FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR SS1

CIVIC EDUCATION

WEEK TOPIC

1 INTRODUCTION TO CIVIC EDUCATION

- Meaning and needs for civic education

- Objectives/reasons for civic education in schools
- Importance of civic education
2 VALUE

- Definition of values and its source

- Types of values/basic human values justice selfishness, honesty
- Types of values continued – integrity, faithfulness self-control
- Importance of Values
3 ACCEPTABLE SOCIETAL VALUES EXPECTATION

- JUSTICE AND SELFLESSNESS

- Opportunity to defend oneself

4 COMMUNITY SERVICE AND ITS VALUES

- Practical involvement in the community services

- Importance of community service
- Project work
5 HIV / AIDS

- Meaning of HIV/AIDS and its differences

- Cause, drivers, and mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS
- Signs, symptoms and effects of HIV/AIDS
6 HIV/AIDS

- Preventive measures of HIV/AIDS e.g. condom

- How to care for people with HIV/AIDS
- Stigmatization of PLWHA (people living with HIV/AIDS)
7 YOUTH EMPOWERMENT

- Definition of the concept of youth empowerment

- Various youth empowerment skills, life coping manipulative skills
intellectuals, other youth empowerment skills
- Communicative skills
- Artistic skills
8 IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF YOUTH EMPOWERMENT SKILLS

- Guiding students in acquiring a specific skill e.g. ICT, Carpentry

- Demonstrating or practicing a specific skill

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 - Problems of youth empowerment
9 GOALS OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION (cont.)

- Meaning of citizenship, acquisition of citizenship

- Definition of goals of citizenship education, acquisition, knowledge, right
attitude, values etc.
10 GOALS OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION (cont.)

- Meaning of government
- Structure of government
- Functions of government
11 NATIONALISM (Definition)

- Different local/world civic problems

- Effects of nationalism in Nigeria
12 – 13 REVISION AND EXAMINATION

REFERENCES

MODERN CIVIC EDUCATION FOR SENOIR SECONDARY SCHOOOLS by S. Ndudim 1st Published (2012)

WEEK ONE

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CIVIC EDUCATION

Civic education of citizenship education is that subject that teach Nigeria youths their duties and
right to become good followers and responsible future leaders. It indicates in them the right values,
positive attitudes and behaviour that are embraced in the society.

Civic education expose students to necessary awareness of democratic values that will enable them
make useful contribution to social – political development of their nation in particular and the world
at large.

NEEDS FOR CIVIC EDUCATION

1. It inculcates in its scholars the relevance of nationalism and patriotism as well as solution to
the multi – dimensional problems of Nigeria.
2. It inculcates in them the consciousness and awareness of democratic values, social political
institutions and citizens rights and duties to the society.
3. To assist the governments in serving the citizens well by providing basic infrastructural
facilities that will rise their standard of living.
4. To re-orientates the citizens to imbibe positive values that will assist the economic growth
and development throughout the nation

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 5. To educate citizens on how to fight for their right if any government goes contrary to the
constitution.

OBJECTIVES OF CIVIC EDUCATION IN SCHOOLS

The school is a place where students come to acquire knowledge for potential actualization and self
development. The following are the importance of civic education in schools:

a. To receive instruction and learn about emergency of issues; so that student will be able to
solve them.
b. To emphasize the instruction of government, its functions and responsibilities to the people
and vice-versa.
c. To promote inter-relationship between man/woman, man/man, woman/woman, the
government and the society.
d. To assist the student in acquiring knowledge, attitudes, values and basic skills to become
responsible and disciplined citizens.
e. To enable student realise day to day societal living at their critical age of thinking and
reasoning about the happenings around them.
f. To enable student raise up and defend the course of justice when the government fails to
perture their duties.

