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APWH|Unit One “The Global Tapestry from c. 1200 to c. 1450” Reading Questions
Directions: For each reading section of Unit 1, define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using
specific details. Certain sections will be due each week, typically the day of our weekly reading quiz. It is imperative that you complete
your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course.

UNIT 1.1| Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Song Dynasty The empire that replaced the Tang dynasty it lasted Leading example of diversity and innovations in the
from 960-1279 and was in china Afro-Eurasia and the americas during the 13th century
Spread Confucianism and Buddhism practices to many
countries

2. Grand Canal An inexpensive and efficient internal waterway Expanding the canal enabled china, under the song
transportation system that extended over 30,000 dynasty, to become the most populous trading area in
miles China the world

3. Champa rice A fast-ripening and drought resistant strain of rice Expanded agricultural production in China, allowed
from the Champa Kingdom Sometime before the 11th farming to spread to lands where rice could not grow
century present day Vietnam

4. Tributary system An arrangement in which other states had to pay Lead to economic and political power over several
money or provide goods to honor the chinese Where- foreign countries but also created stability and
started in the han dynasty, and expanded to song stimulated trade for all parties involved
dynasty, japan, korea and kingdoms throughout
 southeast asia

5. Kowtow Is the act of deep respect shown by prostration, that The chinese sent out tremendous fleets led by Zheng
is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head He to demonstrate the power of the emperor and to
touching the ground. general meaning of "touch upon receive tribute
(a surface)",

6. Scholar Gentry The bureaucratic expansion created an entirely new Showed where people fit in their society and this
social class, the scholar gentry. The scholar gentry carried into many other countries and dynasties
were educated in confucian philosophy and became
the most influential social class in china

7. Foot Binding The breaking of a girls toes to make the foot smaller A bounded foot was looked as a beauty standard
to fit the beauty standards,was banned in 1912,
happened in China

8. Zen Buddhism Emphasized direct experience and meditation as Combined with doaist traditions which shaped many
opposed to formal learning based on studying countries
scripture in China

9. Filial piety The duty of family members to subordinate their The emphasis on respect for one's elders helped the
desires to those of the male head of the family and to song maintain their rule in china
the ruler

10. Neo-Confucianism Combining rational thought with the more abstract Became popular in the countries in china's orbit, like
ideas of Daoism and Buddhism happened during 770- japan, korea, and vietnam
840 and started in china

11. Sinification To modify by Chinese influence In spite of vietnamese efforts to maintain the purity of
their own culture, sinification did occur

Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. Explain how an imperial bureaucracy/meritocracy works.

systems of The Imperial bureaucracy wasA vast organizationwhere appointed officials execute the empire's
government policies.Because officials obtained their positions of power by getting a high score on exams based on
employed by Confucian texts, China's bureaucratic system was also known as a meritocracy.
Chinese B. How did the Song Dynasty’s imperial bureaucracy represent a political continuity?
dynasties and how The emperor Taizu expanded the educational opportunities to young men of the lower economic classes so
they they could score well on the civil service exams, which meant they could obtain a highly desired job. So the
developed dynasty had more workers and then could continue running
over time. C. How did the imperial bureaucracy change over time?
The poor were vastly underrepresented in the bureaucracy, the chinese system allowed for more upward
mobility than any other hiring system of its time
D. How did Song China also utilize Confucianism to maintain control (see pg. 8)?
Since Confucian scholars consumed lots of literature and were the major producers of literature, the song
dynasty emphasis on schooling created generations of well-rounded scholar-bureaucrats
E. How How did China’s imperial bureaucracy/meritocracy lead to the decline of the Song?
The bureaucracy had grown so large that it contributed to the empire's weakness. By creating so many jobs
and by paying these officials so handsomely, the song increased the costs of government to the point that
they began drying up china’s surplus wealth.
Explain the A. What lasting economic impact did the Tang Dynasty have on the Song Dynasty?
effects of Promoted agricultural development, improved roads and canals, encouraged foregien trade and spread
innovation on the technology, which lead to rapid prosperity and population growth
Chinese B. Trade networks:
economy ● How did the Grand Canal allow Song China to flourish economically?
over time. It promoted interregional trade

● What major trade network allowed China to trade items and technology (like guns) with

Eurasia? The silk road

● What two major developments allowed Song China to trade by sea? Paper because they

were able to print navigation charts that made sea travel possible to trade their products

C. Give examples of and explain how innovations in agriculture led to population growth and economic
success. Champa rice- allowed for multiple harvests per year. With more harvests came more food and once
it was imported to China, a growing population
D. China’s earlier discovery of coal led to the manufacturing of steel.
● How did steel impact Song China? Allowed for increased production of iron goods, once the chinese
learned to take carbon out of cast iron and began manufacturing steel, they used steel to make or
reinforce bridges, gates, and ship anchors

● List three other items of trade from Song China. Paper, silk, and porcelain

E. Song China became increasingly commercialized during proto-industrialization.

● Explain what commercialization means for an economy. Changes from local consumption to market
production

● Explain how Song China continued to rely on free peasant and artisan labor. They produce steel and
other products in widely dispersed smelting facilities under the supervision of the imperial government

F. Explain how the Tributary System supported both economic and political power for Song China. Other
states had to pay money , which helped them economically, or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor,
which made the emperor look superior which gave them more political power.(made other states pay taxes)
Explain the A. Prior to the Song Dynasty, most of Chinese society lived in rural areas. How does Song China differ from
effects of earlier history, and what makes this change happen? Urban areas grew in prominence in the productive
Chinese period. At the height of the Song dynasty, China was the most urbanized land in the world.
cultural
traditions on East
Asia over time.
B. From most powerful to least powerful, list the six classes of social hierarchy. Scholars gentrys, farmers,
artisans, merchants,peasants

