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20 views17 pages

Group 17 - 040052

Uploaded by

philipkvuasi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FACULTY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

CHE 232: MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY


GROUP 17 ELEMENTS: HALIDES
LECTURER: TWUMASI A. KWARTENG
Halogens
• The Group 17 (Halogen) Elements: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine
• The elements and their outer shell configuration is ns2 np5
• The halogens exist as diatomic molecules, symbolized by X2, where X is a generic
symbol for a halogen atom.
• Elements occur as nonpolar diatomic molecules and have relatively low melting and
boiling points.
• Melting and boiling points increase as we move down the group.
• Chemical reactivity towards other elements and compounds decreases down the
group.
• The halogens are highly reactive, none of them are found in nature as free elements.
• All the halogen atoms have large electron affinities. Consequently, the halogens are
rather good oxidizing agents.
Halogens
• At room temperature, F2, and Cl2, are both gases (yellow and pale green, respectively),
• Br2 is a deep red liquid, while I2, is a metallic purple solid, showing the increasing
intermolecular (van der Waals) forces for the heavier halogens.

Oxidation states
• The -1 oxidation state occurs in the halide anions (e.g. Cl-)
• This oxidation state of halides becomes increasingly reducing on going down
the group. e.g Cl-< I-
• Positive oxidation states, +I, +3, +5 and +7, occur for chlorine, bromine and
iodine, mainly in oxyanions and interhalogen compounds.
Halogens
fluorine differs from the other halogens in a few ways.
• For example, a fluorine atom almost always forms just one covalent bond, whereas
chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms typically form more than one bond and as many
as seven in some of their compounds.
• fluorine is considerably more reactive than the other members of the group.
• It reacts directly with almost all the elements, except for oxygen, nitrogen, and the
lighter noble gases, and forms compounds with even the most unreactive metals.
• It reacts with almost all materials, especially organic compounds, to produce
fluorides.
• The reactivity of fluorine can be attributed to the weakness of the fluorine–fluorine
bond in F2 which arises, because of the small size of the fluorine atom and the
repulsion between the lone pairs on the fluorine atoms.
• Fluorine shows a much greater tendency to form ionic bonds with metals
Halogens
• fluorine shows the ability to stabilize other elements in very high oxidation
states. For example, fluorine reacts with sulfur to give SF6 with sulfur in the +6
oxidation state, whereas chlorine reacts directly with molten sulfur to give
S2Cl2 with sulfur in the +1 oxidation state.
• F is less soluble than other halides
Production and Uses
• Fluorine is produced by electrolyzing an anhydrous molten mixture of
potassium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride at about 75ºC with a carbon anode.
• Most of the F produced by industry is used to make the volatile solid UF6 used
for processing nuclear fuel
• The next biggest user of F is the production of SF6 for electrical equipment
Production and Uses
Chlorine
• Chlorine is more soluble in water than fluorine
• As a result even though there is more F present in the Earth’s crust the oceans are
salty with chlorides rather than fluorides
• Cl is one of the most heavily manufactured chemicals.
• It is obtained from electrolysis of molten rock salt (NaCl) or brine
• Cl will directly react with nearly all the elements except for C, N,O and the noble
gases
• It is a strong oxidizing agent
• Uses: In a number of industrial processes, including the manufacture of plastics,
solvents, and pesticides. It is also used as bleach in the paper and textile industries
and as a disinfectant in water treatment plants. In addition, Cl is used to produce Br
Production and Uses
Bromine
• Bromine can be extracted from seawater,
• Seawater from the Dead Sea, highlighted in the margin, is a good source of
bromine.
• The seawater or brine solution is adjusted to pH 3.5 and treated with Cl2 which
oxidize Br- to Br2
Uses: Br is used widely in synthetic organic chemistry because of the ease at
which it can be added to and removed from organic chemicals that are being
used to carry out complicated syntheses. Organic bromides are incorporated
into textiles as fire retardants and are used as pesticides. Inorganic bromides,
particularly silver bromide, are used in photographic emulsions
Production and Uses
Iodine
• Iodine is obtained in small quantities from marine plants like sea weeds.
• In the United States,I2 is obtained from inland brines by a process similar to that for
the production of Br2. Another abundant natural source of iodine is NaOI3 found in
large deposits in Chile.
Uses
• When iodine dissolves in organic solvents it produces solutions having a variety of
colours
• These colours arise from the different interaction between the I2 molecules and the
solvent
• Iodine is an essential trace element for living systems; a deficiency in humans leads
to a swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck
• Iodides are added to table salt (iodized salt) to prevent this deficiency
Production and uses
Astatine
• All isotopes of astatine are radioactive, and trace amounts occur in uranium
ores.
• Usually, astatine isotopes are manufactured by the irradiation of a bismuth
target with alpha particles, from which elemental astatine (possibly in the At,
form) is obtained in the form of the isotopes.
Compounds of halogens
Interhalogens
• All hydrogen halides are known, and stability decreases down the group,
owing to the increasing mismatch in atomic sizes.
• The halogens form compounds among themselves.
• These compounds are prepared by direct reaction of the two halogens, the
product formed being determined by the proportions of the reactants used.
e.g Cl 2(g) + 3F 2(g) → 2ClF 3(g)
• The trends of the interhalogens are intermediate between those of their
parent halogens
Hydrogen halides
• The hydrogen halides (HX) can be prepared by the direct reaction of the
elements.
Example: H2(g) + X2(g) → 2HX(g)

