CHAPTER Ⅳ

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from the

sample subjects to assess the effectiveness of outreach programme on knowledge and

utilization of mosquito control measures among homemakers in selected wards at Nagercoil

Corporation, Kanniyakumari District.

The data collected during the present study were analyzed based on objectives and

hypotheses formulated for the study.

Organization of the findings

In order to assess the effectiveness of outreach programme on mosquito control

measures among homemakers data gathered were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted by

using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The data and findings of the study are

presented under the following headings.

Section Ⅰ : Sample characteristics

Section Ⅱ : Assessment and comparison of knowledge and utilization of mosquito

control measures among sample subjects.

Section Ⅲ : Effectiveness of outreach programme among sample subjects.

Section Ⅳ : Relationship between knowledge and utilization of mosquito control

measures among the sample subjects.

Section Ⅴ : Association between pre-test score of knowledge and utilization of

mosquito control measures among the sample subjects.

1
 SECTION –I

Sample Characteristics

Findings related to frequency and percentage distribution of sample subjects according

to demographic variables

The sample comprised of 60 homemakers, out of which 30 were in the experimental group and

30 were in the control group. The demographic data collected were personal data which included age

(in years), educational status, religion, type of family, family monthly income, type of house, source

of information, method of mosquito control and previous history of mosquito borne disease.

The distribution of sample subjects in each of these categories is presented in

Table 1.

Table 1: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Sample Subjects According to

Selected Demographic Variables in Experimental and Control Groups

N=60

Experimental
group Control group
Demographic
(n=30) (n=30)
Sl.No variables
(f) (%) (f) (%)

1. Age in years
21-30 8 27 7 23
30-40 12 40 13 44
40-50 6 20 4 13
50-60 4 13 6 20

. (Table 1 Continues...)

2
(Table 1 Cont)
2 Educational status
Primary education 3 10 3 10
Secondary education 6 20 4 13
Higher education 10 33 11 36
Graduate and above 11 36 12 40
3 Religion
Hindu 8 27 10 33
Muslim 2 7 3 10
Christian 20 66 18 60
4 Type of family
Nuclear family 21 70 10 33
Joint family 9 30 10 33
Extended family 0 0 0 0
5 5. Family monthly income
Below₹ 10,000 4 13 3 10
₹10,000-₹30,000 9 30 10 33
₹30,000-₹50,000 14 47 12 4
₹50,000 above 3 10 5 17
6 Type of house
Pucca 12 40 14 47
Tiled house 10 33 8 27
Apartment 8 27 8 26
7 Source of information
Family members 8 27 10 33
Friends and neighbours 9 30 7 23
Mass media 10 33 9 30
Health magazines 3 10 4 14
8 Method of mosquito control
Fogging 8 26 7 23
Mosquito net 11 37 13 43
Repellents 6 20 5 17
Mosquito coils 5 17 5 17
9 Previous history of mosquito borne disease
Denque 6 20 5 17
Chikungunnya 4 13 7 23
Malaria 5 17 4 13
Typhoid fever 8 27 7 23
Nil 7 23 7 23

3
 The data presented in the Table 1 showed that, in experimental group, majority of the

sample subjects, 12 out of 30 (40%) were falling in the age group of 31-40 years, 11 out of 30

(36%) were graduate and above , 20 out of 30 (66%) belongs to Christians, 21 out of 30

(70%) were belongs to nuclear family, 14 out of 30 (47%) were earning family monthly

income of ₹30,000-₹50,000, 12 out of 30(40%) were living in a pucca house, 10 out of

30(33%) got information from mass media, 11 out of 30(37%) used mosquito nets for

mosquito control and 8 out of 30 (27%) had the history of typhoid fever.

In the control group 13 out of 30 (44%) were 31-40 years, 12 out 30 (40%) were

graduate and above, 18 out 30 (60%) belongs to Christians, 20 out of 30 (67%) belongs to

nuclear family, 12 out of 30 (40%) were earning family monthly income of ₹30,000-

₹50,000, 14out of 30 (47%) were living in a pucca house, 9 out of 30 (30%) got information

from mass media, 13 out of 30 (43%) used mosquito nets for mosquito control and 7 out of

30 (23%) having the history of typhoid fever and 7 out of 30 (23%) were not experienced

any mosquito borne diseases.