C. What evidence is there that Chinese society was patriarchal (male dominated). The women were charged
with raising the children and were rarely given political power

D. Intellectual pursuits, such as literature, thrived in the Song Dynasty. What inventions from earlier
Chinese history allowed this to happen? Paper (2nd century) printing (7th century) Woodblock
printing

E. Buddhism continued to shape societies in Asia, especially in Song China.

● How did it migrate to China? The silk roads

● What do the three main types (Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan) of Buddhism have in
common? Theravada-focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and
self discipline. Strongest in Southeast asia Mahayana-focused on spiritual growth for all beings
and service. Strongest in China and korea Tibetan-focused on chanting. Stones in Tibet All
believed in the four noble truths and the eightfold path

● Explain how Zen Buddhism is a syncretic religion. It emphasized direct experience and

meditation as opposed to formal learning based studying scripture

● Buddhism posed a problem for the Tang Dynasty, who grew jealous. How did the Song Dynasty
treat Buddhism (make sure to include Neo-Confucianism in your answer). They were kind to
them but did not promote the religion. However, Buddhism had a strong presence and many
confucians began to adapt its ideals into their daily lives which created neo-confucianism

F. For each of the following countries, analyze the process and impact of sinification.

● JAPAN
○ Similarities to China: Japan’s Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622) promoted Buddhism and
Confucianism Learned how to do woodblock printing During Heian period (794-1185) japan
emulated chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature

○ Differences: Though Buddhism did spread to Japan, the Japanese government did not
embrace the civil service system nor did the society accept Confucianism.
 ● KOREA
○ Similarities to China: Had a centralized government- Adopted bothe confucian and buddhist
beliefs- Educated elite studied confucian classics, while buddhist doctrine attracted the peasant
masses- Adopted the chinese writing system- Did have a civil services exam

○ Differences: Chinese and korean languages remained structurally different Civil service exam
was not open to peasants and no truly merit based system for entering the bureaucracy

● VIETNAM
○ Similarities to China: - Adopted merit based bureaucracy of educated men- Adapted chinese
writing system and architectural styles

○ Differences:- Vietnamese women enjoyed more independence- Had nuclear families (just a
husband, wife, and their children)- Political centralization was nonexistent- Scholar officials
owned more allegiance to the village peasants

UNIT 1.2| Developments in Dar al-Islam

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

1. House of renowned center of learning Where-baghdad The islamic community helped transfer knowledge
Wisdom throughout Afro-eurasia

2. Hijab the practice of dressing modestly and a specific type of Showed the power that men had over women
head covering

3. Swahili Traders in East Africa blended Bantu and Arabic to A prominent starting point in fields of African Studies,
develop Swahili. Swahili today is spoken by various African-American Studies, and the study of other
groups in the African Great Lakes Region and other parts cultures of African origin throughout the world.
of Southeast Africa

4. Battle of Tours A rare defeat for the islamic military against the franish Marked the limit of rapid islamic expansion into
forces western europe

5. “People of what muslims regard the muslims, christians, and jewes The people not only tolerated each other but
the book” living in al-Andalus as influenced one another
(Dhimmi)
Objective Key Developments

Explain how A. Throughout the chapter are references to the teachings of Islam and Muhammad. Go through and summarize
systems of the impact of Islamic teachings on:
belief and
their ● Tolerance: Islams lived in harmony and coexisted with other religions like Judaism and Christianity. Their
practices toleration allowed for trading to flourish.
affected
society in the

period from ● Education: Scholars of Islam followed advice from Muhammad and were able to do things like translating
c. 1200 to c. Greek literary classics into Arabic (saving works from Aristotle and other Greek thinkers), study math texts
1450. from India, and adopt technique for paper-making from China. Scholars made advancements in astronomy,
law, history, logic, ethics, math, medicine, and philosophy.

● Economics: During the time of the Abbasids, trade patterns were changing. Baghdad lost its traditional
place on the southern Silk Road route. After awhile, Baghdad lost population and its canals fell into
disrepair. The countryside could not handle the agricultural needs of the urban population. Slowly, Baghdad
fell into despair.

● Slavery: Muslims could not enslave other muslims

● Women:Muhammed raised the status of women in many ways, his wife was loved, educated, and owned
her own business. Which set a pattern for the recognition of women's abilities But still had many restrictions

Explain the A. The Abbasid Empire began to crumble in the 1100s and 1200s due to attacks from outsiders. Summarize the
causes and key characteristics/significance of each group below:
effects of ● Mamluks: Arabs often purchased mamluks, who were frequently ethnic turks from central asia, to serve as
the rise of soldiers and later bureaucrats In egypt, mamluks seized control of the government, establishing the Mamluk
Islamic Sultanate (1250-1517) They prospered by facilitating trade in cotton and sugar between Islamic world and
states over europe. However when the portuguese and other europeans developed new sea routes for trade, the mamluk
time. declined in power

● Seljuk Turks: They began conquering parts of the middle east, eventually extending their power almost as far
as western china The seljuk leader called himself sultan, thereby reducing the role of the highest ranking
Abbasid from caliph to chief sunni authority

● Crusaders: European christians organized groups of soldiers, called crusaders, to reopen access for christians
to travel to and from their holy sites in Jerusalem that the Seljuk Turks tried to stop

● Mongols: Came from central asia Conquered the remaining abbasid empire in 1258 and ended the seljuk rule
Continued to push westward but were stopped in egypt by the mamluks

B. Explain what/how economic challenges also led to the decline of the Abbasid Empire. C. As new Islamic political

entities emerged, they demonstrated several cultural continuities. Summarize them. Trade patterns slowly shifted

to routes farther north. As Baghdad lost its traditional place at the center of trade, it lost wealth and population.
Slowly the infrastructure that had made baghdad a great city fell into decay

D. New Islamic political entities also demonstrated several cultural innovations. Explain how the following
contributed to this “golden age”.

