DQS 22 NOTES DQS 22S GROUP

Water supply and treatment

Read this pdf carefully make rich notes on water supply, water treatment and waste water treatment

Attempt the questions below as takeaway CAT.

Briefly explain the process of water treatment to cover

a) screening
b) equalization tanks
c) particle aggregation through chemical action
d) sedimentation tank role
e) media such as sand and activated carbon
f) methods of killing harmful microorganisms’ reduction
g) management of sludge in waste water treatment
h) reuse potential of wastewater
i) draw at least five dredging equipment

use the information below to draw a septic tank to scale 1:100 on your a4 paper

Water Treatment notes as per syllabus requirement

I. Definition of Terms Used in Water Treatment:

• Water Treatment: The process of purifying and conditioning water to make it safe for
consumption and other purposes.

• Coagulation: The process of adding chemicals to promote the clumping of small particles in
water.

• Flocculation: The gentle mixing or stirring of water to encourage the formation of larger flocs.

• Sedimentation: The settling of flocs and particles in water due to gravity.

• Filtration: The removal of remaining suspended solids and impurities by passing water through a
porous medium.

• Disinfection: The elimination or inactivation of harmful microorganisms in water.

• Supply: The distribution of treated water to consumers for various uses.

II. Principles of Design of Water Treatment Works:

• Water Quality: Designing treatment processes based on the quality of raw water to be treated.

• Treatment Goals: Determining the desired water quality standards to be achieved.

 • Efficiency and Cost-effectiveness: Designing treatment processes that are efficient and
economically viable.

• Flexibility: Designing treatment plants to accommodate changes in raw water quality and future
expansion.

• Safety: Incorporating safety measures to protect workers and prevent accidents.

• Environmental Considerations: Minimizing the environmental impact of treatment processes and

ensuring compliance with regulations.

III. Intake Facilities and Procedure from Rivers and Dams:

• Intake Structures: Structures designed to collect raw water from rivers or dams.

• Screens: Installed at intake structures to prevent large debris from entering the treatment plant.

• Pumping: Water is pumped from the intake structure into the treatment plant.

• Pre-sedimentation: Sometimes, a settling basin is used to allow heavy particles to settle before
entering the treatment plant.

IV. Layout of Treatment Works:

• Influent Chamber: The initial chamber where raw water enters the treatment plant.

• Coagulation and Flocculation Tanks: Where chemicals are added and mixed to promote particle
aggregation.

• Sedimentation Basins: Large tanks where flocs settle to the bottom, forming sediment.

• Filtration Units: Filters, often consisting of layers of sand and gravel, remove remaining
suspended solids.

• Disinfection Unit: Where chemicals (e.g., chlorine) or UV light are used to kill or inactivate
harmful microorganisms.

• Storage Tanks: Treated water is stored in tanks for supply to consumers.

V. Screening:

• Purpose: Removal of large debris and solid particles from the water.

• Process: Water passes through screens with different mesh sizes to trap objects like leaves,
twigs, and larger particles.

VI. Filtering:

• Purpose: Removal of remaining suspended solids and impurities from the water.

• Process: Water is passed through filters, often composed of sand and gravel, which trap smaller
particles and impurities.

VII. Coagulation:
 • Purpose: Promoting the clumping of small particles in the water for easier removal.

• Process: Chemicals, such as aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride, are added to the water to
facilitate particle aggregation.

VIII. Sedimentation:

• Purpose: Allowing flocs and particles to settle out of the water due to gravity.

• Process: Water flows into large sedimentation basins where flocs settle at the bottom, forming
sediment.

IX. Further Filtration:

• Purpose: Removing any remaining impurities and fine particles from the water.

• Process: Water passes through additional filters, often consisting of activated carbon or
membranes, to achieve higher water quality.

X. Disinfection:

• Purpose: Elimination or inactivation of harmful microorganisms in the water.