IMPORTANCE OF CIVIC EDUCATION TO NATION BUILDING

Nation building involves promoting national unity, national intergrity and national consciousness.
Thereby enhancing national development for a country to develop, the citizens must know their
rights and responsibilities and how to fight for those rights when violated by government or
individual

The following are the importance of citizen education

1. It moves citizens to be particular in politics and social economic activities of the country.
2. It enables students to understand the government and as a result take part in the decision
moving process of the country.
3. It reminds the student that democracy is the best form of government and by this, citizens
are able to form pillars of democracy across the Nation.
4. It enables its scholars to acquire positive values that will assist them to be well behaved,
courageous and responsible in their activities and relationship with members of the society.

WEEK TWO

TOPIC: VALUES

Values can be defined as the monetary and non – monetary worth of a thing, but it is appropriates
to define in the perspective of the subject matter – civic education. We may define it as the esteem
quality of or importance which a person or group give to certain ideas or belief accepted and
maintained by individual and the society they live in. value again can be the setoff moral principle
and standard guiding our interactions with people in the society.

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Value points out things that are good and constructive and this should be these instilled in a good or
a active citizens. It solves human and societal problems like; corruption, terrorisms, cultism,
thuggery, robbery etc. Its emanates from what a group or society accept as a standard of behaviour
and ideals as it sources include the family, the environment, its people and so on.

TYPES OF VALUE

The following are types or forms of values

a. Selflessness
b. Hard work
c. Discipline
d. Justice
e. Love
f. Contentment
g. Integrity etc.

GROUPS OF VALUE

Everything has a price and ore has to pay the right price to get ones need satisfied. We value the
things based on our needs and the needs depends on the basis our of value system.

According to awdhesh K. Singh, human values can be divided into six groups.

a. Individualistic Values: - every human being values himself or herself over everything in the
world. The modern world has been moving more and more towards individualistic values
were the interest of the individual is considered to be right and must be protected.
Everybody supports freedom because he or she has the right to decide what is good for
himself or herself.

Examples of individualistic values are adoration, affection, beauty, brilliance, cleanliness, freedom,
fun, honesty, discipline, eagerness, enjoyment, contentment, respect, self-control, etc.

b. Family values: - Every child cannot survive on his own. The support of the family is needed
for the growth of the child. Every member of the family lives like or unit and supports a new
born child till he becomes strong enough. The family is considered as the basic unit of every
society. The entire family value is maintained by custom, tradition and trust. Examples of
family values are wealth, wisdom, unity, fame, neatness resect, meekness etc.

c. Professional Values: - In the government and non-government organisations, people work in

them. They all have functions they perform and so a set of value is needed to keep them
going. The workers develop these values in their professions. The values, for example, of a
policeman are different from the values of a medical doctors or a teacher. Examples or these
professional values are achievement, bravery, calmness, courtesy, discipline, integrity,
punctuality etc.

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d. National Value: - The world today is divided into a number of countries and each country is
sovereign and independent. The values of the country are often produced in laws or in the
constitution. These laws seek to grant equality and justice to all citizens. The violation of
the country’s values is treated as criminal acts which are punished by the government.
Nigeria has some values which include discipline, integrity, patriotism, religious tolerance,
the national flag, national anthem, national pledge and the currency.

e. Moral Value: - Moral values are the standards of good and evil which govern an individual
behaviour and choices. When you separate right from wrong, good from bad, you are
talking about morals. The moral values are passed on from one generation to another by
tradition. The moral values are often more powerful to keep person on the right path than
the law. Examples of moral values are friendliness, kind brave, obedient, dignity,
trustworthy, honesty, loyal, care etc.

f. Spiritual values: - Spiritual values are values that are not created by man but by God. The
spiritual values do not change while human values can spiritual values unite all human
beings in this world. The spiritual values cannot be eliminated from man and these are
everywhere. Examples of spiritual values are love, compassion, justice, truth, holiness,
faith, devotion, trust, thankfulness, visions, spirituality etc.

IMPORTANCE OF VALUES

 They help in resisting pressure to conform to values we do not appreciate people of integrity
do not compromise their beliefs
 They help in gaol setting: goals are functions of our moral principles someone in the good
values will set goals that fall in line with his good principles.
 They make us influence others positively. Having a mentor or role model of integrity one
would as a result influence others positively

Assignment
Discuss at least four (4) values showing their attributes manifestation

WEEK THREE

ACCEPTABLE SOCIETAL VALUES - JUSTICE AND SELFLESSNESS

JUSTICE: This is being fair, reasonable and right in meeting people. It is the absence of favouritism,
bias or sentiment in dealing with issues of conflict between two or more people. From the foregoing
we can say that human society exist without justice and be at peace.