● Nasiral-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274): Contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and
medicine Produced the most accurate astronomical charts his studies led to medical advances and improved
hospital care in cities such as Cairo

● Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406): Well known for his historical accounts and is widely acknowledged as a founder of
the fields of historiography (the study of methods of historians and sociology

● A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah (1460-1507): Most prolific female muslim writer before the 20th century Best known
poem honoring muhammad called “clear inspiration, on praise of the trusted one”

E. Summarize how the activities of Sufis, merchants, and the Islamic military led to the expansion of the Islamic
Empire.

● Sufis: Unlike muslims who focused on intellectual pursuits, such as the study of the Quran, Sufis emphasized
introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning May have begun as
a mystical response to perceived love of luxury by the early Umayyad Sufi missionaries played an important
part in the spread of islam. They tended to adapt to local cultures and traditions, sometimes interweaving local
religious elements into islam, and in this way they won many converts

● Merchants: Since in islamic society merchants were viewed more prestigious than in other societies, they
could grow rich from their dealings across the indian ocean and central asia and some merchants were even
sent out as missionaries

● Military:In non arab areas of islamic expansion, control by islamic caliphs led to discrimation against non
arabs

F. How were slaves and women treated under Islam? Slaves were converted to islam nad after were freed and slaved
women had more freedoms than non slaved women, like they could go to the markets and run errands and could
make their own money

G. What was the impact of Islam in:

● Africa: allowed for significant growth among their trade cities.

● Spain: Promoted trade, allowing chinese and southeast asian products to enter spain and thus into the rest of
europe Became a center of learning, as it had the largest library in the world at the time

H. What marked the limit of Islamic expansion into Western Europe? The battle of tours
 Explain the A. Looking back at intellectual innovations and cultural transfers, explain the significance of education and
effects of tolerance within the Islamic empire. - Tolerance within the Islamic empire was good. The Umayyad rulers in
intellectual Córdoba created a climate of toleration with Muslims, Christians, and Jews. They promoted trade, which
innovation allowed Chinese and Southeast Asian products to enter Spain, and into the rest of Europe.- Education within
in Dar al- the Islamic empire created scholar and scientific innovations that helped lay the foundation for the
Islam. Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution in Europe. Islam's cultural/scholar continuiety allowed for the work
of scholars to be passed down and incoming philosophers could build more ideas off of their previous ones.

UNIT 1.3| Developments in South and Southeast Asia

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Delhi sultanate Islamic forces that managed to conquer the city of delhi The interaction of islam and hinduism in northern
and much of the northern portion of south asia india dominated the politcal history of the era

2. Jizya A tax imposed by the delhi sultanate on all non-muslim Hindus resented muslims and considered them
subjects of the empire foreigners

3. Proselytize A religion that actively seeks converts, usually Converted many people to other religions, making
universalizing religions them grow more

4. Caste system A class system that the people fell under A class system that the people fell under

5. Qutub Minar Islamic mosque that was built on top of a hindu temple Islamic mosque that was built on top of a hindu
using materials from other hindu mosques and other temple using materials from other hindu mosques and
religious shrines Tallest structure in india today other religious shrines Tallest structure in india today

6. Bhakti Beginning in the 12th century, some hindus began to Didn’t discriminated against women or people of low
Movement draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of status
emotion in their spiritual life. Rather than emphasize
studying texts or performing rituals, they forced on
developing a strong attachment to a particular deity

7. Angkor Wat Didn’t discriminated against women or people of low served as a monument to a powerful king,
 status Suryavarman II, and also as his tomb, The temple,
dedicated to Vishnu

Objective Key Developments

Explain how SOUTH ASIA

the various A. Most South Asians practiced which religions before the arrival of Islam? Hinduism
belief
systems and B. Summarize the main differences betweeen Hinduism and Islam. Hindus pray to many gods, while islam is strictly
practices of monotheistic Hindu temples and artwork are replete with pictures of deities, while muslims disapprove of any visual
South and representation of allah Hinduism was associated with hierarchical caste system, while islam has always called for the
Southeast equality of all believers Hindus recognize several texts, while muslims look to only the quran for spirtual guidence
Asia
affected
society
over C. The arrival of Islam was at first forceful, as Muslim rulers tried to force Hindu and Buddhist subjects to convert.
time. This was unsuccessful, which led to voluntary conversion - who voluntarily converted and why? Many muslims
merchants in the indian ocean trade moved to indian port cities and married. Their wifies often ended up converting
to their husbands religion

D. Describe how Islam impacted the social structure of South Asia. It didn’t alter it much because it didn’t reject the
traditions already set in south asia. it did convert more low caste hindus but they continued to stay low caste

E. Describe how Islam interacted with and impacted South Asian culture. Changed amny cultural landscape like
arcuacture and suppressed many cultures

E. How do the Bhaktis and Sufis compare? The bhaktiks Helped spread hinduism, both of them Were mystical
movements emphasized inner reflection in order to achieve a direct personal relationship with a deity placed less
emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals, each appealed people outside their traditions, the Sufis helped
spread islam

SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. How did Islam spread to Southeast Asia?through trade and interactions between Muslim merchants and the locals.
Why did many in Southeast Asia convert? For religious, political, and commercial reasons.