The personal data of the sample subjects is shown in Figure 1in the form of multiple

bar diagram.

4
 SECTION -Ⅱ

Assessment and Comparison of Knowledge and Utilization of mosquito control

measures among Sample Subjects

Findings related to pre and post-test assessment of knowledge and utilization mosquito
control measures among sample subjects

It deals with the frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge and utilization of
mosquito control measures of both experimental and control group.

Table 2: Frequency and percentage distribution of pre and post-test score of knowledge
score among experimental and control group N=60

Pre-test Post-test
Level of Knowledge (f) (%) (f) (%)
Experimental Group
Excellent 0 0 14 47
Good 0 0 16 53
Average 13 43 0 0
Poor 17 57 0 0
Control Group
Excellent 0 0 0 0
Good 0 0 0 0
Average 14 47 15 50
Poor 16 53 15 50

The data presented in Table- 2 revealed that, most of the sample subjects in

experimental group 17 out of 30 ( 57%) had poor knowledge, 13 out of 30 (43%) had average

knowledge and none of them had good and excellent knowledge in pre-test, whereas 14 out

of 30 (47%) had excellent knowledge, 16 out of 30 (53%) had good knowledge and none of

them had poor knowledge in the post-test. Also, maximum number of sample subjects in

5
control group16 out of 30 (53%) had poor knowledge 14 out of 30 (47%) had average

knowledge and none of them had good and excellent knowledge in pre-test, whereas 15 out

of 30 (50%) had average knowledge and 15 out of 30 (50%) had poor knowledge and none of

them had good and excellent level of knowledge in post-test.

The assessment of knowledge score in pre-test with post-test of the sample subjects is

shown in Figure 2 and 3 in the form of cylindrical diagram.

6
Figure 3: Cylindrical diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of pre
and post-test knowledge among experimental group

Figure 4: Cylindrical diagram showing frequency and percentage distribution of pre

and post-test knowledge among control group

7
Table 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of pre and post-test score of utilization

of mosquito control measures among experimental and control group

N=60

Level of utilization Pre-test Post-test

(f) (%) (f) (%)
Experimental
Group
Excellent 0 0 15 50
Good 0 0 15 50
Average 16 53 0 0
Poor 14 47 0 0
Control Group
Excellent 0 0 0 0
Good 0 0 0 0
Average 15 50 16 53
Poor 15 50 14 47

The data presented in Table - 3 revealed that most of the sample subjects in

experimental group 16 out of 30 (53%) had average level utilization, 14 out of 30 (47%) had

poor level utilization and none of them had good and excellent level utilization in pre-test

whereas 15 out of 30 (50%) had excellent level utilization, 15 out of 30 (50%) had good level

utilization and none of them had average and poor level of utilization in post test. Also in

control group none of them had excellent and good level utilization, 15 out of 30 (50%) had

average level utilization, 15 out of 30 (50%) had poor level utilization and none of them had

good and excellent utilization in pre-test whereas 16 out of 30 (53%) had average level

utilization, 14 out of 30 (47%) had poor level utilization and none of them had good and

excellent level utilization in post-test.

The assessment of utilization score in pre-test with post-test of the sample subjects is

shown in Figure 5 and 6 in the form of cone diagram.

8
9
Findings related to Comparison of pre and post-test score on knowledge and utilization
of mosquito control measures among experimental and control group.

It deals with the comparison of knowledge and utilization of mosquito control

measures among experimental and control group in terms of difference between means of
pre-test and post-test knowledge and utilization score, ‘t’ value was computed using paired ‘t’
test. In order to determine the comparison, the following hypothesis was stated,

H1: There is a significant difference between pre and post-test score of knowledge and
utilization of mosquito control measures among experimental and control group.

The data related to difference between mean knowledge and utilization of mosquito
control measures score of experimental and control group is presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Mean, standard deviation, ‘t’ value, mean difference of pre and post-test
knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures among experimental and
control group.