TYPES OF JUSTICE

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There are four types of justice

1. Distributive justice: this implies fair share i.e. fairness in what people receive on income, just
recompense

2. Procedure justice: this is using fair process in deciding goods or whatever is distributed. Its
absence can cause revolt where people demand for their right.

3. Restoration justice: it is otherwise referred to as restitution. It seeks to appease someone that has
been cheated or a heartfelt apology to writing a wrong by converting all justices done to persons or a
group of person.

4. Retributive justice: this is revenge, sought for when someone offends, aggrieve or betray another.
He wants the offender to suffer exactly what he has suffered.

IMPORTANCE OF JUSTICE

- It prevent unnecessary conflict among the people in the society

- It encourages good relationship and interaction in the society
- It promote peace in the society
- It makes all happy

SELFLESSNESS: This is the ability to work for and care for other people more than one self. Late
Chief Ganiyu Fawehinmi, got an unofficial titled Senior Advocate of the Masses (SAM) as he fought
and stood for justice and the eradication of man’s humanity against man.

IMPORTANCE OF SELFLESS ACTIVITIES

a. Conquers Pride: - Selfless people act out of motivation to do the right thing and help others.
By definition, selflessness cannot involve inflating our ego.

b. Expands our mind: - When we act only out of selfish motives we bind and limit ourselves.
Every action, we calculate how we might benefit. However, when we act through selfless
motives, we are something without serious thinking. This enables us to get joy from the
achievement of others. It also enables us to get joy from serving others.

c. Attractive: - Selflessness is attractive. When we are really selfless, our actions will be
appreciated in others.

d. True friendship: True friendship exists when we render selfless services to people. Real love
and friendship must involve a forgetting of self and a willingness to put others first.
Selflessness promotes real love and true friendship.

SOME PEOPLE INVOLVED IN SELFLESS ACTIVITES IN NIGERIA

Those involved in selfless activities in the country are many. The list is endless. We shall list few of
the.

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1. Chief ObafemiAwolowo

2. Sir Ahmadu Bello

3. Dr NnamdiAzikwe

4. Comrade Mohammed

5. Muritala Mohammed

6. Chief GaniFawehinmi

OPPORTUNITY TO DEFENT ONESELF

Judging an individual without listening to his side of the story brings unfairness, partiality and
injustice.

Self – defence is protecting oneself against attack or something adverse. It is the use of force to
protect oneself against someone attacking us. Every person should be security conscious in the
society, hence, we will be protected against sudden adversities.

BENEFITS OF OPPORTUNITY TO DEFEND ONESELF

1. It reduces conflict in the society: given the opportunity to defend oneself issues will be
amicably resolved without deteroriation.
2. It prevents injustice: judgement is passed based on content of parties defence.
3. It promotes peace in the society: the society is peaceful in justice and fairness.

HOW TO DEFEND ONESELF AGAINST BEING ATTACKED

1. Being careful about the type of people you keep as friends

2. Avoid night clubbing apart from the fact that you can be vulnerable to physical and emotional
attacks, you can be lured into hard drugs and other immoral acts which can jeopardise you future
dreams and aspirations.

3. Do not use sexually attractive or provocative diseases especially in the public

4. Do not receive gift especially when you are in doubt of the source and motive behind such gift

Assignment

(i) Explain five importance of defending one self

WEEK FOUR
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 COMMUNITY SERVICE

MEANING OF COMMUNITY SERVICE

Community Service is a donated service or activates that is performed by someone or a group of

people for the benefit of the public or its institutions. Community Services performed by youth are
also seen as youth service. Youth service is intended to strengthen young people’s sense of civic
engagement. This may help them to achieve their educational, developmental and social goals.

Community service is designed to improve the quality of life for community residents or schools.
Community service can occur in such fields as health care, education, social services, welfare, crime
prevention and control, community improvement etc.

