Y.B.

PATIL POLYTECHNIC
SECTOR NO. 29, AKURDI, PUNE -411044, INDIA

CERTIFICATE
This is To Certify That

2046 AKSHAY KOLEKAR

2005 SAURABH JANJAL

2045 AJAY JABHADE

2040 KARAN SURYAWANSHI

2038 NILESH PATIL

As satisfactorily carried out and completed the project work entitled

Collecting information of HIGHLY PRECISED INSTRUMENTS IN SURVEYING

This work is being submitted for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering partial
fulfillment of prescribed syllabus of M.S.B.T.E Mumbai for academic Year 2023-24
Guide HOD of Dept. Principal

Mr. Amit Ghongade Mr. A.H. Patil Dr.A.S.Kondekar

 Annexure – 1
Micro project: -

1. Action plan:

Sr.no. Detail of activity Planned Planned finished Name of responsible team

start date date members

Collecting and 1.Saurabh janjal

1 authenticating 01/10/23 05/10/23 2.Nilesh Patil
information

Collecting images 1.Ajay Jabhade

2 and links 06/10/23 10/10/23 2.Karan Suryawanshi
Working on
3 Microsoft word 11/10/23 13/10/23 1.Akshay kolekar

2. Name of the team members with roll no.:-

Sr.no. Name Roll No

1 Akshay Kolekar 2046
2 Saurabh Janjal 2005
3 Ajay Jabhade 2045
4 Karan suryawanshi 2040
5 Nilesh Patil 2038

3.Resources required
Sr.no. Name of resources Specifications Qty. Remark

1 Internet and links Collect information 1 -

2 Laptop Working on microsoft word 1 -

Annexure - 2
Microproject Evolution sheet
Names of group members with enrollment no.

Sr. No. Name Enrollment No.

1. Akshay Kolekar 23211060064

2. Saurabh Janjal 2101340023

3. Ajay Jabhade 23211060062

4. Karan Suryawanshi 23211060067

5. Nilesh Patil 21211060072

Name of Programme- SYCE

Title of Microproject:HIGHLY PRECISED INSTRUMENTS IN SURVEYING
 HIGHLY PRECISED INSTRUMENTS IN SURVEY
Modern surveying instruments are faster and more precise than traditional
instruments. This article discusses their various types and applications. Chain and tape are
used for linear measurements in traditional surveying , while compass and ordinary
theodolites are used for angular measurements. A Dumpy level and a levelling staff are
used for levelling work Survey work will be slow and tedious with such surveying
instruments. As a result, modern surveying instruments are becoming more
popular,gradually replacing traditional surveying instruments such as the compass and
Dumpy level. Survey work will be more precise, faster, and less tedious with these modern
surveying instruments.

 WHAT ARE MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS?

Modern surveying instruments,such as Total Stations,GPS devices,and 3D Laser
Scanners,provide precise measurements and data collection for land surveyors.These
advanced tools enable efficient data processing,real-time mapping,and accurate
topographical analysis,revolutionizing the traditional surveying methods and enhancing the
overall quality of survey data As we know Modern Surveying Instruments have been used
extensively in the construction industries,it is essential to have a proper idea about the
same.As far as the syllabus of various examinations like SSC JE CE,RRB JE and GATE CE
as well,the concept of Modern Surveying Instruments has become very important.This
comprehensive article below will deal with Modern Surveying Instruments in detail with
some of the best examples and techniques.

 MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

Below mentioned modern surveying instruments are used for surveying

o Tripod
o Theodolite
o Total Station
o Prismatic Compass
o Prisms
o Prism Pole
o Photogrammetry/Drone
o Plumb Bob Laser
o Optical Square
o Measuring Wheel
o LDM (Laser Distance Meter)
o Leveling Staff
o GPS (Global Positioning System)
o Bipods
o Auto Level/Dumpy Level
 INFRARED WAVE INSTRUMENTS

These modern surveying instruments use amplitude modulated infrared waves to

measuredistance.Prisms mounted on a target are used at the end of the line to reflect the
waves.These instruments are lightweight and inexpensive and can be mounted on theodolites
to take angular measurements and are becoming crucial Modern Surveying Instruments. The
range of such an instrument will be 3 km, with an accuracy of 10 mm. E.g. DISTOMAT DI
1000 and DISTOMAT DI 5 are two different models.

