cut duration and frequency, and increase
intensity. 'Our muscle fibre composition reveals that we are adapted to extreme intensity of effort,'
says De Vany, a professor of economics at the Institute of Mathematical Behavioral Sciences at the
University of California, Irvine. His approach to fitness combines Darwinian thinking with his interest
in chaos theory and complex systems.

In the paragraph, De Vany recommends that people should….

exercise harder but for less time.

What term does De Vany use to describe his approach to physicalexercise?

evolutionary fitness

Which type of activity does de Vany criticise as being harmful?

aerobic exercise

Which type of exercise does De Vany practise on a regular basis?

X hitting softballs x trekking

De Vany views the body as non-linear and dynamic and says exercise should mix order and chaos.
'Chronic aerobic exercise overstrains the heart, reducing the chaotic variation in the heart rate which
is essential to health,' he says. Likewise, most weight training is governed too much by routine and is
too timeconsuming. He gives his own workout a chaotic character with ascending weights and
descending repetitions. To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other
activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration. These include roller blading, bicycling, walking,
sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and trekking with a grandson on his
shoulders.

Which TWO opposing factors does De Vany say an exercise programmeshould include?

X ascending weights and descending repetitions

order and chaos

To appreciate this unusual outback I monument and to meet the people whose livelihoods depend
on it, I spent part of an Australian autumn travelling the wire. It’s known by different names in
different states: the Dog Fence in South Australia, the Border Fence in New South Wales and the
Barrier Fence in Queensland. I would call it simply the Fence.
For most of its prodigious length, this epic fence winds like a river across a landscape that, unless a
big rain has fallen, scarcely has rivers. The eccentric route, prescribed mostly by property lines,
provides a sampler of outback topography: the Fence goes over; sand dunes, past salt lakes, up and
down rock-strewn hills, through dense scrub and across barren plains.
How does the author feel about the fence?
impressed

This new science, which De Vany calls evolutionary fitness, is part of growing efforts to understand
how the human body has been shaped by evolution, and to use this knowledge to improve our
health and fitness. Proponents believe the key lies in the lifestyle of our hunter-gatherer ancestors
because, they say, the vast majority of the human genome is still adapted to an ancient rhythm of life
which swung between intense periods of activity and long stretches of inertia.

Which one of the following does the writer highlight when discussing the lifestyle of our
Palaeolithic ancestors

the predictable frequency of physical activity

Which one of the following does the writer highlight when discussing the lifestyle of our
Palaeolithic ancestors?

the sudden movements required during their daily activities

Which one of the following does the writer highlight when discussing the lifestyle of our
Palaeolithic ancestors?

the difficulties involved in finding food

Our Palaeolithic ancestors were constantly active.

FALSE

The aim of such research is not, however, to encourage the use of gas masks when unloading the
washing. Instead, it is to bring a sense of perspective to the debate about pollution. According to Dr
Corsi, disproportionate effort is wasted campaigning against certain forms of outdoor pollution, when
there is as much or more cause for concern indoors, right under people’s noses.
As a result of their experiments, Dr Corsi’s team found that ………
indoor pollution rivals outdoor pollution

The latest study, conducted by two environmental engineers, Richard Corsi and Cynthia Howard-
Reed, of the University of Texas in Austin, and published in Environmental Science and Technology,
suggests that it is the process of keeping clean that may be making indoor pollution worse. The
researchers found that baths, showers, dishwashers and washing machines can all be significant
sources of indoor pollution, because they extract trace amounts of chemicals from the water that
they use and transfer them to the air.
The Corsi research team hypothesised that…..
pollution is caused by dishwashers and baths.
The implications of indoor pollution for health are unclear. But before worrying about the problems
caused by large-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale pollution at home and
welcome international debate about this. Scientists investigating indoor pollution will gather next
month in Edinburgh at the Indoor Air conference to discuss the problem. Perhaps unwisely, the
meeting is being held indoors.