Explain how SOUTH ASIA

and why A. How is South Asia characterized politically after the collapse of the Golden Age (Gupta Dynasty)? disnuity
various
states of
South and B. Southern India was more stable than Northern India - summarize the two kingdoms that evidence this. ●
Southeast
Asia Chola Dynasty (850-1267): First kingdom in southern india During the 11th century the dynasty
developed
and extended its rule to ceylon, the large island just south of India(sri lanka today)
maintained
power over
time.
● Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646): Means victorious city Began with the arrival of two brothers, Harihara and
Bukka, from Delhi sultanate in north central india. They were sent to the area because the delhi sultanate wished
to extend its rule to southern india Brothers had been born as hindus and converted to islam. When they left the
region controlled by the delhi sultanate,they went back to their birth religion and established their own hindu
kingdom Muslims kingdoms overtrew it in the mid 1500s

C. Northern India had more upheaval than Southern India - summarize the two states that evidence this. ●
Rajput Kingdoms: After the fall of the gupta empire, the Rajput kingdoms gradually formed in
northern India and present day pakistan. These were hindu kingdoms led by leaders of numerous
clans Because of the competition among clans, no centralized government arose, demonstrating the
diversity and regionalism of south asia

● Delhi Sultanate (13-16th centuries): Islamic forces that managed to conquer the city of delhi and much of the
northern portion of south asia One factor contributing to this resentment of the delhi sultanate were the tax,
called the jizya, they imposed on non-muslims Never organized an efficient bureaucracy in the style of the
chinese Prevented the mongols from conquering south asia In 1516, the sultans lost power to a the mughals

SOUTHEAST ASIA
A. What countries of today correspond with the region of Southeast Asia? Indonesia, malaysia, cambodia, thailand,
laos, vietnam

B. Summarize the importance of the sea-based kingdoms in Southeast Asia:

● Srivijaya Empire (670-1025): Was a hindu kingdom based on sumatra Built up its navy and prospered by
charging fees for ships traveling between india and china

● Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520): Based on Java had 98 tributaries at its height Sustained its power by
controlling seas Was Buddhist

C. Summarize the importance of the land-based kingdoms of Southeast Asia:

● Sinhala Dynasties: In sir lanka had their roots in the arrival of early immigrants, most likely merchants, from
north india Buddhist arrfived in 3rd century BCE and the island became a center of buddhist study

● Khmer Empire/Angkor Kingdom (802-1431): Was situated near the mekong river Complex irrigation and
drainage systems led to economic prosperity Were hindu but at some point changed to buddhist
1.4| Developments in the Americas
Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Cahokia largest earthen mounds built by the mississippian culture, Showed the cultural landscape
in southern illinois

2. Matrilineal the social standing was determined by the woman’s side Meant the the rulers son couldn’t rule after him
society of the family

3. City-State each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its Was the government of many civilizations
surrounding territory.

4. Tenochtitlan The capital of the aztecs, founded in 1325 Now mexico city

5. Great Pyramid At the center of the city the aztecs built a pyramid that One of the many archterial innovations they built, that
rose 150 feet, made out of stone are still built today

6. Chinampas On lake texcoco, the aztecs built floating gardens to Shows the farming techniques
increase the amount of space for food production

7. Theocracy Ruled by religious leaders Showed how they governed

8. Pochteca A special merchant that traded in luxury goods Not all merchants could do this

9. Mita System System created by the inca that was Mandatory public Shows how the inca and the aztecs differ
services

10. Carpa Nan A massive roadway system, use by mainly the Shows how the important people in the civilization
government and military got around

Objective Key Developments

Explain how Early Cultures

and why
states in the A. Explain how the Mississippian Culture organized their government and society. They had a rigid class structure, a
Americas chief called Great Sun who ruled each town, below was upper class of priests and nobles and a lower class of farmers,
developed hunters, merchants, and artisans, and at the bottom were slaves They had a matrilineal society which meant that the
and changed social standing was determined by the woman’s side of the family
over time
B. How did the Mississippian Culture decline? Why might there be different theories? The chacos built houses out of
stones and clay and The Mesa Verde used bricks made of sandstone Because of the climate, trees were small and
scarce, so they had to use other materials to build houses

C. How do the Chaco and Mesa Verde exemplify innovative advancements? Why did they have to do this? The chacos
built houses out of stones and clay and The Mesa Verde used bricks made of sandstone Because of the climate, trees
were small and scarce, so they had to use other materials to build houses
The Maya City-States (peak: 250-900 CE)
A. Summarize the governing structure of the Maya. Each mayan king claimed to be descended from a god

B. Explain the role of religion in Maya government and culture. Each mayan king claimed to be descended from a god

C. Why were the Mayans called the “Greeks of the New World” (give specific examples in your answer)? Because
they developed many modernized innovations that helped develop their civilizations, like the calendar

The Aztecs (c. 1200-1500 CE)

A. How did the Aztecs utilize a tribute system to control their population? Force the lower class that were conquered
people to pay tributes, and give up lands and perform military services, to remain in political dominance

B. What other methods of control did the Aztec utilize to govern? Grouped city-states into provinces and moved
warriors to each province’s capital to ensure that it remained in aztec control

C. How was the Aztec society organized? What role did women have? Their religion was central to their society, based
decisions on their religion including human scrafice. They mostly worked in the homes but some had actual jobs.

D. Explain the role of religion in Aztec government and culture. How does this differ from the Maya? The Aztecs
were controlled by religions because they ruled with a theocracy (which is different from the Mayans because
they didn't do this).

