Session 06 Course Teacher: Md.

Yousuf Ali (YA)

Course Title: Mathematics II Lecturer, Department of GED.
Course Code: MAT102/0541-102 Email: [email protected]
Credits: 3 Mobile: 01766906098

Inverse of Matrix

Inverse of Matrix:

 If A is a square matrix, and if a matrix B of the same size can be found such that AB = BA = I,
then A is said to be invertible (or nonsingular) and B is called an inverse of A. If no such
matrix B can be found, then A is said to be singular.

[N.B: Singular matrix & non-Singular matrix: A matrix B is said to be singular if and only if
det(B) = 0, otherwise it called be non-singular, i.e., det(B) ≠ 0.]
 2 3  2 3
 4 6 4 6 
   
Singular Matrix Non-Singular Matrix

 If A is a non-singular square matrix, there is an existence of n x n matrix A-1, which is called

the inverse matrix of A such that it satisfies the property: AA-1 = A-1 A = I, where I is the
Identity matrix.

Formula for finding inverse of a Matrix:

Let A is a nonsingular matrix, then the inverse of A is defined and denoted by

1 1
A -1  adjA or A -1  adjA
A det  A 

Where, adjA is the adjoint matrix of A.

Adjoint matrix: The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as the transpose of the matrix
[Cij]n×n , where Cij is the cofactor of the element aij. In other words, the transpose of a cofactor
matrix of the square matrix is called the adjoint of the matrix. The adjoint of the matrix A is
denoted by adj A. This is also known as adjugate matrix or adjunct matrix.

How to Calculate the Adjoint of a Matrix:

Let A be the matrix of order n x n,

⋯
…
= …
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋯

Now the adjoint of this matrix is:

⋯
…
= …
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋯

Here, C11, C12,…, C21, C22,…., Cnn are the cofactors of the elements a11, a12,…, a21,
a22,….,ann respectively.
Method of Finding inverse of a matrix:
Method 1: For 2 x 2 Matrix.
Let A be the matrix of order 2 x 2,
a b 
A 
c d 
The inverse of a matrix is found using the following formula:
1  d b 
A 1  .
ad  bc  c a 

1 2 
Example: Find the inverse of the matrix A   .
1 3 
Solution: The inverse of the matrix A is,
1  3 2   3 2 
A 1   .
1 3  1 2  1 1   1 1 
Method 2: For n x n Matrix.
One of the most important methods of finding the matrix inverse involves finding the minors and
cofactors of elements of the given matrix. Observe the below steps to understand this method
clearly.

 The inverse matrix is also found using the following equation:

1 1
A -1  adjA or A -1  adjA
A det  A 

where adj(A) refers to the adjoint of a matrix A, det(A) refers to the determinant of a matrix A.

A. The adjoint of a matrix A or adj(A) can be found using the following method.

In order to find the adjoint of a matrix A first, find the cofactor matrix of a given matrix and
then take the transpose of a cofactor matrix.

 The cofactor of a matrix can be obtained as Cij = (-1)i+j det (Mij).

Here, Mij refers to the (i,j) th minor matrix after removing the ith row and the jth column.

1 2 3
Example: Find the inverse of the matrix A   4 5 6  .
 7 2 9 

Solution: Given matrix,

1 2 3
A  4 5 6
 
 7 2 9 

Determinant of the matrix is,

1 2 3
det  A   4 5 6  1(45  12)  2(36  42)  3(8  35)  33  12  81  36
7 2 9

which is not equal to zero, thus this matrix is invertible.

Let us find the cofactor of the given matrix as given below,

 5 6 4 6 4 5
C11   45  12  33 C12      36  42   6 C13   8  35  27
2 9 7 9 7 2

2 3 1 3 1 2
C21     18  6   12 C22   9  21  12 C23      2  14   12
2 9 7 9 7 2

2 3 1 3 1 2
C31   12  15  3 C32      6  12   6 C33   5  8  3
5 6 4 6 4 5

The cofactor matrix is,

 33 6 27 
 12 12 12 
 
 3 6 3 

Now the adjoint of the matrix A, i.e., adj(A) is the transpose of the cofactor matrix, we get

T
 33 6 27   33 12 3
adj  A    12 12 12    6 12 6 
 

 3 6 3   27 12 3

Hence, the inverse of the given matrix is,

 11 1 1 
  12 3 12 
 33 12 3    11 4 1 
1 1   1 1 1 1 
-1
A  adjA= 

6 12 6     or  2 4 2 
det  A  36  6 3 6  12
 27 12 3  3 1 1 
  9 4 1 
 
 4 3 12 

Properties of Inverse matrix:

1
 If A is nonsingular, then  A 1   A
1
 If A and B both are nonsingular matrices, then AB is nonsingular. Thus,  AB   B1A 1
1 T
 If A is nonsingular, then  AT    A 1 
 If A is any matrix and A-1 is its inverse, then AA 1  A 1A  I n , where n is the order of

matrices.

Exercise

 Find the inverse of the following Matrices,

 1 2 3 0 1 2 0 1 2
a. A   3 2 1 b. B  1 2 3  c. C  1 2 3 
 4 1 1  3 1 1   3 1 1 

 1 2 0   1 5 1 2 1 3   1 2 3
d. D   2 1 0  e. E   2 5 5 2 3 f. F 2 1 0 
 
 4 2 0   3 3 2 1   4 2 5 

 1 1 2 0   3 7 5 7 1 7   2 3 
 i. I 
g. G   0 2 1 2  h. H  1 7 4 7 2 7   4 5

 1 0 3   0 1 0 