EXAMPLES OF COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIASTIONS

1. Lions and Lioness Club

2. Red Cross society

3. Boys Scout Organisation

4. Girls Guide

5. Nigerian national Volunteer Service (NNVS)

6. United Nations Volunteer Programme (UNVP)

BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY SERVICE TO NEGERIANS

a. Support and Opportunities:- They are held in high esteem by the people and seen as
responsible youths.

b. Self-Efficacy:-The provider of the service gets self-efficacy. The provider believes that he has
the ability of doing something that can produce the good or right result.

c. Personal skills:- Community service develops personal skills of individuals. These skills
include self-esteem, leadership skills, sense of community and prestige.

d. Available amenities:- The community gains services and resources that would not have been
available to them. The members feel happy and appreciative of the facility provided for
them.

WEEK FIVE
EMERGING ISSUES (HIV/AIDS)

MEANING OF HIV/AIDS

HIV means Human Immune Deficiency Virus

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AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

AIDS is disease of the human immune system caused by the human immune deficiency virus. That
is, AIDS is a virus that weakens or destroys the immune system of the body leaving it prey to may
infections that would have been easily suppressed. The immunity is the ability of the body to resist
an infection. When the immune of the body is destroyed by this virus, the person can easily catch
every disease around him or her. The body will not resist any infection. AIDS is also described as a
(slim sickness).

HIV is transmitted through direct contact of the blood stream with a bodily fluid containing HIV. The
blood stream with a bodily fluid includes semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. It must be known
and understood that there is no cure for this disease, preventing infection is the best way to receive
the wide spread.

CAUSES OF HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS is transmitted from one person to another through any of these ways:

a. Sexual Transmission: -The majority of HIV infections are acquired through unprotected
sexual relations between two partners, one of whom has HIV. When a person has many
sexual partners, the chances of contracting HIV is very high. During a sexual act, only male
or female condoms can reduce the risk of infection with HIV

b. Blood Transfusion: The transfusion of infected blood (unscreened blood) causes HIV and
other sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) like Gonorrhoea, Herpes, syphilis, Chlamydia,
candidasias and Trichomoniasis.

c. Mother-to-child Transmission: HIV infected mothers can infect their infants at or before
birth. The transmission can also be through breast milk. When the baby sucks the breasts of
the mother, he/she contacts the virus. HIV infected mothers should avoid breast-feeding
their infant.

d. Contaminated Sharp Objects:- the use of contaminated sharp objects like razor, scalpels,
glass, blades, syringes, barber clippers, etc. infected by the virus can cause it. However,
when these sharp objects are properly sterilized, the infection is rduced.

It must be clearly understood that HIV and AIDS cannot be spread through the following ways:

i. By handshake

ii. By hugging

iii. By sharing clothes

iv. By eating together with an infected person

v. By living in the same residence or house with an infected person.

vi. By living in the same residence or house with an infected person.

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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDS

People with AIDS experience these signs and symptoms:

a. Prolonged cough: the AIDS patent cough continuously for a very long period of time. The
cough does not stop no matter the drug taken.

b. Prolonged Diarrhoea: -The stool of the patient is watery and it comes out very often.

c. Prolonged Fever and Malaria:- His body temperature is usually very high, again, he is always
diagnosed of malaria. Even when malaria drug are given, the malaria is never cured.

d. Rashes: - There are lots of red spots on his body. Some of these spots can be found on his
tongue.

e. Swollen Glands: -A gland is an organ in the body that produced a substance the body needs
like hormones, sweat, saliva etc. An example is the pituitary gland. When the glands are
swollen, they cannot functions very well

f. Weight Loss and Weakness: - His weight continues to become less. He cannot explain why
he looses weight. Again, he is always weak. He cannot do those things he could do before.

g. Loss of Appetite: - He will not have appetite for food. When food is provided, he hardly eats.

h. Much Sweating:- the patient sweats regularly especially at night.