E. What key developments led to the decline of the Aztec? Low levels of technology, such as the lack of
wheeled vehicles and pack animals People started to resent the military rule
The Inca (1438-1572 CE)
A. How did the Inca rule their extensive territory efficiently? Was split into four provinces, each with its own governor
and bureaucracy

B. Explain how the Inca’s mita system differed from the Aztec tribute system. Priests were consulted before
important actions because they could determine the gods’ will by studying certain things

C. Explain the role of religion in the Inca Empire (make sure to look at priests, human sacrifice, and animism). Priests
were consulted before important actions because they could determine the gods’ will by studying certain things
 D. Summarize key achievements of the Inca; why were these significant to the empire? Quipu- a system of knotted
strings used to record numeral information for trade and engineering and for recording messages to be carried
throughout the empire Waru waru- raised beds with channels that captured and redirected rain to avoid erosion
during floods and that stored water to be used during dry periods

E. What led to the decline of the Inca Empire? Upon the arrival of spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1532, the
incan empire was in the midst of a civil war of succession after the death of emperor Huayna Capac. In 1533, the
spanish conquered the core of the empire, although outposts held out until 1572

F. What arguments surround the connection of these Mesoamerican cultures? Most are based on the olmec
civilization

1.5| Developments in Africa

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)

1. Trans-Saharan A network of trading routes across the great dessert Allowed land-locked states to have access to sea trade
Trade routes

2. Hausa People of the Hause ethnic group formed seven states, independent political entities in what is now Northern
Kingdoms the hausa kingdoms. The states were loosely Nigeria.
connected through kinship ties, though they had too
had no central authority

3. Sundiata A muslim ruler of mali, who used his connections with Instilled peace between two civilizations
others of his faith to establish trade relationships with
north african and arab merchants

4. Indian Ocean Ports that connected east africa, the middle east, a Allowed the trade of crops to other countries
Trade south asia, and east asia

5. Great A 30 ft by 15ft think wall of stone surrounding the Help protect the city from intruder
Zimbabwe capital city of zimbabwe

6. Zanj Rebellion Between 869 and 883, they and manyarab workers
mounted a series of revolts.about 15,000 enslaved
people successfully captured the city of basra and held
it for ten years before being defeated

7. Griots/Griottes Storytellers Possessed encyclopedic knowledge of Held the power to ruin people by telling their story
family lineages and the lives and deeds of great
leaders Were both venerated and feared as they held
both the power of language and of story

8. Indian Ocean The trading of slaves between the west africa and That's how slaverly spread to other countries
Slave Trade america
Objective Key Developments

Explain how A. Sub-Saharan Africa did not centralize power like most Asian or European societies. Explain how they governed
and why their societies. Communities formed kin based networks, where families governed themselves. A male head of the
states in network, a chief, mediated conflicts and dealth with neighboring groups. Groups of villages became districts, and a
Africa group of chiefs decided among themselves how to solve the district’s problems
developed
and
changed
over time. B. Why did larger kingdoms grow in prominence (mostly after 1000)? Because survival for small kin based
communities became more challenging

C. Locate the Hausa Kingdoms on the map on pg. 44. Why did these states need to rely on the Trans-Saharan
trade network? Because they lacked much access to the sea

D. Summarize the key characteristics of government and economy for the following West and East African
kingdoms, as well as the impact of Islam on each:

● Ghana: Between the sahara and the tropical rainforest of the west african coast Founded during the 5th
century before mahammad Ghana’s rulers sold gold and ivory to muslims traders in exchange for salt, copper,
cloth, and tools From chana’s capital city, Koumbi saleh, the king ruled a centralized government aided by
nobles and a army equipped with iron weapons

● Mali: Most powerful trading state Founding ruler, Sudiata, was a muslim and used his connections with
others of his faith to establish trade relationships with north african and arab merchants Cultivated a thriving
gold trade in mali

● Zimbabwe: Architecture demonstrated the growing wealth of the kingdom Though most houses had been
built using wood, by the 9th century chiefs had begun to construct their dwellings with stone E of agriculture,
grazing, trade, and gold Traded with city states through ports that were part of the indian ocean trade

● Ethiopia: Prospered by trading good obtained from india, arabia, the roman empire, and the interior of africa
Beginning in the 7th century the spread of islam made the region more diverse religiously

E. Sub-Saharan Africa was also socially organized around kinship, age, and gender. Explain how the role of
gender impacted men and women in society. Men mostly did activities that required a specialized skill. Like
leather tanners, and blacksmiths. Women generally engaged in agricultural and food gathering. They also
took the primary responsibilities for carrying out domestic chores and raising their family’s children
 F. Slavery also has a long history in Africa, with prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals often enslaved. Compare
the three types of slavery below:

● Chattel: Slaves were the legal property of the owner Common during the 16th century to 19th century
Common in the americas Permanent enslavement Slaves childerns were slaves too

● Domestic Slaves served in the households Common in classical greece and rome and the middle east
Sometimes enslavement was permanent Often times slaves childern were slaves Laws or customs might prevent
a master from selling a slave

● Debt Bondage People became slaves, sometimes through mutual agreement, to repay a debt Common in east
africa before the 15th century and in european colonies in the americas Not all slaves were permanently
enslaved Childern often inherited debts of their parents Laws or customs mightlimit how severely a master could
punish a slave

G. Why was the Zanj Rebellion considered one of the most successful slave revolts in history?The large size
and long length of time before it was defeated make the zanj rebellion one of the most successful slave
revolts in history

H. Explain the significance of music, visual arts, and literature to the culture of Sub-Saharan Africa. They
provided enjoyment and mark rituals such as weddings and funerals

1.6| Developments in Europe

Key term/event Definition (Who, What, When, Where…) Significance (Why this term matters)
1. Feudalism - A system of exchanges of land for loyalty known as - Core of this was a system of mutual obligations
this- Used during the Middle Ages

2. Fiefs Tracts of land that were granted to lords by a Used a source of income for vassals
monarch

3. Serfs - Peasants who lived on manor grounds- Not slaves, - In return for protection provided by the lord of the
but tied to the land- ^^^ this meant they could not manor, serfs paid tribute in the form of crops, labor,
travel without permission from their lords- They could or coins (coins as tribute was rare).
not marry without their lord's approval.- Children
born to serfs were serfs as well

4. Three-field - Came into use near the end of the Middle Ages- - A second field was planted with legumes such as
system Definition: crops were rotated through three fields- peas, lentils or beans. These legumes made the soil
One field was planted with rye or wheat (crops that more fertile by adding nitrogen to it.- A third field was
provided food) allowed to remain unused each year.

