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Me 431 CHPT3

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18 views18 pages

Me 431 CHPT3

Uploaded by

kutay.asikoglu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ME 431 Introduction to Turbomachinery

Two-Dimensional Cascades

References:
Dixon, S. L., Hall, C. A., “Fluid Mechanics and
Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery”,
Butterworth-Heinemann
Introduction
●
The flow within a turbomachine is, in general, unsteady and
three dimensional.
●
For cascade analysis, the flow across individual blade rows is
treated as two dimensional and steady.
●
This approach is appropriate for many compressor and turbine
designs.
Introduction

Image from: Ingram, G. (2009). Basic concepts in turbomachinery. Bookboon.


Introduction

Image from: Ingram, G. (2009). Basic concepts in turbomachinery. Bookboon.


CASCADE GEOMETRY
●
A cascade blade profile can be conceived as a curved camber
line upon which a profile thickness distribution is symmetrically
superimposed.
CASCADE GEOMETRY
rq

m
Reference direction: Axial direction
CASCADE GEOMETRY

The incidence is the difference between the inlet flow angle and the blade inlet angle

The deviation is the difference between the exit flow angle and the blade exit angle:
Compressor Blade Profiles
●
Compressor blade profiles could be obtained using the
prescribed velocity distribution (PVD) method.
– Airfoil thickness and curvature are designed to yield a desired velocity
distribution.
●
Also designs may be based on modifying existing airfoil profiles.
Compressor Blade Profiles
●
Airfoils with a well rounded leading edge have a wide operating
range but a poorer high speed performance than blades with a
sharp leading edge and the maximum thickness point further back
●
Blade shape is defined by one of these profile shapes
superimposed on a camber line
TURBINE BLADE PROFILES
●
Less critical than compressor blades due to favorable pressure
gradient.
●
The blade profiles illustrate the high turning and the contraction
of the passage flow area within a turbine blade row.
CASCADE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Conservation of mass:

ρ1 c1 H 1 s cos( α1 )=ρ2 c 2 H 2 s cos( α2 )


ρ1 c x 1 H 1 s=ρ2 c x 2 H 2 s
H s cos( α ) Flow area perpendicular to flow direction

Inputs:
a1: Inlet flow angle α2
M1: Inlet Mach number
Re1: Inlet Reynolds number

Outputs:
a2: Exit flow angle α1
Yp: Stagnation pressure loss
ς1: Energy loss coefficient
CASCADE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
When the flow is unable to follow
the blade angle precisely, it
becomes underturned and thus
leaves the trailing edge at a
slightly different angle to the blade
exit angle

When a cascade analysis is α2


performed for rotor blades, absolute
velocities obtained are equivalent to
relative velocities of the actual
machine.
α1
CASCADE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Axial Velocity Density Ratio (AVDR):
ρ2 c x 2 H 2
=
ρ1 c x 1 H 1

For a given AVDR:


α2 =f ( M 1 , α1 , R e1 )
α2
Recall Euler work equation
Δ W x =(h 01−h02 )=(U c θ)1−(U c θ)2

where
c θ=c sin ( α )
α1
CASCADE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Stagnation pressure loss
T 02 p 02
s2 −s1 =Cp ln ( )−R ln ( )
T 01 p 01
For adiabatic flow T 02 =T 01

p 02 α2
s2 −s1 =−R ln ( )
p 01
For compressors
p 02− p 01
Y p=
p 01 − p 1 α1
For turbines
p 02 − p 01
Y p=
p 01− p 2

Y p =f (M 1 , α 1 , R e 1 )
Mollier Diagrams for a Compressor and Turbine
Note that stagnation enthalpy remains constant for adiabatic flow

For rotor blades these correspond to the relative frame of reference; c => w.

c2 w2
h 0 =h+ while h 0 , rel =h+
2 2
Mollier Diagrams for a Compressor and Turbine

An alternative loss parameter is sometimes used for turbines, called the


energy loss coefficient
2 2
(c 2 is −c2 ) 2 2
ζ= 2
where c =2(h01−h2 s )
2 is and c 2=2(h01−h2 )
c 2is
ANALYSIS OF CASCADE FORCES
Continuity Equation

ṁ=ρ1 A 1 c x 1=ρ2 A 2 c x 2

For constant depth, H, in to the page


ṁ
=ρ1 s c x 1=ρ2 s c x 2
H
For simplicity we can
assume constant axial
velocity. c =c =c
x1 x2 x

Then the forces (per unit


depth) become
X =( p1− p 2) s+ ṁ / H (c x 2−c x 1 )
X =( p1− p 2) s

Mean Velocity Y = ṁ / H (c y 2−c y 1 )=ρ s c x (c y 2−c y 1)


Mean Flow Angle OR
2
Y =ρ s c x ( tan(α 1 )−tan(α2 ))
ANALYSIS OF CASCADE FORCES
●
The forces X and Y should be balanced by the aerodynamic
forces on the blades.
●
Typically we can divide the resultant aerodynamic force in two
components:
– Lift force: Perpendicular to the freestream flow.
– Drag force: Parallel to the freestream flow.
●
However, for cascade analysis, it is customary to replace
freestream flow with mean flow.
●
Then,

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