Regarding the dangers of pollution, the writer believes that….

there is a need for rational discussion

The Fence is Australia’s version of the Great Wall of China, but even longer, erected to keep out
hostile invaders, in this case hordes of yellow dogs. The empire it preserves is that of the
woolgrowers, sovereigns of the world’s second largest sheep flock, after China’s - some 123 million
head - and keepers of a wool export business worth four billion dollars.

The fence serves a different purpose in each state.

X NOT GIVEN FALSE

Why did the author visit Australia?

because he was interested in life around the fence

On what point do the conservationists and politicians agree?

The fence poses a threat to the environment

These stories of killer bees in the news in recent years have attracted a lot of attention as bees have made
their way from South America to North America. Killer bees are reputed to be extremely aggressive in nature,
although experts say that their aggression may have been somewhatinflated.

A “hybrid" in paragraph 2 is

a mixture

It is stated in the passage that killer bees

are less aggressive than African bees

It can be inferred from the passage that the killer bee

X was carried from Africa to Brazil in 1955

X was a predecessor of the African bee

The word “inflated” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

Exaggerated

The main idea of this passage is that killer bees

are not as aggressive as their reputation suggests

The pronoun "They" in paragraph 3 refers to

 X killer bees experts

Why were African bees considered beneficial?

X They produced an unusual type of honey.

The woolgrowers’ war against dingoes, which is similar to the sheep ranchers’ rage against coyotes
in the US, started not long after the first European settlers disembarked in 1788, bringing with them
a cargo of sheep. Dingoes officially became outlaws in 1830 when governments placed a bounty on
their heads. Today bounties for problem dogs killing sheep inside the Fence can reach $500. As
pioneers penetrated the interior with their flocks of sheep, fences replaced shepherds until, by the
end of the 19th century, thousands of miles of barrier fencing crisscrossed the vast grazing lands.
‘The dingo started out as a quiet observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant Animal: The
Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on the continent.’ It is
estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have increased a hundredfold.
Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts of Australia, an educated guess puts the
population at more than a million.
When did the authorities first acknowledge the dingo problem?
1830

There is a common expression in English language referring to a blue moon. When people say that
something happens "only once in blue moon,” they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a
great while. This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references
to this expression that date from the second half of the nineteenth century.

A blue moon could best be described as

a full moon that is not blue in color

According to the passage, the moon actually looked blue

after large volcanic eruptions

How many blue moons would there most likely be in a century?

X 70

How long has the expression “once in a blue moon" been around?

For more than 100 years

This passage is about..........

an idiomatic expression

The expression "given rise to” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by

spurred the creation of

The word “hue" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

color
Which of the following might be the date of a “blue moon"?

X February 28 December 31

Though most children are not diagnosed with dyslexia until they enter the school system, there are
some early signs of the disability. Toddlers who talk much later than average, have difficulty learning
new words, or do not understand the concept of rhyming may develop other dyslexic symptoms. As
children begin school, teachers are trained to look for warning signs, such as an inability to
recognize2 letters or spaces between words on a page or difficulty following instructions given with
more than one command at a time. Properly screening children for dyslexia is important since other
factors can limit reading abilities, including vision or hearing impairment, anxiety, or other
neurological problems.
Which of the following is the sign of dyslexia mentioned in the passage?
trouble with new vocabulary

Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular
tourist destination. Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the
173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province
of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S. side of the river in the state of New
York. Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe
Falls, with the rest going over American Falls.

According to the passage, why was Niagara Park created?

To protect the area around Niagara Falls

According to the passage, which of the following best describes Niagara Falls?

The Niagara River has two falls, one in Canada and one in the United States

A "steamer” in paragraph 2 is probably

A boat

The word “jurisdiction" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

control
The word "flock” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by

come in large numbers

The expression “right up” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by

all the way up

The passage implies that tourists prefer to

visit Niagara Falls during warmer weather

What is the major point that the author is making in this passage?