EEFECTS OF HIV/AIDS

a. Death: - When the infection is prolonged, death van occur. In most cases, children end up
losing both parents. The children become orphans.

b. Depression: - The HID/AIDS patient becomes depressed while the family goes through
emotional and psychological torture. He does not feel happy at all.

c. Immune system:- The immune system of the patient is destroyed. The body cannot protect
itself against diseases the patient suffers from every disease available.

d. Manpower Los:- When a person has full blown case of AIDS infection, he is no longer
productive. This affects the total number of people working in the country.

e. Psychological effects: - As there is no cure for AIDS rightnow, no matter how well the parents
and relations try the person, must surely die at a certain time. There will be mental torture,
anger, frustration and emotional depression in the parents, brothers, sisters and relations of
the sufferer.

f. Financial duty:- The parents and relations who are shouldering the big financial
responsibility of caring for the HID/AIDS patient may not be able to send other members of
the family to school. In other words, the family is badly affected economically.

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WEEK SIX
PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF HIV/AIDS

a. Abstinence: People should avoid having sex before marriage. When they get married, they
must remain faithful to their marriage partners. However, if people cannot abstain from
sex, they should use latex condom.

b. Avoid sharing sharp objects: People should stop sharing needles, syringes, razor, clippers,
tooth brushes, manicure sets, sharp combs and chewing sticks.

c. Blood Transfusion: - Blood transfusion must be avoided.If it is compulsory that it should be

given to a patient, the blood must be screened in a reputable laboratory.

d. Enlightenment: - government, non-governmental organisations, civil societies and religious

groups should organise seminars, workshops and conference to enlighten people on the
dangers of this killer disease

e. Test Certificate: - Religious bodies should demand for HIV test certificate before couples can
be joined together as husband and wife. Again, would be couples should go for the HIV test
on their own so as to know their status.

STIGMATIZATION OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS

AIDS patients are treated as outcasts. They are stigmatized and avoided by even their friends. The
patients feel ashamed and avoid to appear in the public so as not to be ridiculed, humiliated and
discriminated against.

The stigmatization of the AIDS patient is due to a number of factors.

a. ignorance: Most people do not know the causes of HIV/AIDS. Even when such people near
them, they are avoided.

b. Punishment from Gods:- In some societies the AIDS patients are believed to have been
punished by gods because of their evil deeds. This notion is wrong and should be criticized.

c. Promiscuity: - Some people believed that AIDS patient had many sexual relationships with
people, hence, the disease. They fail to know that the disease can be caused by other factors
apart from having sex.

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: YOUTH EMPOWERMENT

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Youth empowerment includes all various ways of creating opportunity for youth to learn and
prepare them for future roles and challenges for adulthood. It involves encouraging and developing
the youth towards becoming self-employed and financially productive.

It is a process of making youth gain needed skills for imparting their lives and the entire society. It
has to do with provision of enabling environment or conditions which help youth to make important
decision of lives by themselves rather being directed by others.

Examples of youth empowerment programmes

a. Youth Farmer Club (YFC)

b. African Youth empowerment Nigeria (AYEN)

c. National Youth Service Corps (NYSC)

d. Boys Scout Movement

e. Citizenship and Leader Training Centres

Examples of youth empowerment programmes

a. Youth Farmer Club (YFC)

b. African Youth empowerment Nigeria (AYEN)

c. National Youth Service Corps (NYSC)

d. Boys Scout Movement

e. Citizenship and Leader Training Centres

Various youth empowerment skills

1. Life working coping skills: These are affective, cognitive, and psychomotor skills useful for dealing
with life problems and whose cautious accusation promotes individual growth.

They are also defined as skills we use to offsets the disadvantages of day to day life. Positive coping
skills help us to get through situations at the same level as those who do not have disadvantages.
Negative coping skills provides short term relieve or distraction but will definitely works in the
situation e.g. using alcohol, hard drugs to supress depression.

Some coping strategies suggested by Chesney M. (2005) in a British Journal.

(i) Break up setting problems down.