• Fluorine reacts explosively by a radical chain reaction as soon as the F2 and H2


are mixed.
• The mixture of H2 and Cl2 explodes when it is exposed to light
• Br2 and I2 react much more slowly
• Another way to produce the hydrogen halides is the reaction of a metal halide
with a nonvolatile acid
• In aqueous solution, hydrogen halides are called the hydrohalic acids. Except
for HF, hydrohalic acids are strong acids in water.
Hydrogen halides
• HF(aq), ion pairs are held together by strong hydrogen bonds, which keeps the
concentration of free H3O+ from being as large as otherwise expected hence a weak acid.
• The acidic strength of the hydrohalic acids increases in moving from top to bottom in a
group. This is because the bond length increase whereas the polarity of the H¬X bond
decreases.
• All the hydrogen halides are colorless, pungent gases except HF which is a liquid at
temperature below 20ºC
• HF is significantly different that the other hydrogen halides because it can form short zigzag
chains up to 5 HF molecules long. These chains are sustained due to H bonding networks
• All hydrogen halides dissolve in water to give acidic solutions
• HF has the distinctive property of attacking glass and silica and the interiors of lamp bulbs
are frosted by the vapors from a solution of HF and ammonium fluoride
• HF is also used for making fluorinated carbon compounds such as Teflon
Compounds of the Halogens (Oxoacids)
Oxoacids and Oxoanions
Fluorine adopts the +1 oxidation state in its compounds
The other halogens, when bonded to a more electronegative element such as
oxygen, can have a +1, +3, +5 or +7. Table 22.7 shows oxoacids of the halogens.
Compounds of the Halogens (Oxoacids)
• To describe the relative strengths of oxoacids, we must focus on the
attraction of electrons from the O-H bond toward the central atom. The
following factors promote this electron withdrawal from O-H bonds:
(1) a high electronegativity (EN) of the central atom
(2) a large number of terminal O atoms in the acid molecule

Q. Explain which member of each of the following pairs is a stronger acid.


a) H3 PO4 and H2SO3
b) H2SO4 and H2SO3
Compounds of the Halogens (Oxoacids)
USES
HOCl(aq) is an effective germicide used, for example, in water purification and
the treatment of swimming pools.
Aqueous solutions of hypochlorite salts, notably NaOCl (aq), are used as common
household bleaches and also bleaches used in textiles industries.

Binary acids
As we move from top to bottom in a column, both the bond length and acid
strength of H-X increase whereas the polarity of the H¬X bond decreases.
Interhalogen Compounds
• Interhalogen compounds contain two different halogens.
• The general formulas for interhalogens are XY, XY3, XY5 or XY7 where X and Y
represent two different halogens.
• The molecular structures of the interhalogen compounds feature the large, less
electronegative halogen as the central atom and the smaller halogen atoms as
terminal atoms. Table 22.8 shows some interhalogen compounds.

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