It has been necessary to protect Niagara Falls from the many tourists who go there.
No more are children’s authors considered mere sentimentalists or failed adult writers. 'Some feted
adult writers would kill for the sales,’ says Almond, who sold 42,392 copies of Skellig in 1999 alone.
And advances seem to be growing too: UK publishing outfit Orion recently negotiated a six-figure
sum from US company Scholastic for The Seeing Stone, a children's novel by Kevin Crossley-
Holland, the majority of which will go to the author.
It helps that once smitten, children are loyal and even fanatical consumers. Author Jacqueline
Wilson says that children spread news of her books like a bushfire. ‘My average reader is a girl of
ten,’ she explains. ‘They’re sociable and acquisitive. They collect. They have parties - where books
are a good present. If they like something, they have to pass it on.’ After Rowling, Wilson is currently
the best-selling children’s writer, and her sales have boomed over the past three years. She has sold
more than three million books, but remains virtually invisible to adults, although most ten- year-old
girls know about her.
Who is currently the best-selling children’s writer?
X Wilson

People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms,
headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately, these
symptoms last only a day or two in most cases.

Drinking three cups of coffee a day……..

will probably not cause problems.

Perhaps best known as fierce warriors, the Vikings were also the most far-ranging of peoples. In
fact, the term Viking, in Old Norse, means “to go on an expedition.” From the late 700s until the
eleventh century, Viking explorers journeyed from their native Norway, Denmark, and Sweden to
many distant lands. They traveled1 as far west as Newfoundland in present-day Canada, and as far
east as Baghdad.
Those from Norway sailed west to the British Isles, and eventually across the Atlantic Ocean. During
their first expedition, in 793, a force of Viking warriors sacked the famed abbey at Lindisfarne, on
England’s northeast coast. In the 800s, groups of raiders went on to occupy the Shetland Islands,
north of the British Isles and west of Norway, and the Orkney Islands off northern Scotland.
When did Viking warriors raid an abbey on the coast of England?
793

Vikings from Denmark, meanwhile, ravaged large swaths of England and France. In 866, a Viking
“Great Army” landed in England, occupying much of the country’s north and east. They forced the
English king to acknowledge their control of much of England under the so-called Danelaw. To the
west, they conquered coastal portions of Ireland, and in 841 founded Dublin, today a major Irish city,
but originally a Viking fort.

When did Viking warriors defeat an English king?

1066
Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts
death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely
round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a
lightning bolt’s most inviting target.

According to the text, every year lightning…..

X kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.

EPRI receives financial support from

power companies

Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New Mexico…..

receive funds from the same source.

The main topic discussed in the text is……..

a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes

Since the early eighties we have been only too aware of the devastating effects of large-scale
environmental pollution. Such pollution is generally the result of poor government planning in many
developing nations or the short-sighted, selfish policies of the already industrialised countries which
encourage a minority of the world’s population to squander the majority of its natural resources.

In the paragraph, the writer argues that pollution…..

is caused by human self-interest.

While events such as the deforestation of the Amazon jungle or the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl
continue to receive high media exposure, as do acts of environmental sabotage, it must be
remembered that not all pollution is on this grand scale. A large proportion of the world’s pollution
has its source much closer to home. The recent spillage of crude oil from an oil tanker accidentally
discharging its cargo straight into Sydney Harbour not only caused serious damage to the harbour
foreshores but also created severely toxic fumes which hung over the suburbs for days and left the
angry residents wondering how such a disaster could have been allowed to happen.
The Sydney Harbour oil spill was the result of a…..

ship refuelling in the harbour.

Caffeine is used to treat……..

headaches.

While many of caffeine’s undesirable effects, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, are
brief, some short-term benefits, including pain relief, increased alertness, and increased physical
endurance, have also been attributed to caffeine. As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet
pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more
quickly. By constricting blood vessels in the brain, it can alleviate headaches—even migraines—and
can help counter the drowsiness caused by antihistamines.
Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people
who need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine
had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term. Studies of runners and
cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting
sports drinks.
Caffeine can help some medications work faster.
TRUE
Caffeine is used to treat……..

headaches.

Read the text and decide that the statement is TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN
When you think about it, it's amazing that anyone gets away with a carefree holiday. It seems there
is limitless potential for things to go wrong, from flight delays and lost luggage to poor
accommodation.

A low-cost holiday should still offer some high-quality services.

TRUE

Photographs may help to support an argument about a holiday problem.