• Process: Chemical disinfectants, such as chlorine or ultraviolet (UV) light, are used to kill or
neutralize pathogens and microorganisms.

XI. Supply:

• Purpose: Distributing treated water to consumers for various uses, including drinking, irrigation,
and industrial purposes.

• Process: Treated water is stored in storage tanks and then distributed through a network of pipes
to homes, businesses, and other facilities.

DRAWINGS GUIDE

1. Intake Facilities:

• Include a drawing of an intake structure with an annotation explaining its purpose in collecting
raw water from rivers or dams.

2. Screening:

• Draw a schematic of water flowing through screens of different mesh sizes.

• Annotate the screens and describe their function of removing large debris and solid particles
from the water.

3. Coagulation and Flocculation Tanks:

• Illustrate the tanks and label them accordingly.

 • Include annotations describing the addition of coagulants, mixing, and the purpose of promoting
particle aggregation.

4. Sedimentation Basins:

• Draw sedimentation basins and annotate them.

• Explain the settling of flocs at the bottom and the formation of sediment.

5. Filtration Units:

• Create a diagram representing the filtration units.

• Annotate the layers of sand and gravel, explaining their role in trapping remaining suspended
solids.

6. Disinfection Unit:

• Draw a disinfection unit, such as a chlorine contact chamber or UV disinfection system.

• Annotate the use of chemicals or UV light for killing or inactivating harmful microorganisms.

7. Storage Tanks:

• Illustrate storage tanks and label them accordingly.

• Describe their purpose in storing treated water before distribution.

8. Supply:

• Create a diagram representing a network of pipes distributing treated water.

• Annotate the different uses of the supplied water, such as drinking, irrigation, and industrial
purposes.

Remember, it's important to create clear and accurate diagrams that visually represent the water
treatment process and its various stages.

WASTE WATER TREATMENT BASICS

Collection and Preliminary Treatment:

• Purpose: Collection and initial removal of large debris and solids from wastewater.

• Actions:

• Wastewater is collected from various sources through a network of pipes and sewers.

• Bar screens or mechanical screens are used to remove large objects like plastic, rags, and
sticks.

• Grit chambers are employed to allow heavier particles such as sand and gravel to settle
out.
2. Primary Sedimentation:

• Purpose: Removal of settleable organic solids and suspended particles from wastewater.

• Actions:

• Wastewater flows into primary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers.

• The velocity of wastewater is reduced, allowing larger particles and organic matter to
settle as primary sludge.

• Clarified effluent, with reduced organic content, moves on to the next treatment stage.

3. Biological Treatment (Secondary Treatment):

• Purpose: Breakdown and removal of dissolved and colloidal organic matter through biological
processes.

• Actions:

• Wastewater enters an aeration tank or activated sludge process.

• Aerobic bacteria are introduced and provided with oxygen or air to consume organic
matter.

• The biological process converts organic compounds into carbon dioxide, water, and new
bacterial cells.

4. Secondary Sedimentation:

• Purpose: Separation of biological flocs or sludge from the treated wastewater.

• Actions:

• Treated wastewater enters secondary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers.

• Slower flow velocities allow the settling of biological flocs or activated sludge.

• Settled sludge, known as secondary sludge, is collected and further treated or disposed
of.

5. Tertiary Treatment (Optional):

• Purpose: Advanced treatment for additional removal of specific contaminants.

• Actions:

• Filtration processes, such as sand filters or membrane filtration, remove fine suspended
solids and microorganisms.

• Chemical coagulation using chemicals like alum or ferric chloride helps to remove
remaining dissolved solids and phosphorus.

• Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like ozonation or ultraviolet (UV) treatment can
target trace organic contaminants.
 6. Disinfection:

• Purpose: Inactivation or elimination of harmful microorganisms to produce safe effluent.

• Actions:

• Treated wastewater undergoes disinfection to kill or neutralize pathogens.

• Common methods include chlorination, UV disinfection, or the use of alternative

disinfectants like peracetic acid.