(ii) Sort out what can be changed and what cannot be changed
(iii) Make a plan of action and follow it when confronted with a problem
(iv) Leave options opened when things get stressful

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 (v) Think about a part of the government at a time
(vi) Find solutions to your most difficult problems
(vii) Resist the impulse to act hastily when under pressure
(viii) Think positively to yourself
(ix) See things from other peoples point of view during repeated arguments
(x) Take your mind off unpleasant talks
(xi) Look for something good in negative situation
(xii) Pray or meditate
(xiii) Get support from friends and families
(xiv) Try other solutions to your problems if your first solution does not work.

2. Manipulating Skills: These are the skills in which individual learn how to handle object with
precision in accordance with speed and control. It is the ability to manipulate things and objects with
the help of body or art of the body. It includes physical activities like tossing a ball, kicking, typing,
using scissors, legible writing, playing piano, the act of persuation. There are two types of
manipulating skills (i) Fine motor skill (ii) Gross motor skills.

In relationships, manipulating skills can be strategies that are used to control the through cohesion
(overt, covert) another person’s thought, feeling and behaviour.

Manipulating skills include:

a. The use of power: this includes physical, verbal or intellectual intimidations or treats.
b. Unsolicited rescuing/helping: this is doing things for other when they do not ask for it. Such
a person becomes indebted to you hence; they are forced to do for you in future.
c. Guilt: this is making others responsible trying to recollect your past favours
d. Weakness: been threatened to become helpless, fearful, needy, incompetent etc.
e. Intellectual skills: These are skills that need peculiar cognitive (thinking) activity.

TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL SKILLS

(i) Mathematical reasoning: this is the ability to analyse and calculate the abstract pattern.
It includes the ability to work numerically with symbols and mathematical relationship
(ii) Ability to describe: these skills are thought a child in colours, shapes, sizes etc
(iii) Vocabulary activity: adult have this skills to use words as a result of their experiences.
(iv) Inductive reasoning: this is the skill to make generalization / interference on the bases of
observation

4. Communication skills: these skills of abilities in the aspect of language, understanding, good
communication and practical language skills involves exchanging information, sharing symbols like
mathematics and languages. Information can also be through visual cue, tone, voice quality, eye
contact, physical closeness etc.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1. Expressive skills: it is passing accessed information to another person. These is done in three
stages:
a. Get the attention of the person

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 b. Convey the information to him
c. Check if he understands what you have communicated
2. Listening Skills
3. Skills to manage the overall process

5. Artistic skills: this skill involves producing visual representation. They include skills like drawing,
painting, sculpture, ceramics, wood carving, print making and mosaic etc.

ASSIGNMENT

Explain fives roles of government in empowering Nigeria youth

WEEK EIGHT

IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS OF YOUTH EMPOWERMENT

1. It helps in developing youth potentials: This helps them develop the right attitude and skills that
will make them contribute meaningfully to the nation building.

2. It reduces youth delinquency: It helps to reduce crime rate, negative behaviour and violence
among the youths in the nation.

3. It helps in investing in the future of the youth: investment in youth lives is wise it pays off in the
long run.

4. Promotion of self-reliance: Youth empowerment expose youth to vocational training of different

types that equip them to be self-employed. They become employers of labours rather than
applicant.

5. It helps in discovering and developing youth leadership skills

6. It helps in building youth ego and self-esteem. A youth may count himself useless in a society just
because he is from a poor family, but with youth empowerment programmes, such youth may
discover that he has a lot of talent and skills others do not have that are from a rich home. Such
youth self-esteem become boosted and think of ways to excel in his life using the bundle of skills in
them.

7. It equips youth with the skills to handle like problems: youth are thought various strategies to
face life problems. Such knowledge reduces cultism, and other consequences of youth inability to
handle difficult situations in life.

YOUTH EMPOWERMENT SKILLS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

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a. HIV/AIDS Education Programme: - This can be organised for students and young adults. It
also sensitises them on how to avoid having sex before marriage.

b. Abstinence Education Youth Empowerment Skill: The abstinence education empowers

youths with skill. They are taught to develop character traits that will enable them to achieve
goal and to build relationships that are based in mutual respect.

c. Youth Empowerment Studies Workshop: This is a programme that teaches youths how to
manage stress and emotions, develop meaningful relationship and cultivate leadership skill.

d. The Art of Living Programme: - The programme is organised for children between 14 and 18
years old. The children are taught how to relax the mind, sharper the intellect, improve
memory and increase joy. They learn how to deal with negative emotions and stress.