N=60

Paire
Mean d
Differenc “p”
Variables Pre-test Post-test e “t” df value
value
Mean SD Mean SD
Experimenta
l Group
Knowledge
7.3 2.2 17.87 3.1 10.57 18.26 29 0.00*
Utilization 3.1 1.6 7.83 2.06 4.73 13.22 29 0.00*
Control
Group
Knowledge
7.5 2.25 7.9 3.2 0.4 0.831 29 0.420#
Utilization 3.3 1.65 3.85 1.78 0.55 1.253 29 0.241#

Note:
* Significant at 0.05 level

10
 #Not significant at 0.05 level
.

Table -4 presents knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures score

among the experimental group and control group respectively. In the experimental group, the

pre-test mean knowledge score was 7.30±2.20 and post-test mean knowledge score was

17.87±3.10. The mean difference was 10.57 was statistically at 5% level significance

(p<0.05). The pre-test mean score of utilization was 3.10±1.60 and post-test mean utilization

score was 7.83±2.06. The mean difference was 4.73 was statistically very high significant

(p<0.001).

In the control group, the pre-test mean knowledge score was 7.50±2.25 and post-test

mean knowledge score was 7.90±3.20. The mean difference was 0.40 was statistically at 5%

level significance (p<0.05). The pre-test mean score of utilization was 3.30±1.65 and post-

test mean utilization score was 3.30±1.65. The mean difference was 0.55 was statistically not

significant (p>0.05).

This result implied that the knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures

score among sample subjects was higher in experimental group in post-test compared to pre-

test whereas there is little difference in knowledge and utilization of mosquito control

measures score among sample subjects in control group. The above findings supports

research hypothesis H1 .Hence, it can be concluded that there was a significant difference

between pre and post test score of knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures

among experimental and control groups.

Comparison of pre and post-test score of knowledge and utilization of mosquito

control measures between the sample subjects are shown in Figure 7 and 8 in the form of line

graph.

11
12
 SECTION -Ⅲ

Effectiveness of Outreach Programme on Mosquito Control Measures among Sample

Subjects.

Findings related to comparison of pre and post-test score of knowledge and utilization

between experimental and control group.

In order to assess the effectiveness of outreach programme in terms of significance

difference in means of pre-test and post-test score of knowledge and utilization of mosquito

control measures between the experimental and control group, ‘t’ value was computed using

unpaired ‘t’ test. In order to determine the comparison, the following research hypothesis was

stated,

H2: There will be a significant difference in the pre and post-test score of knowledge and

utilization of mosquito control measures among the experimental and control groups.

The data related to difference between pre and post-test mean knowledge and attitude

between experimental and control group is presented in Table-5

Table 5: Mean, standard deviation, mean difference, unpaired‘t’ value of pre and post-
test knowledge and utilization between experimental and control group.

N=60

Experimental Mean
group Control Differenc Independen Df p value
Group group e t “t” value
Mean SD Mean SD
Knowledge
Pre-test 7.3 2.2 7.5 2.25 0.2 0.349 59 0.82#
Post-test 17.87 3.1 7.9 3.2 9.97 12.28 59 0.00*
Utilizatio
n
Pre-test 3.1 1.6 3.3 1.65 0.2 0.479 59 0.651#
Post-test 7.83 2.06 3.85 1.78 20.9 8.122 59 0.00*

13
 Note:
*Significant at 0.05 level
# Not significant at
0.05level

Data on the table 5 compared pre and post-test knowledge and utilization of mosquito

control measures between experimental and control groups. In pre-test, the mean knowledge

score of experimental group was 7.30±2.20 and control group was 7.50±2.25. The difference

was not statistically significant (p>0.05) whereas in post-test, the mean knowledge score

experimental group was 7.90±3.20. The difference between the two groups was statistically

high significant (p<0.001).

In the pre-test score of utilization of mosquito control measures the mean utilization

among experimental group was 3.10±1.60 and control group was 3.30±1.65. The difference

between the two groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05) whereas in post-test the

mean utilization score of experimental group was 7.83±2.06 and control group was

3.85±1.78. The difference between the two groups was statistically high significant

(p<0.001).

There was more increase in knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures

in the experimental group than control group. The above findings support research hypothesis

H3. Hence, it can be concluded that the outreach programme on mosquito control measures

had an influence in increasing knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures in the

experimental group.

Comparison of pre and post test score of knowledge and utilization of mosquito

control measures between the sample subjects are shown in Figure 9 and 10 in the form of

line graph.