DISTOMAT DI 1000

It is a very small, compact EDM that is very helpful in projects involving the construction of
buildings and other types of civil engineering where the measured distances are less than
500 m. The meaning tape is obsolete thanks to EDM. Simply pointing the instrument at the
reflector, pressing a key, and reading the result is all that is necessary to measure the
distance.

 LIGHT WAVE INSTRUMENTS

These are the modern surveying instruments which measure distances based on the
propagation of modulated light waves. The accuracy of such an instrument varies from 0.5
to 5 mm/km distance and has a range of nearly 3 km. E.g. Geodimeter

GEODIMETER
Geological Survey and the manufacturer M/s AGA of Sweden collaborated to develop the
geodimeter, an instrument that relies on the propagation of modulated light waves. The device
needs a prism system at the end of the line to reflect the waves and is better suited for
nighttime observations.

 MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS
These devices use high-frequency radio waves. Dr. T.L. Wadley created these devices as
early as 1950 in South Africa. The range of these modern surveying instruments is up to
100 kilometres, and they can be used both day and night. E.g.

TELLUROMETER

1.TOTAL STATION
A total station, sometimes known as a total station theodolite, is an electronic/optical
tool used in construction and surveying. It is one of the most crucial modern surveying
instruments. It is an electronic transit theodolite with an onboard computer for data
collection and triangulation computations, as well as electronic distance measuring (EDM)
to measure both vertical and horizontal angles as well as the slope distance from the
instrument to a specific point.

Robotic or motorised total stations allow the user to operate the instrument remotely.
The operator holds the retroreflector and operates the total station from the observed point,
theoretically eliminating the requirement for an assistant staff member. However, in reality,
an assistant surveyor is frequently required while doing surveys in congested settings like a
public thoroughfare or construction site. This is done to avoid pedestrians disturbing the
total station as they pass by, which would force the tripod to be reset and a new baseline to
be established. The value of the instrument makes opportunistic theft usual. Thus, an
assistant surveyor also deters it. These motorised total stations can also be used in automated
setups known as Automated Motorised Total Stations (AMTS).
 TOTAL STATION

 FEATURES OF TOTAL STATION

The heights of some inaccessible objects, such as towers, can be directly read as remote
height objects. The instrument's built-in microprocessor automatically adjusts the earth's
curvature and mean refraction.

The reflector's coordinates and angle or bearing can be stored in the traversing software and
retrieved for the instrument's subsequent setup. o When a specific direction and horizontal
distance are entered to locate a point on the ground using a target, the instrument displays the
angle through which the theodolite must be turned and the distance by which the reflector
must move.

 FUNCTIONS OF TOTAL STATION

1. Angle measurement
2. Distance measurement
3. Coordinate measurement
4. Data processing
 2.DIGITAL THEODOLE

Electronic theodolite
 Theodolites or transits are used to measure Horizontal angles. These have evolved as
follows:
 vernier theodolite (open face and vernier Equipped instruments)
 optical theodolite (enclosed with optical Readouts with direct digital readouts or
Micrometer equipped readouts)
 electronic theodolites (enclosed with Electronic readouts)

 CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRONIC THEODOLITES

 Angle least count can be 1" with precision ranging from 0.5" to 20"
 Digital readouts eliminate the personal error associated with reading and interpolation of
scale and micrometer settings.
 Display window/unit for horizontal and vertical angles available at either one or both ends.
 Some digital theodolites have modular arrangement where they can be upgraded to be a
total station or have an EDMI attached for distance measurements.
 Vertical circles can be set to zero for horizon or zenith along with the status of battery
shown in the display window.

 TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIGITAL THEODOLITES

•Magnification: 26X to 30X
•Field of view (FOV) 1.50 .
•Shortest viewing distance 1.0 m
•Angle readouts, direct 5" to 20"
•Level sensitivity: plate level vial 40"/2 mm, circular level vial 10"/2 mm
 AN EXAMPLE:SPECIFICATIONS FOR NIKON ELECTRONIC
THEODOLITE (NE-202/203):

SOKKIA ELECTRONIC THEODOLITE

 Digital angle display is user-switchable from 5"/10" to 1"/5"

 Built-in vertical axis compensator automatically compensates for instrument inclination
within ± 3' (NE-203)
 Accuracy is 5" in 5" display mode.
 Large, dot-matrix dual-line LCD screen displays both vertical and horizontal angles
simultaneously.
 LCD screen and keyboard are placed on both sides of the alidade for easier operation
 Telescope magnification of 30X with a 45 mm objective aperture diameter.
 Employs a unique linear focusing mechanism to simplify focusing at both short and long
distances. Minimum focusing distance of 0.7 m.
 Repeat horizontal angle measurement possible up to ±1999°59'55"
 Continuous operation for up to 48 hours with fresh alkaline
3. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
 Definition of GIS
GIS -Geographic Information System or a particular information system applied to
geographical data Or it is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage,
and present spatial or geographic data

 WHY IS GIS IMPORTANT?