PROBLEMS THAT AFFFECT YOUTH EMPOWERMENT

a. poor Monitoring: - It is discovered that poor monitoring and supervision of youth

programmes are responsible for the poor implementation of most youth empowerment
programmes in Nigeria.

b. Poor management: - There is poor management of youth recreational facilities and

vocational centres. The facilities are never put in place as fund provided are embezzled.

c. lack of Funds:- When youths are exposed or taught certain jobs or given adequate education
they are bound to put into practice what they have learnt. In most cases, there is no money
to that. The knowledge received cannot be put in use.

d. Facilities: The equipment needed for the work may not be there. Electricity, motorable
roads, efficient and duration means of transportation and communication may be lacking.

e. Foreign Influence: - Our youths are greatly influenced by foreign cultures and values. In
places where funds facilities and the working environment are conductive, foreign factors,
things learnt, affect youth empowerment programmes.

f. Social Vices: - There are many anti-social behaviour in the country. We have armed robbery,
cultism, kidnapping, cultism, get rich quick syndrome etc. All these vices distract our youths.
As a result set goal may not be achieved.

THE NATIOANL YOUTH SERVICE CORP (NYSC) AS AN EMPOWERMENT SCHEME

The NYSC was established by the military regime of General Yakubu Gowon on 22nd May 1973. The
NYSC in Nigeria has helped a lot of Nigerian graduates to be self-employed.

REASONS FOR THE ESTABLISHEMENT

a. To develop common ties among the Nigerian youths and promote national unity and
integration.

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b. To enable Nigerian Youths and promote national youths acquire the spirit of self-reliance by
encouraging them to develop skills for self-employment.

c. To remove prejudices, eliminate ignorance and confirm at first hand the many similarities
among Nigerians of all ethics groups.

d. To inculcate discipline in Nigeria youths by instilling in them a tradition of industry at work

and of patriotic and loyal service to Nigeria in any situation they may find themselves.

e. to develop a sense of corporate existence and common destiny of the people of Nigeria.

REVISION QUESTIONS

1a. What is youth empowerment?

b. List five examples of youth empowerment programmes.

2a. Define skill

b. Highlight and explain youth empowerment skills and their importance.

3. What are the problems affecting your empowerment?

4a. What is NYSC?

b. Identify four reasons why it was established.

WEEK NINE

TOPIC: GOALS OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION

Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and the country he lives in with full constitutional
right.

Goals of Citizenships

(i) To prepare students for leadership role

(ii) To sustain democracy
(iii) To educate youth about their duties and obligation
(iv) TO FOSTER NATIONAL UNITY

ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP

A citizen is defined as a legal member of a state with full constitutional right of that country we lives
in. he enjoys certain rights and privileges and owes certain responsibility and obligation to the
country.

There are different ways of acquiring the citizenship of a country depending on the type of
citizenship you are acquiring. The following are the methods of acquisition of citizenship.

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a. Citizenship by birth: This is when somebody is born between the tertiary of a country or a person
whose parents are born in a particular country he/she becomes a citizen of that country.

b. Citizenship by registration: This can happen in two ways; by marriage and by adopting a foreign
child. Ministry of internal affairs is concerned about marriage.

c. Citizenship by naturalization: A foreigner can decide to be a citizen of a country. This is a decision

made by a foreigner to be a citizen of another country. He/she must have spent up to 15 years in
that country before he can be granted the citizenship and swear the oath of allegiance in Nigeria.
And after spending 15 years in Nigeria and is not up to 21 years of age, he/she will not be granted
the citizenship.

d. Dual citizenship: This is when a child is born in a foreign country but to a Nigerian parent, then
he/she is a dual citizen.