TRUE
Hotel staff can advise you on who you should complain to

NOT GIVEN
If you are not good at writing letters, find someone to help you

NOT GIVEN
Tour companies provide a satisfactory level of information to holiday-makers.

TRUE
The most common problem for holiday-makers is crowded airports.

FALSE
Solving problems can be hard work for the holiday-maker.

TRUE
Overall, holiday accommodation poses few problems.
 FALSE

Read the text and choose the best answer.

Bad behaviour
But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that
everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited
frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent.
Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.

FALSE
Bees do not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors.
Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that
reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar. Bees are also attracted to
flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell. Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted
to appeal to certain bee species: snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct
weight, opens—allowing access to the nectar and pollen.
Pollinators play a major role in agriculture. While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and
wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for
many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops. Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of
pollinator species. Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees
such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering
shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops
such as cotton. Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya),
butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and
hummingbirds (fuchsia).
Bees rarely respond to scent.

FALSE
Dyslexia, also referred to as “specific reading disability,” predominantly affects a person’s ability to
read and write. Dyslexics have difficulty connecting visual symbols (i.e., letters) with their
corresponding sounds. Many people who suffer from dyslexia also have trouble with enunciation,
organization, and short-term memory. Dyslexia is the most common learning disability in children. It
is not related to intellectual ability, vision, or access to education. Approximately 5-10 percent of
school-age children in North America suffer from the condition, with each case varying in severity.
Children are generally diagnosed with dyslexia during the elementary school years when they are
learning how to read and spell.
Dyslexia is a disorder related to intelligence.
FALSE
Dyslexia is usually diagnosed during a child’s first years of school.

TRUE
Determining the definite cause of dyslexia is a difficult task since studies of the morphology of the
brain are generally conducted in an autopsy. One hypothesis suggests that dyslexic children suffer
from “strabismus,” the tendency of the eyes to focus on two different points. When reading, for
example, one eye focuses on the beginning of the word and the other focuses on the end. This
theory could explain why dyslexics have difficulty reading. Many dyslexic children read letters and
words backwards, often mistaking a b for a d or reading was instead of saw. These reversals are
normal for children under the age of six, but indicate a problem if they persist beyond the early
elementary grades. Neurological research points to tiny flaws in the dyslexic brain called ectopias
and microgyria. These flaws alter the structure of the cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible
for connecting visual and audio processing. Genetic research, often in the form of twins studies,
shows that dyslexia may be passed on in families.
There is a tendency for dyslexia between twins.
X TRUE
People with dyslexia often read in reverse.

TRUE

Flowering plants have evolved a variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or
for otherwise making their work easier. Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the
day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing platform.” In contrast, many
moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong
fragrance, but also have broad areas to land on. Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and
have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to
certain species. Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers
that attract these tiny birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the
hummingbirds’ heads as they sip nectar.
Certain flowers have evolved to be pollinated by hummingbirds.
TRUE
He also argues that most people do not train the right muscles for that ultimately attractive - and
adaptive - quality of symmetry. 'Symmetry is a reliable evolutionary clue to health,' he says.
'Tumours and pathologies produce gross asymmetries, and our love of symmetry reflects the
reproductive success of our ancestors, who were sensitive to these clues.'

Female exercise programmes should vary according to the shape of the individual.

NOT GIVEN

Pollinators play a major role in agriculture. While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and
wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for
many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops.
Farmers in certain parts of the world have suffered economically because of the decline in
the honeybee population.
NOT GIVEN
Close to one third of the world’s harvest depends on animals for pollination.

TRUE
Plants have evolved a variety of methods to entice pollinators to do their work. Many produce nectar,
a sugary substance that pollinators use as food. A well- known example is the honeybee, which
collects nectar as well as pollen for food. When a bee enters one flower, it brushes against the
anther, and pollen grains are picked up by the surface of its body.
Honeybees eat both nectar and pollen.

TRUE
To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to
understand the consequences of those decisions. One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on
the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA). This is a tool for predicting the probability that a
species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period

A link exist between the consequences of decisions and the decision making process itself.

X NOT GIVEN

A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.

FALSE

Extinction is a naturally occurring phenomenon.