5. Absolutist - Definition: a form of government where the - Monarchs during the Middle Ages desired for a
(government) monarch rules unhindered (no laws or legally strong absolutist government. This caused conflict
organized opposition) with the people who wanted representation.

6. Estates-General - Not until Philip IV did the first Estates-General meet- - Even though the French kings consulted this Estates-
Definition: a body to advise the king that included General when needed, they did not exact regular
representatives from each of the three legal classes, taxes from the two upper states. Thus, the Estates-
or estates, in France: the clergy, nobility, and General had little power. The clergy and nobility felt
commoners. little to no responsibility to protect a government they
were not financing.

7. Magna Carta - First thing the nobles did who were objecting to the - Required the king to respect certain rights, like the
power of William and the succeeding Norman right to a jury trial before a noble could be sentenced
monarchs.- Signed by King John in 1215 under to prison.
pressure from the leading nobles

8. Great Schism In 1054, the Christian Church in Europe encountered a split into two branches: the Roman Catholic and the
division, often called this Orthodox.

9. First Crusade - Only Crusade that was a clear victory for the - In July 1099, the European army took control of
Christendoms. Jerusalem, but Muslim forces regained control of
Jerusalem in 1187.

10. Fourth - Last major Crusade (1202-1204)- Venice had a - This Crusade never made it to the Holy Land. After
Crusade contract to transport Crusaders to the Middle East awhile, Islamic forces were victorious in the Levant.
(Levant), but Venice was not paid all of what was due,
so the Venetians convinced the Crusaders who owed
them money to first go after Zara, an Italian city, and
then Constantinople, huge trade competitor of
Venice.

Objective Key Developments

 Explain the A. Summarize the Middle Ages (medieval period) of Western Europe. The Middle Ages was a time period
causes and of cultural development, political ups and downs, religious tensions, intellectual/creative growth, and the
consequence s of development of feudalism.
political
decentralizati on in
Europe from c. 1200 to
c. 1450. B. Describe the system of decentralized governance used by Europe in the Middle Ages. They used a
decentralized political organization based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty known as
feudalism. Downloaded by Eliseo Hernandez ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|
47019135lOMoARcPSD|47019135- Core of feudalism was a system of mutual obligations- Due to the
sanctions of oaths of loyalty, the system cut down on losses to robbers and bandits, which allowed some
security for peasants. Also, it provided equipment for fighters who hoped to become knights, and gave
land in return for service of the lord.- The entire system was based on agriculture and wealth was
measured in land rather than money.

C. In feudalism, there were several relationships, explain them below:

● Monarch: - Usually a king- Granted tracts of land, fiefs, to lords- In return for granting the land to
the lord, a lord became a king's vassal (a person who owed a service to another person of higher
status).

● Lords: They provided land to knights and in return, knights became vassals of the lord and pledged
to fight for the lord or king.- Provided land and protection to peasants.

● Peasants: Since the lords provided them with land and protection, in return, peasants were
obligated to farm the lord's land and provide the lord with livestock and crops. They also had to obey
the lord's orders.

D. How did this system impact the groups above? How did this system impact women? -- Because of the
sanctions around oaths of loyalty, this system cut down on losses to robbers and bandits, which gave
some security for peasants. In addition, this system provided equipment for fighters who could hope to
become knights, and gave land in return for service of the lord.- Women were to be protected, so the code
of chivalry put them on a pedestal while not investing them with any significant additional importance.
Women did not have many rights in practice.

E. Describe the manorial system; how was it similar and different to feudalism (think about which of
the PIECES themes each reflects)? - Manors: large fiefs or estates- Manorial system: provided both
economic self-sufficiency and defense- Manor grounds were small villages that usually included a
church, a blacksmith shop, a mill, and presses for making wine, cider, or oil. The homes of peasants
known as serfs are included too.- The manor produced everything that its population required. This
limited the need for trade or contact with outsiders. Many serfs spent their whole lives on a single
manor, not knowing what was going on in the rest of Europe.- It is similar to feudalism in the way that
serfs give their lords a tribute in exchange for protection, but the manorial system does not involve as
many societal classes as feudalism.

F. Explain two new characteristics in the later Middle Ages that led to stronger monarchies. Why did
this change create conflict? - Both of these characteristics increased the power of the monarchy at the
expense of feudal lords.- Monarchs hired a growing bureaucracy to carry out their decisions and they
organized an army that was controlled by the monarch. Both the bureaucracy and army did not work for
the government or the people of the state. Instead, they worked directly for the king or queen. This
gave the monarch a lot of power. In many cases, the desire of people for representation and the want of
monarchs for strong absolutist government conflicted. Sometimes the craving for power created
tension between monarchs and the pope.
 G. Describe the bureaucracy of France in the Middle Ages and evaluate its level of success. - King Philip
II was the first to develop a real bureaucracy, but it was not until Philip IV that the first Estates-General
met (see definition above). The French kings consulted with the Estates-General when deemed
necessary, but they did not exact regular taxes from the clergy and nobility. The Estates-General had
little power.