14
15
 SECTION-Ⅳ

Relationship between Knowledge and Utilization among the

Sample Subjects.

Findings related to relationship between pre and post-test knowledge and utilization of
mosquito among Sample Subjects

In order to find out the relationship between pre and post-test knowledge and
utilization score of sample subjects the following hypothesis was stated,

H2: There is a significant positive correlation between knowledge and utilization of mosquito
control measures among experimental and control groups.

The relationship between pre and post-test knowledge and utilization score of the
sample subjects were presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Mean, standard deviation, γ value of pre and post-test score of knowledge and
utilization among sample subjects N=60

Group Variable Mean SD γ value p value

Pre-test
Knowledge 7.3 2.2
0.72 0.042*
Utilization 3.1 1.6
Experimental Group
Post-test
Knowledge 17.87 3.1
0.86 0.028*
Utilization 7.83 2.06
Pre-test
Knowledge 7.5 2.25
0.76 0.040*
Utilization 3.3 1.65
Control Group
Post-test
Knowledge 7.9 3.2
0.8 0.032*
Utilization 3.85 1.78

16
Table -6 indicates coefficient correlation computed between knowledge and utilization of

mosquito control measures of the sample subjects. It is observed that a correlation exists

between knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures in the experimental group.

(present score γ =0.72 post test score γ =¿ 0.86). It is observed that a correlation exist between

knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures in control group ( pre test score

γ =0.76 post test score γ =0.80) indicating a positive relationship which is significant at 0.05

level.

The above findings support H3. these finding and implies that and increase in

knowledge brings about change in utilization of mosquito control measures among sample

subjects.

17
 SECTION – V

Association between Pre-test score of knowledge and Utilization and selected

Demographic Variables among Sample Subjects

In order to find out the significant association of pre-test score of knowledge and

utilization with selected demographic variables chi-square test was computed. To test the

statistical significance the following hypothesis was stated,

H4:There is a significant association between pre-test scores of knowledge and

utilization of mosquito control measures and selected demographic variables among

experimental and control group.

The association between pre-test score of knowledge and utilization score with

selected demographic variables is presented in Table-7.

18
Table 7: Association between pre-test knowledge score and selected demographic
variables among experimental and control group. n=30

Experimental Group
Level of knowledge Level of Utilization
Poor (17 )

poor (14)
average

average
d d

(13)

(16)
n=30 χ2 p value n=30 χ2 p value
Demographic f f
variables
A)Personal Data
21-30 years
2 6 8 2 6 8
30-40 years
8 4 12 4.54 3 0.208# 5 7 12 3.88 3 0.274#
40-50 years
4 2 6 4 2 6
50-60 years
3 1 4 3 1 4
2. Educational
status
Primary
3 0 3 3 0 3
Secondary
5 1 6 7.94 3 0.047* 2 4 6 9.63 3 0.021*
Higher secondary
6 4 10 7 3 10
Graduate and
above 3 8 11 2 9 11
3.Religion
Hindu
5 3 8 5 3 8
Muslim
1 1 2 0.169 2 0.918# 1 1 2 1.171 2 0.556#
Christian
11 9 20 8 12 20
4. Type of family

Nuclear 14 7 21 11 10 21
Joint
3 6 9 2.85 1 0.091# 3 6 9 0.918 1 0.337#
Extended
0 0 0 0 0 0
5.Monthly
income
Below ₹10,000 3 1 4 3 1 4
₹10,000 -30,000 8 1 9 9.36 3 0.024* 7 2 9 9.25 3 0.026*
₹30,000-50,000 6 8 14 4 10 14
Above ₹50,000 0 3 3 0 3 3
6.Type of house
Pucca 8 4 12 5 7 12
Tiled house 6 4 10 1.73 2 0.420# 6 4 10 1.104 2 0.575#
Apartment 3 5 8 3 5 8
7.Source of
information
Family members 6 2 8 6 2 8
Friend and
neighbours 6 3 9 5.56 3 0.134# 5 4 9 6.6 3 0.855#
Mass media 5 5 10 3 7 10
Health magazine 0 3 3 0 3 3
8.Method of
control
Fogging 3 5 8 3 5 8
Mosquito net 7 4 11 1.68 3 0.641# 6 5 11 1.33 3 0.721#
Repellent 4 2 6 2 4 6