NOT GIVEN
Scientists are interested in the effect of forestry on native animals.

TRUE
PVA has been used in Australia for many years.

X NOT GIVEN FALSE

‘The dingo started out as a quiet observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant Animal: The
Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on the continent.’ It is
estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have increased a hundredfold.
Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts of Australia, an educated guess puts the
population at more than a million.
Eventually government officials and graziers agreed that one well-maintained fence, placed on the
outer rim of sheep country and paid for by taxes levied on woolgrowers, should supplant the maze of
private netting. By 1960, three states joined their barriers to form a single dog fence.
Dingoes are known to attack humans.
Not GIVEN
Dingoes have flourished as a result of the sheep industry.

TRUE

The Fence stays away from towns. Where it passes near a town, it has actually become a tourist
attraction visited on bus tours. It marks the traditional dividing line between cattle and sheep. Inside,
where the dingoes are legally classified as vermin, they are shot, poisoned and trapped. Sheep and
dingoes do not mix and the Fence sends that message mile after mile.

The fence is only partially successful.

TRUE
The fence serves a different purpose in each state.

FALSE

The dingo is indigenous to Australia.

FALSE

The intense private battles between woolgrowers and dingoes have usually served to define the
Fence only in economic terms. It marks the difference between profit and loss. Yet the Fence casts a
much broader ecological shadow for it has become a kind of terrestrial dam, deflecting the flow of
animals inside and out. The ecological side effects appear most vividly at Sturt National Park. In
1845, explorer Charles Sturt led an expedition through these parts on a futile search for an inland
sea. For Sturt and other early explorers, it was a rare event to see a kangaroo. Now they are
ubiquitous for without a native predator the kangaroo population has exploded inside the Fence.
Kangaroos are now cursed more than dingoes. They have become the rivals of sheep, competing
for water and grass. In response state governments cull* more than three million kangaroos a year
to keep Australia’s national symbol from overrunning the pastoral lands. Park officials, who
recognise that the fence is to blame, respond to the excess of kangaroos by saying ‘The fence is
there, and we have to live with it.’
Kangaroos have increased in number because of the fence.
TRUE

The hunter-gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than
men, says De Vany. 'Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come
across it. They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds. And have you ever seen how
much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?'

The importance of genetic differences in deciding on an exercise programme is minimal.

TRUE
Geographical features have played a role inhumanphysical development.

TRUE

Though it is properly classified as a learning disability, dyslexia is commonly mistaken for a

behavioral disorder. Dyslexic children often exhibit behavior that seems abnormal but is caused by
frustration at their own inability to perform at the same level as their peers. Some studies show that
attention deficit disorder co-occurs with dyslexia in up to 50 percent of cases. In general, behavioral
problems decline as dyslexic students are diagnosed and begin to receive treatment.
Other learning disabilities are neurologically linked to dyslexia, including dyscalculia, dysgraphia,
and dyspraxia. People who suffer from dyscalculia can usually perform difficult mathematical tasks,
but have trouble with formulas or basic addition and subtraction. Dysgraphia prevents people from
writing in an organized manner. Dyspraxia impedes the performance of routine tasks that involve
balance and fine motor skills.
Dyslexia in children is often accompanied by behavioral problems.
 TRUE
People with dysgraphia have difficulty with math.

FALSE

Read the text and match the car-hire websites to the statement

Hiring a Car Online

It is possible to see what the cars look like.

Hot.org

Assistance is provided with some holiday routes.

Cash.com.uk

The site is suited to people with up-to-date hardware.

Cheapandcheerful.net.uk

You will get cheaper car hire if you have used the company before.

Cutprice.com

In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the
extinction of a species. Match the process to the suitable paragraph.

A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an
individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance.

An imblance of the sexes.

Paragraph B

The haphazard nature of reproduction.

Paragraph A

Natural disasters.

Paragraph D

Loss of ability to adapt.