H. Describe the governing system of the Holy Roman Empire and what led to its decline - German king
Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962. His successors survived the power struggle with the
papacy over the lay investiture controversy from the 11th and 12th centuries. This issue was over
whether a secular leader, rather than the pope, could invest bishops with the symbols of office.
Eventually, it was resolved in the Concordat of Worms in 1122, when the Church attained autonomy
from secular authorities. This empire was flourishing until its decline.- Decline: It was virtually destroyed
during the Thirty Years' War. It tried to hold on, but with little power. The Holy Roman Empire came to
an official end when Napoleon invaded central Europe in 1806.

I. Describe the feudal system of Norman England and explain how it changed in 1215 and 1265. - William
the Conqueror successfully invaded England giving him kingdoms on both sides of the English Channel.
William used a tightly organized feudal system, using royal sheriffs as his administrative officials.- Many
nobles objected to the power of William and the succeeding Norman monarchs. These specific nobles were
responsible for limits on that power in England. They pressured King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215
(see definition). The nobles also won the right to be consulted on the dispute of scutage (a form of tax
placed on a knight who wanted to "buy out" of military service). The first English Parliament was created in
1265. These innovations increased the rights of the English nobility, but not the general population. In 1265,
the first full parliamentary meeting took place and the House of Lords represented the nobles and Church
hierarchy, while the House of Commons contained the elected representatives of wealthy townspeople.
After some time, the power of these two legislatives bodies in England became stronger than other similar
bodies on the European continent.

Explain how A. Explain how the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches emerge from the Christian Church in Europe
the beliefs in 1054. In 1054, the Christian Church in Europe went through a division, the Great Schism, and split into
and practices of the the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox. The Roman Catholic Church remained to dominate most of
predominant Europe for the next five centuries. The Orthodox Church was powerful farther east, into Russia.
religions in
Europe B. The Roman Catholic church was extremely influential in Europe at this time - why? The Church
affected actually established the first universities in Europe. Since the Church led in the area of education, most
European philosophers, writers, and other thinkers were religious leaders. All artists worked for the Church and
society. most artwork was centered around religious themes as it was a way to educate the illiterate
serf/peasant classes about the lessons of the Bible
C. Explain the impact of the Roman Catholic Church on:
● Education and Art: The Church actually established the first universities in Europe. Since the Church
led in the area of education, most philosophers, writers, and other thinkers were religious leaders. All
artists worked for the Church and most artwork was centered around religious themes as it was a way
to educate the illiterate serf/peasant classes about the lessons of the Bible

● Church and State: The Church held a lot of power within the feudal system. For example, if a lord
displeased the Church, it would pressure the lord in various ways (ie: A local bishop might cancel
religious services for his serfs. This angered the serfs, who would demand that the lord give in to the
bishop). The Roman Catholic Church had a large hierarchy of regional leaders. The regional religious
leaders were the bishops and they owed allegiance to the pope (the supreme bishop in Rome).
Bishops also selected and supervised local priests. Missionaries spread Christianity in Europe and this
provided a common identity as other languages emerged.
 ● Monasticism: The main goal was to invade the Middle East and reclaim control of the Holy Land,
the region of Palestine in the Middle East that contains spiritual significance to Jews, Christians, and
Muslims.

● Reform: The main goal was to invade the Middle East and reclaim control of the Holy Land, the
region of Palestine in the Middle East that contains spiritual significance to Jews, Christians, and
Muslims.

D. Summarize the main goal of the Christian Crusades. The main goal was to invade the Middle East and
reclaim control of the Holy Land, the region of Palestine in the Middle East that contains spiritual
significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

E. Explain how religious, social, and economic pressures resulted in the Crusades. Rules of primogeniture
left a generation of younger sons with little access to land and wealth. Landed nobles saw a military
campaign as a way to divert the ambitions of these restless nobles as well as unemployed peasants, who
usually pillaged the lands of neighboring lords. Also, merchants wanted unlimited access to trade routes
through the Middle East. The combination of social, religious, and economic pressures resulted in a series
of European military campaigns known as the Crusades. Politics formed the conduct of the Crusades.
Problems between popes and kings helped to strengthen the intention of the Roman Catholic Church to
take control. Additionally, the Church used its spiritual authority to recruit believers. It granted relief from
required acts of atonement and penance and also promised people they would reach heaven earlier if
they joined a Crusade. The Orthodox branch of Christianity offered support as well after hearing the news
of the persecution of Christian pilgrims of the Seljuk Turks. The Orthodox patriarch at Constantinople
appealed to Pope Urban II to help reclaim the Holy Land from Islamic reign.

Explain the A. What developments allowed agriculture to become more efficient near the end of the
effects of Middle Ages? The three-field system was a major factor in the growth of population in the late
agriculture on social Middle Ages. Windmills and new types of plows were other technological developments that allowed
organization in agriculture to grow. Heavier plows with wheels were made to deal with the type of soil in areas north
Europe of the Alps and lighter plows were good for the soil in southern Europe.
from c. 1200 to c.
1450.
B. How did greater agricultural prosperity impact European society in the Middle Ages?
Changes in agriculture encouraged population growth

C. Explain how Marco Polo’s travels abroad impacted the economy of Europe. Polo visited the
court of Kublai Khan in Dadu (now Beijing) and he wrote detailed descriptions of the customs
of the people he met and this intrigued Europeans. Curiosity about Asia soared and this
stimulated interest in mapmaking.

D. Explain how the middle class emerged in Western Europe, and who made up this new social group. The
middle class began to emerge between the nobility and clergy and the serfs. Also known as the
bourgeoisie/burghers, the middle class included shoekeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small
landholders. Even though the middle class was small, it took shape as Europe joined the Byzantine Empire
and Muslim nations in long-distance exchanges of money and goods.