19
Mosquito coil 3 2 5 3 2 5
9.Previous history
mosquito born
disese
Dengue 2 4 6 2 4 6
Chikunguniya 3 1 4 2 2 4
Malaria 2 2 5 5.5 4 0.239# 2 3 5 6.33 4 0.175#
Typhoid fever 3 5 8 2 6 8
Nil 6 1 7 6 1 7

20
Table 8: Association between pre-test knowledge and utilization of mosquito control
measures score and selected demographic variables among control group

n=30

Control Group
Poor (16 ) Level of knowledge Level of Utilization

poor (15)
average

average
d d

(14)

(15)
n=30 χ2 p value n=30 χ2 p value
Demographic f f
variables
A)Personal Data
21-30 years
2 5 7 2 5 7
30-40 years
6 7 13 4.91 3 0.177# 6 7 13 3.029 3 0.387#
40-50 years
3 1 4 3 1 4
50-60 years
5 1 6 4 2 6
2. Educational
status
Primary
3 0 3 3 0 3
Secondary
3 1 4 11.52 3 0.009* 3 1 4 10.15 3 0.017*
Higher secondary
8 3 11 7 4 11
Graduate and
above 4 8 12 2 10 12
3.Religion
Hindu
5 4 9 5 4 9
Muslim
2 1 3 0.312 2 0.855# 2 1 3 0.666 2 0.716#
Christian
9 9 18 8 10 18
4. Type of family

Nuclear 12 8 20 11 9 20
Joint
4 6 10 1.071 1 0.300# 4 6 10 0.6 1 0.438#
Extended
0 0 0 0 0 0
5.Monthly
income
Below ₹10,000 3 0 3 3 0 3
₹10,000 -30,000 7 3 10 9.46 3 0.021* 8 2 10 1.14 3 0.009*
₹30,000-50,000 6 6 12 3 9 12
Above ₹50,000 1 4 5 1 4 5
6.Type of house
Pucca 8 6 14 7 7 14
Tiled house 5 3 8 1.157 2 0.560# 5 3 8 1 2 0.60#
Apartment 3 5 8 3 5 8
7.Source of
information
Family members 7 3 10 6 4 10
Friend and
neighbours 4 3 7 5.74 3 0.124# 4 3 7 4.65 3 0.198#
Mass media 5 4 9 5 4 9
Health magazine 0 4 4 0 4 4
8.Method of
control
Fogging 4 3 7 4 3 7
Mosquito net 7 6 13 0.488 3 0.921# 6 7 13 0.619 3 0.891#

21
Repellent 2 3 5 2 3 5
Mosquito coil 3 2 5 3 2 5
9.Previous history
mosquito born
disese
Dengue 2 3 5 2 3 5
Chikunguniya 4 3 7 3 4 7
Malaria 1 2 4 4.94 4 0.292# 1 3 4 5.054 4 0.281#
Typhoid fever 3 4 7 3 4 7
Nil 6 1 7 6 1 7

22
 Data on the table seven demonstrated that experimental group, there was a significant

association between pre test knowledge and utilization of mosquito control measures score

and educational status (χ =7.94, df=3) and family monthly income (χ2=9.36, df=3),whereas in
2

the control group, there was significant association between pre-test knowledge and

utilization of mosquito control measures score and educational status (χ =11.52, df=3) and
2

family monthly income (χ2=9.46, df=3).

But there is no association between pre-test knowledge and utilization score and age

(χ2=4.54, df=3), religion (χ2=0.169, df=2), type of family (χ2=1.071, df=2), type of

house(χ2=1.73, df=2), source of information (χ2=5.56,df=3), method of mosquito

control(χ2=1.68, df=3) and previous history of mosquito borne diseases (χ 2=5.54,df=3) in

experimental group, whereas there is no association between pre-test knowledge and

utilization score and age (χ2=4.91, df=3), religion (χ2=0.312, df=2), type of family (χ2=2.85,

df=1), type of house(χ2=1.753, df=2), source of information (χ2=5.74,df=3), method of

mosquito control(χ2=0.488, df=3) and previous history of mosquito borne diseases

(χ2=4.94,df=4) in experimental group.

23