Paragraph C

Although the metabolism myth has been completely disproved, science has far from discounted our
genes as responsible for making us whatever weight we are, fat or thin. One of the world's leading
obesity researchers, geneticist Professor Stephen O'Rahilly, goes so far as to say we are on the
threshold of a complete change in the way we view not only morbid obesity, but also everyday
overweight. Prof. O'Rahilly's groundbreaking work in Cambridge has proven that obesity can be
caused by our genes. 'These people are not weak- willed, slothful or lazy,' says Prof. O'Rahilly,
'They have a medical condition due to a genetic defect and that causes them to be obese.'
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
New perspective on the horizon

Choose the most suitable headings for the paragraph.

An intellectual breakthrough, brilliant though it may be, does not automatically ensure that the
transition is made from theory to practice. Despite the fact that rockets had been used sporadically
for several hundred years, they remained a relatively minor artefact of civilisation until the twentieth
century. Prodigious efforts, accelerated during two world wars, were required before the technology
of primitive rocketry could be translated into the reality of sophisticated astronauts. It is strange that
the rocket was generally ignored by writers of fiction to transport their heroes to mysterious realms
beyond the Earth, even though it had been commonly used in fireworks displays in China since the
thirteenth century. The reason is that nobody associated the reaction principle with the idea of
travelling through space to a neighbouring world.
How the reaction principle

Children’s books are surprisingly relevant to contemporary life. Provided they are handled with care,
few topics are considered off-limits for children. One senses that children’s writers relish the chance
to discuss the whole area of topics and language. But Anne Fine, author of many award- winning
children’s books is concerned that the British literati still ignore children’s culture. ‘It’s considered
worthy but boring,’ she says.
What is the main idea of this paragraph?
the undervaluing of children’s society

Read the text and choose the most suitable heading.

Despite the $500 million a year Australians spend trying to lose weight and the $830 million it costs
the community in health care, obesity is at epidemic proportions here, as it is in all Western nations.
Until recently, research and treatment for obesity had concentrated on behaviour modification, drugs
to decrease appetite and surgery. How the drugs worked was often not understood and many
caused severe side effects and even death in some patients. Surgery for obesity has also claimed
many lives.
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
Hidden dangers

Essays, whether written as part of a secondary school programme or further education course, are
designed to test your thinking, writing and study skills. Creative essays offer you the freedom to
demonstrate your abilities to communicate effectively. Analytical essays, on the other hand, will
require you to show that you have researched the topic and drawn on the work of others to come to
your conclusion.

Read the text and choose the most suitable heading.

Types of essay and their purpose

Less than three years ago, doom merchants were predicting that the growth in video games and the
rise of the Internet would sound the death knell for children’s literature. But contrary to popular myth,
children are reading more books than ever. A recent survey by Books Marketing found that children
up to the age of 11 read on average for four hours a week, particularly girls.
What is the main idea of this paragraph?
an inaccurate forecast regarding the reading habits of children

On the other side of the Atlantic, Prof. O'Rahilly read about this research with great excitement. For
many months two blood samples had lain in the bottom of his freezer, taken from two extremely
obese young cousins. He hired a doctor to develop a test for leptin in human blood, which eventually
resulted in the discovery that neither of the children's blood contained the hormone. When one
cousin was given leptin, she lost a stone in weight and Prof. O'Rahilly made medical history. Here
was the first proof that a genetic defect could cause obesity in humans. But leptin deficiency turned
out to be an extremely rare condition and there is a lot more research to be done before the 'magic'
cure for obesity is ever found.
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
A very uncommon complaint

Obesity is a huge problem in many Western countries and one which now attracts considerable
medical interest as researchers take up the challenge to find a 'cure' for the common condition of
being seriously overweight. However, rather than take responsibility for their weight, obese people
have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow metabolism, a genetic hiccup which
sentences more than half the Australian population (63% of men and 47% of women) to a life of
battling with their weight. The argument goes like this: it doesn't matter how little they eat, they gain
weight because their bodies break down food and turn it into energy more slowly than those with a
so-called normal metabolic rate.
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
Shifting the blame

Once you have collected your source material you should then sketch out a plan. Begin by writing
three or four sentences, which provide a summary of the essay. You can amend or add to the plan
as you proceed and it provides a useful scaffold for your essay. It also ensures that you cover all the
main themes and that your essay focuses on the question. Ideally you should plan to examine the
question from all sides, presenting various views before reaching a conclusion based on the
evidence.