• Disinfected effluent can be safely discharged into receiving bodies of water or reused for
certain non-potable purposes.

7. Sludge Treatment:

• Purpose: Proper handling and treatment of sludge generated during the treatment process.

• Actions:

• Sludge is thickened to reduce its volume by processes like gravity thickening or

centrifugation.

• Anaerobic digestion can be employed to stabilize sludge, reducing its organic content
and pathogens.

• Dewatering methods like mechanical presses or centrifuges are used to remove water,
producing semi-solid sludge for disposal or beneficial reuse.

8. Effluent Discharge or Reuse:

• Purpose: Final disposal or potential reuse of treated wastewater effluent.

• Actions:

• Treated wastewater effluent can be discharged into receiving waters like rivers or
oceans, following regulatory guidelines.

• Alternatively, it can be used for various non-potable purposes like irrigation, industrial
processes, or environmental replenishment.

Proper monitoring and management ensure compliance with water quality standards and environmental
regulations.

WASTE WATER TREATMENT STAGES

Collection and Preliminary Treatment:

• Annotate the collection system, including pipes and sewers, that transport wastewater to the
treatment plant.

• Include a drawing of a bar screen or mechanical screen with annotations explaining their
function in removing large debris and solid materials from the wastewater.

2. Grit Removal:

• Draw a grit chamber or grit removal system.

• Annotate the settling of heavy particles like sand, gravel, and other abrasive materials due to
gravity.

3. Primary Sedimentation:

• Create a diagram illustrating primary sedimentation tanks.

• Annotate the settling of organic solids and suspended particles, forming primary sludge at the
bottom.

4. Biological Treatment (Secondary Treatment):

• Draw a schematic of an aeration tank or activated sludge process.

• Annotate the addition of air or oxygen for the growth of aerobic bacteria, which consume
organic matter in the wastewater.

5. Secondary Sedimentation:

• Illustrate secondary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers.

• Annotate the settling of biological flocs formed during the biological treatment process, resulting
in secondary sludge.

6. Tertiary Treatment (Optional):

• Create a diagram showing tertiary treatment processes such as filtration, chemical coagulation,
or advanced oxidation.

• Annotate the specific processes and their purpose, such as further removal of suspended solids,
nutrients, or trace contaminants.

7. Disinfection:

• Draw a disinfection unit, such as a chlorine contact tank or UV disinfection system.

• Annotate the application of disinfectants or UV light to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms

in the treated wastewater.

8. Sludge Treatment:

• Illustrate sludge treatment processes, including thickening, digestion, and dewatering.

• Annotate each process and its purpose, such as reducing sludge volume, stabilizing organic
matter, and producing biosolids.

9. Effluent Discharge or Reuse:

• Create a diagram showing the final effluent discharge point or potential reuse options.

• Annotate the discharge location or specify potential uses like irrigation, industrial processes, or
environmental replenishment.

1. What is the purpose of screening in both water treatment and wastewater treatment?

• Answer: Screening is used to remove large debris and solid particles from water or wastewater,
ensuring cleaner water for further treatment processes.

2. How is the removal of suspended solids achieved in water treatment and wastewater
treatment?

• Answer: In water treatment, suspended solids are removed through processes like coagulation,
flocculation, and filtration. In wastewater treatment, primary sedimentation and secondary
sedimentation tanks are used to settle out suspended solids.

3. What are the different disinfection methods used in water treatment and wastewater
treatment?

• Answer: Common disinfection methods include chlorination, UV disinfection, and the use of
alternative disinfectants. These methods are employed to kill or inactivate harmful
microorganisms, ensuring the safety of the treated water or wastewater effluent.

4. Explain the role of sludge treatment in the wastewater treatment process.

• Answer: Sludge treatment involves the proper handling and treatment of the solid materials, or
sludge, generated during the wastewater treatment process. It includes processes like
thickening, digestion, and dewatering to reduce the volume, stabilize organic matter, and
produce biosolids for disposal or beneficial reuse.

