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Chapter 2 Fault - Analysis

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36 views43 pages

Chapter 2 Fault - Analysis

Uploaded by

kasumintesinot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dire Dawa University Institute of

Technology

School of Electrical & Computer


Engineering

Chapter Two
Fault Analysis

By: Minale B.

11/20/2023 1
Fault Analysis

• A fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of
current.

• Faults usually occur in a power system due to either insulation failure,


flashover, physical damage or human error.
• These faults, may either be symmetrical manner, or may be
asymmetrical.

• Faults may also be caused by either short-circuits or open-circuit faults.


• Fault analysis is usually carried out in per-unit quantities as they give
solutions which are somewhat consistent over different voltage and
power ratings, and operate on values of the order of unity.

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o Why it is necessary to calculate fault currents?
 Dimensioning of equipment:
 Dynamic forces
 Thermal forces
 Insulation stresses (over voltages)
 Breaking capacity of breakers
 Setting of protective devices:
 Stability and sensitivity of unit protections
 Protection system overall selectivity
 Minimum fault current versus maximum load current

 Network stability
• Effects the power transfer capacity
 Safety aspects
• Step and touch voltages during earth faults
 Control aspects
• Allowed and preferred switching combinations
e

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 Fault Types:
 Short circuits (Shunt fault)
 Open circuits (Series fault)
 Simultaneous faults:
• Presence of two or more similar or different kind of faults
somewhere in the power system. For example: double earth fault
 Winding faults:
• Faults which occur on machine and transformer windings
• Between windings, winding and earth, within winding or a mixture

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 Two of the factors on which the proper selection of circuit breakers
depends are the current flowing immediately after the fault occurs
and the current which the breaker must interrupt.

 In order to approach the problem of calculating the initial current


when a system is short-circuited, consider what happens when an ac
voltage is applied to a circuit containing constant values of resistance
and inductance.

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Symmetrical Faults

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Symmetrical Components

 According to Fortescue's theorem, three unbalanced phasor of a three


phase system can be resolved into three balanced systems of phasors .
 The balanced sets of components are:

1. Positive-sequence components:
• Consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each
other by 120 degrees in phase, and having the same phase sequence
as the original phasors.
2. Negative-sequence components:
• Consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each
other by 120 degrees in phase, and having the phase sequence
opposite to that of the original phasors.
3. Zero-sequence components:
• Consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude and with zero phase
displacement from each other.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Example 1

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Solution

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Example 2

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Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Example 3

Solution

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Cont.

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Power in Sequence networks

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Unsymmetrical Faults
 When an Unsymmetrical Fault occurs in an otherwise balanced system, the
sequence networks are interconnected only at the fault location. As such, the
computation of fault currents is greatly simplified by the use of sequence
networks.
 Assumptions Commonly Made in Three Phase Fault Studies
 The following assumptions are usually made in fault analysis in three phase
transmission lines.
• All sources are balanced and equal in magnitude & phase
• Sources represented by the Thevenin’s voltage prior to fault at the fault point.
• Large systems may be represented by an infinite bus-bars.
• Transformers are on nominal tap position.
• Resistances are negligible compared to reactance's.
• Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and all 3 phases have same Z.
• Loads currents are negligible compared to fault currents.
• Line charging currents can be completely neglected.

11/20/2023 31
Basic Voltage Current Network Equations in Sequence Components

• The generated voltages in a transmission system are assumed balanced


prior to the fault. So, that they consist only of the positive sequence
component Vf (pre-fault voltage).
• This is in fact the Thevenin’s equivalent at the point of the fault prior
to the occurrence of the fault.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Analysis of Asymmetrical Faults

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Line to Line faults (L – L faults)

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Cont.

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Cont.

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Cont.

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