E. How did population growth and agricultural prosperity lead to urban growth? How did the
Little Ice Age impact society during this time? - Population growth and agricultural prosperity lead
to urban growth because the agricultural surplus encouraged the growth of towns and of markets
that were able to operate more frequently than just on holidays. The need for more labor on the
manors gave serfs more bargaining power with lords as well.- The Little Ice Age was a five-century
cooling of the climate time period. This climate change involved lower temperatures and these
temperatures reduced agricultural productivity, so people had less to trade and the growth of
cities was decreasing. The Little Ice Age also led to an increase in disease and unemployment. This
caused social unrest. Crime rate also increased and groups, like Jews, that had already faced
discrimination were the victims of scapegoating (being blamed for something they had no control
over).

F. Although Jewish, Muslim, and female citizens positively impacted their communities, they also faced
ostracism or negativity from Europe. Explain using specific examples. - Antisemitism was common among
Christians at this time because they thought of Jews as untrustworthy and foreigners. Jews were expelled
from England in 1290, France in 1394, Spain in 1492, and Portugal in 1497. Expelled Jews often moved to
eastern Europe.- Muslims who did not convert to Christianity in Spain were expelled in 1492 from Spain.-
Not many women received education despite the fact that women often managed manor accounts.

G. How did the Renaissance and its interest in humanism impact Europe? The Renaissance was a period of
the revival of interest in classical Greek and roman literature, art, culture, and civic virtue. Also, scholars
recovered and observed decaying manuscripts that had been written many centuries prior. Humanism is
the focus on individuals rather than God. Humanists desired for education, reform and started to write
secular literature. Cultural changes helped with the rise of powerful monarchies, the centralization of
governments, and the birth of nationalism.

H. Explain the general evolution of Kiev to the modern state of Russia.Major trade in furs, fish,
and grain was going around areas like Central Asia and the center of this trade of the city of
Kiev (now in Ukraine). The regions and city-states that were involved in this trade became
known as Kievan Rus, but the Mongols took over this region by the end of the 13th century.
The Mongols made it a requirement that local nobles collect tribute for them. As these nobles
became wealthy in their role, they began to object to Mongol rule. Under the leadership of
Ivan the Great, the region became independent of the Mongols in the late 15th century. This
marked the start of the modern state of Russia.
1.7| Comparison in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450
Objective Key Developments

Explain the A. The author makes the claim that states in core areas of civilization grew larger, while smaller states began to
similarities decline. Identify and explain two examples that prove this argument. States in core areas of civilization grew larger
and because of cultural and technological progression. For example, the Song Dynasty in China was maintained for a
differences long period of time due to the advancements that occurred. Also, the Chola Kingdom and Vijayanagar Empire used
in the trade to construct strong states. Smaller states declined due to the lack of innovation.
processes
of state
formation
from c.
1200 to c.
1450. B. How was the role of religion in empire and state building similar or different throughout Afro-Eurasia? Religion was
a vital part of state-building in much of the world because it helped to unite a diverse population and strengthen
political control over territories. One prime example of how religion worked with state-building was the Islamic world
because Islam provided the basis for the legitimacy of rulers from West Africa to Southeast Asia. Other states
strengthened by religion include the Song Dynasty (used Confucianism), Neo-Confucianism spread to Korea and Japan
(allowed rulers in these East Asian regions to justify their power), and rulers in Southeast and South Asia relied on
Buddhism and Hinduism to help strengthen states as well. However, Europe's relationship between the Roman
Catholic Church and state-building was slightly different. Sometimes, the Church was part of the state-building
process, but due to European states being so weak for most of the Middle Ages, the Church had given an alternative
structure for organizing society. Between 1200 and 1450, more powerful states in France and the Holy Roman Empire
emerged, which caused the Church to become the rival power on occasions.

C. Explain how the increase in cross-cultural exchanges impacted regions throughout Afro-Eurasia. Nomadic
people had an essential role in the process of state building between 1200 and 1450. The Mongols ruled over
important areas of Asia and Eastern Europe during the 13th century and Mongol dominance allowed political
stability and expansion of trade across Eurasia. The Seljuks and Ottoman Turks were other strong empires. The
creation of these strong empires would be among the last major impacts of the interaction between settled and
nomadic people. The part of nomads in commerce and cross-cultural exchange began to decline as they were
replaced by organized groups of merchants and trading companies.

D. Explain how the role of nomads changed over time in the process of state building. Nomadic
people had an essential role in the process of state building between 1200 and 1450. The Mongols
ruled over important areas of Asia and Eastern Europe during the 13th century and Mongol
dominance allowed political stability and expansion of trade across Eurasia. The Seljuks and Ottoman
Turks were other strong empires. The creation of these strong empires would be among the last
major impacts of the interaction between settled and nomadic people. The part of nomads in
commerce and cross-cultural exchange began to decline as they were replaced by organized groups of
merchants and trading companies.
E. Using the chart on page 68, describe two major types of state building that you believe are the most successful. The
two types of state buildings that I believe are the most successful are the revival of former empires and expansion in
 scope. Revival of former empires is defined as when new leadership continues or rebuilds a previous empire with some
innovation. One example of this is the Mali Empire and this empire was very successful because it became very
powerful and wealthy. The expansion of scope process is when an existing state expands its influence through
conquest, trade, or other means and an example of this are the Incas in South America.

UNIT 1 REVIEW

Review| Identify continuities and changes for each of the six regions in this Unit.
Region Political Innovations Environment Culture Economic Social

East Asia (1.1)

Dar al-Islam
(1.2)
South and
Southeast
Asia (1.3)

Americas (1.4)

Africa (1.5)

Europe (1.6)