Writing a framework

'This is nonsense,' says Dr Susan Jebb from the Dunn Nutrition Unit at Cambridge in England.
Despite the persistence of this metabolism myth, science has known for several years that the exact
opposite is in fact true. Fat people have faster metabolisms than thin people. 'What is very clear,'
says Dr Jebb, 'is that overweight people actually burn off more energy. They have more cells, bigger
hearts, bigger lungs and they all need more energy just to keep going.'
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
Expert explains energy requirements of obese people

‘People still tell me, “Children don’t read nowadays”,’ says David Almond, the award-winning author
of children’s books such as Skellig. The truth is that they are skilled, creative readers. When I do
classroom visits, they ask me very sophisticated questions about use of language, story structure,
chapters and dialogue.’ No one is denying that books are competing with other forms of
entertainment for children’s attention but it seems as though children find a special kind of mental
nourishment within the printed page.
What is the main idea of this paragraph?
the fact that children are able to identify and discuss the important elements of fiction

The concept of the rocket, or rather the mechanism behind the idea of propelling an object into the
air, has been around for well over two thousand years. However, it wasn’t until the discovery of the
reaction principle, which was the key to space travel and so represents one of the great milestones
in the history of scientific thought, that rocket technology was able to develop. Not only did it solve a
problem that had intrigued man for ages, but, more importantly, it literally opened the door to
exploration of the universe.

Choose the most suitable headings for the paragraph.

The impact of the reaction principle

In Australia, the University of Sydney's Professor Ian Caterson says while major genetic defects may
be rare, many people probably have minor genetic variations that combine to dictate weight and are
responsible for things such as how much we eat, the amount of exercise we do and the amount of
energy we need. When you add up all these little variations, the result is that some people are
genetically predisposed to putting on weight. He says while the fast/slow metabolism debate may
have been settled, that doesn't mean some other subtle change in the metabolism gene won't be
found in overweight people. He is confident that science will, eventually, be able to 'cure' some forms
of obesity but the only effective way for the vast majority of overweight and obese people to lose
weight is a change of diet and an increase in exercise.
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
X New perspective on the horizon

Lifestyle change required despite new findings

It took only one night, spent in a sealed room at the Dunn Unit to disabuse one of their patients of
the beliefs of a lifetime: her metabolism was fast, not slow. By sealing the room and measuring the
exact amount of oxygen she used, researchers were able to show her that her metabolism was not
the culprit. It wasn't the answer she expected and probably not the one she wanted but she took the
news philosophically.
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
Proof of the truth

It is important to keep the essay relevant and to provide some examples, quotations, illustrations,
diagrams or maps wherever appropriate. However, it is equally important to avoid the temptation to
pad your essay with unwanted information: this wastes your time and undermines the relevant parts
of the essay. In coursework and assessment essays not written under examination conditions, do
not forget to acknowledge your sources in a bibliography.

X Allocating your personal resources

It has long been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating
hunger, among other things. But it wasn't until 1994 that Professor Jeffery Friedman from
Rockerfeller University in the US sent science in a new direction by studying an obese mouse. Prof.
Friedman found that unlike its thin brothers, the fat mouse did not produce a hitherto unknown
hormone called leptin. Manufactured by the fat cells, leptin acts as a messenger, sending signals to
the hypothalamus to turn off the appetite. Previously, the fat cells were thought to be responsible
simply for storing fat. Prof. Friedman gave the fat mouse leptin and it lost 30% of its body weight in
two weeks.
What is the the most suitable heading for the paragraph?
Rodent research leads the way

Use a variety of relevant background texts, refer to your lecture notes and heed any advice given by
your lecturer. When you collect material, always ask yourself what questions need to be answered
and then take good notes in your own words. Begin notes on each source on a new page and do not
forget to record details of the author, title of the book and date of publication. Remember that
copying words from another writer's work without acknowledging the source constitutes the serious
crime of plagiarism.

Read the text and choose the most suitable heading.

Gathering source material