ASSIGNMENT

Explain five roles of a patriotic citizens in Nigeria

RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS

Rights are privilege or freedom which the law permits.

a. right to Life:- everyone has a right to life. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally
except in the execution of a sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence committed.

b. Right to Dignity of Human Person: No one shall be held in slavery. No person shall be
subjected to torture or inhuman treatment.

c. Right to liberty and Security: - Everyone has the right to liberty and security. No one shall be
deprived of his liberty except when he fails to comply with the order of a court or in order to
make him fulfil an obligation imposed upon him by law.

d. Right to Fair Hearing: - every citizen is entitled to a fair and public hearing in the
determination of his civil rights or of any criminal charge against him.

e. Right to Respect for Private and family Life: everyone has the right to respect for his private
and family life, his home and his correspondence and telephone conversations.

f. right to Freedom of thought, Conscience and religion: - Everyone has the right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to change his religion or belief
and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private.

g. right to Freedom of expression and the Press: - everyone has the right to freedom of
expression. It also includes the right to give information and ideas without interference by
public authority or government.

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h. Right to Peaceful Assembly and association:- Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful
assembly and to freedom of association with others. You have the right to form an
association but not a secret society.

i. Right to freedom of movement: - Every citizen of Nigeria has the right to freely throughout
the country. He shall not be expelled from Nigeria or refused entry into any part of the
country.

j. Right to freedom from discrimination: A citizen of Nigeria of a particular community, tribe,

place of origin, sex, religion, language, colour, political or other opinion shall not be
discriminated against.

k. Right to acquire and own property anywhere in Nigeria: - Every citizen of Nigeria shall have
the right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in the country.

REVISION QUESTIONS

1a. what is right?

b. Discuss six of your right.

WEEK TEN

TOPIC: GOVERNMENT
It is a group of people or constitution that direct the affairs of a country. They are put in place by
people and it must possess political power. They maintain law and order in the society.

STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT

The structure of each arm of government depends on the operational systems of government in the
country. In Nigeria, there are three tiers of government namely; the Federal of Nigeria, the state
government and the local government. Each tier of government has the three arms of government.

The Federal Government

The federal executive is headed by the president and assisted by the vice president and others like
secretary to the government of the federation and ministers. The make decisions for nation. The
state government is headed by the governor who is assisted by the deputy governor, Secretary to
the state government, commissioners etc.

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The legislature at this level is bicameral in nature i.e. two houses; the House of Senate and the
House of Representatives. The state government has unicameral legislature which os called ther
state House of Assembly and it is headed by the speaker.

The judiciary is made of judges and headed by the justice of the federation and state judiciary is
headed by the chief justice of the state.

Functions of Government

The arms of government are; the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.

The Executive

1. Formulation and implementation of policies

2. Appointment of government functionaries like the head of government corporations, parastatals

and agencies as well as ministers and commissioners.

3. Preparation of budget for the nation or the state through the minister or commissioner of finance.

4. The chief executive (president/governor) assents bill that has gone through normal legislative
process before it becomes law.

5 it protects the country against external aggression through the military their, parastatals and other
necessary agencies.

6. Protects the life and properties of the citizens

The Legislature

1. They make laws for the country.

2. They confirm and ratify the appointment of the head of government parastatals, agencies,
ministers and commissioners etc.

3. They amend the constitution.

4. They approve the expenditure sent to them in form of bills by the executive.

5. They approve treaties with other countries before they can be singed the executive.

6. They serve as link between the people and the government as representatives of the people.

7. They serve as check and balance for other arms of government.

8. They have the power to investigate past and serving public officers.

9. They can investigate any government or public department on the grounds of corruption.,

The Judiciary

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Their symbol is a stature of a woman covering her eyes with a cloth, holding a sword on her right
hand and a balance on her left hand.

1. The judiciary interprets the law made by the legislature.

2. They settle disputes among associates, group etc.

3. They determine who guilty or innocent.

4 They settle disputes among other arms of government.

REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Itemise and discuss eight functions of government.

2a. List the three organs of government

b. List five examples of the executive at the federal level.

3. What are the functions of the legislature?

4. What are the functions of the judiciary?

WEEK ELEVEN

REVISION

WEEK TWELVE

EXAMINATION

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