By putting maps and other kind of spatial information into digital form, connections
between activities based on geographic proximity can be made. Looking at data geographically
can often suggest new insights, explanations.

 MAJOR AREAS OF APPLICATION

•Land (parcels) (LIS)
•Facilities Management (FIS)
•Natural Resource & Environment
•Infrastructure Networking
 The 4 main ideas of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are:
1. Create geographic data.
2. Manage it in a database.
3. Analyze and find patterns.
4. Visualize it on a map.
 COMPONENTS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
The 3 main components of Geographic Information Systems are:
1. DATA: GIS stores location data as thematic layers. Each data set has an attribute table that
stores information about the feature. The two main types of GIS data are RASTER Raster look
like grids because they store data in rows and columns. They can be discrete or continuous. For
example, we often represent land cover, temperature data and imagery as raster data.VECTOR
Vectors are points, lines and polygons with vertices. For example, fire hydrants, contours and
administrative boundaries are often vectors.

2. HARDWARE: Hardware runs GIS software. It could be anything from powerful servers,
mobile phones or a personal GIS workstation.

3. SOFTWARE: ArcGIS and QGIS are the leaders in GIS software. GIS software specialize
in spatial analysis by using math in maps. It blends geography with modern technology to
measure, quantify and understand our world.
4.RADAR
Radar is a contraction of the words Radio Detection And Ranging.
Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of objects.It operates by
transmitting a particular type of waveform,a pulse-modulated sine wave for example, and
detects the nature of the echo signal.

Radar can see through conditions such as darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow which is not
possible for human vision. In addition, radar has the advantage that it can measure the distance
or range to the object.

 How does radar work?

1. Magnetron generates high-frequency radio waves.
2. Duplexer switches magnetron through to antenna.
3. Antenna acts as transmitter, sending narrow
beam of radio waves through the air.
4. Radio waves hit enemy airplane and reflect back.
5. Antenna picks up reflected waves during a break between transmissions. Note that the same
antenna acts as both transmitter and receiver, alternately sending out radio waves and receiving
them.
6. Duplexer switches antenna through to receiver unit.
7. Computer in receiver unit processes reflected waves and draws them on a TV screen.
8. Enemy plane shows up on TV radar display with any other nearby targets

 DOPPLER EFFECT IN RADAR SYSTEMS.

If the target is not stationary, then there will be a change in the frequency of the signal that
is transmitted from the Radar and that is received by the Radar. This effect is known as the
Doppler effect.(frequency shift)
 According to the Doppler effect, two possible cases − The frequency of the received
signal will increase, when the target moves towards direction of Radar.The frequency of the
received signal will decrease,when the target moves away from the Radar.

APPLICATIONS OF RADAR:
1. Military Use: Initial and important user of Radar (i)Early warning of intruding enemy
aircraft & missiles (ii)Tracking hostile targets and providing location information to Air
Defense systems consisting of Tracking Radars controlling guns and missiles. (iii)Battle field
surveillance (iv)Information Friend or Foe IFF (v)Navigation of ships, aircraft, helicopter etc.

2. Civilian Use: (i)Air Traffic Control (ATC) All airports are equipped with ATC Radars, for
safe landing and take-off and guiding of aircraft in bad weather and poor visibility conditions.
(ii)Aircraft Navigation (a) All aircrafts fitted with weather avoidance radars. These Radars give
warning information to pilot about storms, snow precipitation etc. lying ahead of
aircraft’s path. (b) Radar is used as an altimeter to indicate the height of the aircraft or
helicopter.

3. Maritime ship’s safety and Navigation: (i)Radar used to avoid collision of ships during
poor visibility conditions (storms, cyclones etc.) (ii)Guide ships into seaports safely.

4. Meteorological Radar: Used for weather warnings and forecasting.