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Properties of Elements

properties of fluids

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13 views

Properties of Elements

properties of fluids

Uploaded by

ayahabbas28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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properties of elements

Atomic number


The atomic number indicates the number of protons
within the core of an atom. The atomic number is an
important concept of chemistry and quantum
mechanics. An element and its place within the
periodic table are derived from this concept.
When an atom is generally electrically neutral, the
atomic number will equal the number of electrons
in the atom, which can be found around the core.
These electrons mainly determine the chemical
behaviour of an atom. Atoms that carry electric
charges are called ions. Ions either have a number
of electrons larger (negatively charged) or smaller
(positively charged) than the atomic number.
Atomic mass

The name indicates the mass of an atom, expressed
in atomic mass units (amu ). Most of the mass of an
atom is concentrated in the protons and neutrons
contained in the nucleus. Each proton or neutron
weighs about 1 amu, and thus the atomic mass in
always very close tomass
the (or nucleon) number ,
which indicates the number of particles within the
core of an atom; this means the protons and
neutrons. Each isotope of a chemical element can
vary in mass.
The atomic mass of an isotope indicates the
number of neutrons that are present within the
core of the atoms. The total atomic mass of an
element is an equivalent of the mass units of its
isotopes. The relative occurrence of the isotopes
in nature is an important factor in the
determination of the overall atomic mass of an
element. In reference to a certain chemical
element, the atomic mass as shown in the
periodic table is the average atomic mass of all
the chemical element's stable isotopes. The
average is weighted by the relative natural
abundances of the element's isotopes.
Electronegativity according to Pauling

Electro negativity measures the inclination of an
atom to pull the electronic cloud in its direction
during chemical bonding with another atom.
Pauling's scale is a widely used method to order
chemical elements according to their electro
negativity. Nobel prize winner Linus Pauling
developed this scale in 1932.
The values of electro negativity are not calculated,
based on mathematical formula or a measurement.
It is more like a pragmatic range.
Pauling gave the element with the highest possible
electro negativity, fluorine, a value of 4,0. Francium,
the element with the lowest possible electro
negativity, was given a value of 0,7. All of the
remaining elements are given a value of somewhere
between these two extremes.
Density


The density of an element indicates the number of
units of mass of the element that are present in a
certain volume of a medium. Traditionally, density is
expressed through the Greek letter ro (written as
r).Within the SI system of units density is expressed
in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). The density
of an element is usually expressed graphically with
temperatures and air pressures, because these two
properties influence density.
Melting point


The melting point of an element or compound
means the temperatures at which the solid form of
the element or compound is at equilibrium with the
liquid form. We usually presume the air pressure to
be 1 atmosphere.
For example: the melting point of water is 0 oC,.
Boiling point


The boiling point of an element or compound
means the temperature at which the liquid
form of an element or compound is at
equilibrium with the gaseous form. We usually
presume the air pressure to be 1 atmosphere.
For example: the boiling point of water is 100
oC, 

At the boiling point the vapour pressure of an


element or compound is 1 atmosphere.
Vanderwaals radius


Even when two atoms that are near one another will
not bind, they will still attract one another. This
phenomenon is known as the Vanderwaals interaction.
The Vanderwaals forces cause a force between the two
atoms. This force becomes stronger, as the atoms come
closer together. However, when the two atoms draw too
near each other a rejecting force will take action, as a
consequence of the exceeding rejection between the
negatively charged electrons of both atoms. As a result,
a certain distance will develop between the two 
atoms, which is commonly known as the
Vanderwaals radius. 
Through comparison of Vanderwaals radiuses of
several different pairs of atoms, we have
developed a system of Vanderwaals radiuses,
through which we can predict the Vanderwaals
radius between two atoms, through addition.
Ionic radius


Ionic radius is the radius that an ion has in an ionic
crystal, where the ions are packed together to a
point where their outermost electronic orbitals are
in contact with each other. An orbital is the area
around an atom where, according to orbital theory,
the probability of finding an electron is the greatest.
Isotopes


The atomic number does not determine the number of
neutrons in an atomic core. As a result, the number of
neutrons within an atom can vary. Then atoms that
have the same atomic number may differ in atomic
mass. Atoms of the same element that differ in atomic
mass are called isotopes.
Mainly with the heavier atoms that have a higher
atomic number, the number of neutrons within the
core may exceed the number of protons.
Isotopes of the same element are often found in nature
alternately or in mixtures .
An example: chlorine has an atomic number of 17, which
basically means that all chlorine atoms contain 17 protons
within their core. There are two isotopes. Three-quarters of
the chlorine atoms found in nature contain 18 neutrons and
one quarter contains 20 neutrons. The mass numbers of
these isotopes are 17 + 18 = 35 and 17 + 20 = 37. The
isotopes are written as follows: 35Cl and 37Cl.
When isotopes are noted this way the number of protons
and neutrons does not have to be mentioned separately,
because the symbol of chlorine within the periodic chart
( Cl ) is set on the seventeenth place.
This already indicates the number of protons, so
that one can always calculate the number of
neutrons easily by means of the mass number.

A great number of isotopes is not stable. They will
fall apart during radioactive decay processes.
Isotopes that are radioactive are called
radioisotopes.
Electronic shell


The electronic configuration of an atom is a
description of the arrangement of electrons
in circles around the core. These circles are
not exactly round; they contain a wave-like
pattern. For each circle the probability of an
electron to be present on a certain location is
described by a mathematic formula.
Each one of the circles has a certain level of energy,
compared to the core. Commonly the energy levels
of electrons are higher when they are further away
from the core, but because of their charges,
electrons can also influence each another's energy
levels. Usually the middle circles are filled up first,
but there may be exceptions due to rejections. 
The circles are divided up in shells and sub shells,
which can be numbered by means of quantities
Energy of first ionization


The ionization energy means the energy that
is required to make a free atom or molecule
lose an electron in a vacuum. In other words;
the energy of ionization is a measure for the
strength of electron bonds to molecules. 
This concerns only the electrons in the outer
circle.
Energy of second ionization


Besides the energy of the first ionization, which
indicates how difficult it is to remove the first
electron from an atom, there is also an energy
measure for second ionization. This energy of
second ionization indicates the degree of
difficulty to remove the second electron.
As such, there is also the energy of a third
ionization, and sometimes even the energy of a
fourth or fifth ionization.

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