5. What are the potential uses of treated wastewater effluent?

• Answer: Treated wastewater effluent can be discharged into receiving waters like rivers or
oceans, following regulatory guidelines. It can also be used for various non-potable purposes
such as irrigation, industrial processes, or environmental replenishment, depending on local
regulations and water quality standards.

REVISION QUESTIONS and proposed answers

Question 1: What is the purpose of screening in both water treatment and wastewater treatment?
Answer: Screening is used to remove large debris and solid particles from water or wastewater, ensuring
cleaner water for further treatment processes.

Question 2: How is the removal of suspended solids achieved in water treatment and wastewater
treatment? Answer: In water treatment, suspended solids are removed through processes like
coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. In wastewater treatment, primary sedimentation and secondary
sedimentation tanks are used to settle out suspended solids.

Question 3: What are the different disinfection methods used in water treatment and wastewater
treatment? Answer: Common disinfection methods include chlorination, UV disinfection, and the use of
alternative disinfectants. These methods are employed to kill or inactivate harmful microorganisms,
ensuring the safety of the treated water or wastewater effluent.

Question 4: Explain the role of sludge treatment in the wastewater treatment process. Answer: Sludge
treatment involves the proper handling and treatment of the solid materials, or sludge, generated during
the wastewater treatment process. It includes processes like thickening, digestion, and dewatering to
reduce the volume, stabilize organic matter, and produce biosolids for disposal or beneficial reuse.

Question 5: What are the potential uses of treated wastewater effluent? Answer: Treated wastewater
effluent can be discharged into receiving waters like rivers or oceans, following regulatory guidelines. It
can also be used for various non-potable purposes such as irrigation, industrial processes, or
environmental replenishment, depending on local regulations and water quality standards.

SEPTIC TANK fundamentals

A septic tank is an underground wastewater treatment system commonly used in areas where
centralized sewer systems are not available. It is designed to receive, separate, and treat sewage from
households or buildings. Here is a detailed description of various aspects of a septic tank, including
drawing tips with a focus on freeboard:

1. Overall Design:

• A septic tank is typically made of concrete or fiberglass and consists of two chambers.

• The first chamber receives the incoming wastewater, allowing solids to settle to the bottom and
grease and lighter materials to float to the top.

• The second chamber provides additional settling and helps to further separate solids from the
liquid.

2. Inlet and Outlet:

• The inlet pipe connects the septic tank to the building's plumbing system, allowing wastewater
to enter the tank.
 • The outlet pipe allows treated effluent to flow out of the septic tank and into the drain field or
leach field for further treatment.

3. Baffles:

• Baffles are located inside the septic tank and help to regulate the flow of wastewater.

• The inlet baffle prevents the direct flow of wastewater, promoting settling and preventing
disturbance of the scum layer.

• The outlet baffle controls the discharge of treated effluent, preventing the carryover of solids
into the drain field.

4. Freeboard:

• Freeboard is the vertical distance between the maximum liquid level (or working level) and the
top of the septic tank.

• It provides additional capacity for wastewater storage, allowing for fluctuations in wastewater
flow.

• Adequate freeboard helps prevent the escape of solids and scum into the outlet pipe and drain
field.

• A general recommendation is to have a freeboard of at least 6 inches (15 centimeters) to ensure

proper functioning.

Drawing Tips:

• When creating a drawing of a septic tank, start by sketching the outline of the tank itself,
representing its shape and dimensions.

• Include clear labels for the inlet and outlet pipes, indicating the direction of wastewater flow.

• Add annotations or callouts to highlight important components like baffles and their purpose.

• Use shading or cross-hatching to represent the separation of layers (solids, liquid, scum) within
the tank.

• Include accurate measurements and dimensions, ensuring the drawing is to scale.

• Indicate the freeboard by adding an additional distance above the maximum liquid level to
illustrate the space reserved for wastewater storage.