Package Title: Pratt & Cornely Test Bank

Course Title: Pratt & Cornely

Chapter Number: 20

Question type: Multiple Choice

1) Which of the following explains why circular DNA, such as the chromosomes of some
viruses and bacteria, appears to be twisted?

A) hybridization
B) supercoiling
C) circular DNA is Z-form
D) viral and bacterial DNA is always single stranded
E) none of the above

Answer: B

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-1
Learning Objective: Describe how topoisomerases alter DNA supercoiling

2) What are the two components of supercoiling?

A) twist and writhe

B) twist and anti-twist
C) writhe and relaxation
D) negative supercoiling and positive supercoiling
E) single stranded and double stranded

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-1
Learning Objective: Describe how topoisomerases alter DNA supercoiling

3) Which of the following explains supercoiling in naturally occurring DNA?

A) positively supercoiled, making the helix tighter

B) positively supercoiled, making the helix looser
C) negatively supercoiled, making the helix tighter
D) negatively supercoiled, making the helix looser
E) negatively supercoiled without changing the nature of the helix
Answer: D

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-1
Learning Objective: Describe how topoisomerases alter DNA supercoiling

4) What effect does a topoisomerase have upon DNA?

A) denatures DNA
B) converts double stranded DNA to single stranded DNA
C) changes the supercoiling of DNA
D) changes B-form DNA to A-form
E) none of the above

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-1
Learning Objective: Describe how topoisomerases alter DNA supercoiling

5) An antibiotic that interferes with bacterial topoisomerase activity is _____, which specifically
inhibits _____.

A) ciprofloxacin; DNA gyrase

B) doxorubicin; type IA topoisomerase
C) novobiocin; ATPase
D) camptothecin; type II topoisomerase
E) none of the above

Answer: A

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-1
Learning Objective: Describe how topoisomerases alter DNA supercoiling

6) An E. coli has _____ replication fork(s) on its single chromosome; humans have _____
replication fork(s) on each chromosome.

A) 1; 1
B) 1; 2
C) 2; 2
D) 2; many
E) many; many

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

7) What is the purpose of DNA helicase?

A) removal of negative supercoiling to allow for replication

B) removal of positive supercoiling to allow for replication
C) separation of double stranded DNA into single stranded DNA in front of DNA polymerase
D) conversion of single stranded DNA to double stranded DNA behind DNA polymerase
E) none of the above

Answer: C

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

8) Besides the obvious role of keeping DNA in a single strand state, what do single-strand
binding proteins do?

A) prevent supercoiling
B) protect single stand DNA from nucleases
C) aid in the formation of hairpin structures
D) aid DNA polymerase with DNA binding
E) all of the above

Answer: B

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

9) Which of the following is correctly paired with its function?

A) helicase: creates single strand DNA

B) primase: production of an RNA primer for DNA polymerase
C) RNase H: removal of RNA primer
D) DNA ligase: joins the discontinuous segments on the lagging strand
E) all of the above

Answer: E

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

10) Which strand of DNA is replicated exclusively in a discontinuous fashion?

A) forward strand
B) reverse strand
C) leading strand
D) lagging strand
E) the strand that is read in a 5 to 3 direction

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

11) What is the nucleophile in the DNA polymerase mechanism?

A) an oxygen anion on the -phosphate of the dNTP

B) the oxygen on the -phosphate of the dNTP
C) the oxygen on the -phosphate of the dNTP
D) the 5 hydroxyl on the deoxyribose
E) the 3 hydroxyl on the deoxyribose

Answer: E

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

12) If the smallest human chromosome is 4.6107 base pairs in size, which of the following is
the best estimate of the number of Okazaki fragments resulting from its replication?

A) 300,000
B) 30,000
C) 3,000
D) 300
E) 30

Answer: A

Difficulty: Hard
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

13) What metal cations are found in the active site of DNA polymerase?

A) two Zn2+
B) one Zn2+ and one Mg2+
C) two Mg2+
D) one Mg2+ and one Ca2+
E) two Ca2+

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

14) Which of the following best describes a new strand of DNA relative to the template strand
used to synthesize it?

A) an exact duplicate of the template

B) a negative copy of the template
C) a palindromic copy of the template
D) an exact copy of the template but with the 3' and 5' ends reversed
E) none of the above

Answer: B

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

15) In most organisms, replication proceeds in a _____ manner from the _____.

A) bidirectional; replication origin

B) bidirectional; theta site
C) bidirectional; lagging strand
D) unidirectional; chromosome ends
E) none of the above

Answer: A

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-2
Learning Objective: Summarize the actions of the enzymes and other proteins involved in synthesizing
the leading and lagging strands

16) Without telomeres, what would happen to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes during
replication?

A) they would be replicated just like the rest of the chromosome

B) they would be mutated
C) they would be lengthened
D) they would be shortened
E) none of the above

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-3
Learning Objective: Explain the synthesis and purpose of telomeres

17) Synthesis of telomeres requires the enzyme _____, which is a type of _____.

A) telomerase; helicase
B) telomerase; reverse transcriptase
C) ribonuclease; RNA-specific nuclease
D) ribotelomerase; ligase
E) none of the above

Answer: B
Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-3
Learning Objective: Explain the synthesis and purpose of telomeres

18) Which of the following is found in high concentration in all telomeres?

A) A
B) C
C) G
D) T
E) pyrimidines

Answer: C

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-3
Learning Objective: Explain the synthesis and purpose of telomeres

19) What does a reverse transcriptase do?

A) replicates DNA in a 3 to 5 fashion

B) replicates RNA in a 5 to 3 fashion
C) replicates RNA in a 3 to 5 fashion
D) converts a DNA genome into an RNA genome
E) converts an RNA genome into a DNA genome

Answer: E

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-3
Learning Objective: Explain the synthesis and purpose of telomeres

20) Which tumor suppressor gene is found to be mutated in at least half of all human tumors?

A) BRCA1
B) BRCA2
C) retinoblastoma
D) p53
E) none of the above

Answer: D

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-4
Learning Objective: Describe the enzymes and other proteins that repair damaged DNA

21) Which of the following is a potential modification to DNA that can result in a mutation or
interfere with replication or trascription?

A) deamination of cytosine to uracil

B) oxidation of guanine to 8-oxoguanine
C) formation of thymine dimers by reaction with UV light
D) reaction with hydroxyl radicals causing DNA strand breaks
E) all of the above

Answer: E

Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-4
Learning Objective: Describe the enzymes and other proteins that repair damaged DNA

22) Which of the following mutations would cause a bulge in the DNA backbone?

A) point mutation
B) transversion mutation
C) transition mutation
D) frame shift mutation
E) all of the above

Answer: B

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-4
Learning Objective: Describe the enzymes and other proteins that repair damaged DNA

23) Which type of DNA repair is used to remove and replace a single modified base that cannot
be converted back to the normal base by a direct repair process?

A) base excision repair

B) nucleotide excision repair
C) mismatch repair
D) DNA photolyase
E) none of the above

Answer: A
Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-4
Learning Objective: Describe the enzymes and other proteins that repair damaged DNA

24) What is the process used for genes shuffling in meiosis that is also used to repair double-
strand breaks?

A) homologous end-joining
B) nonhomologous end-joining
C) recombination
D) non-mutagenic strand coupling
E) telomerase-assisted ligation

Answer: C

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-4
Learning Objective: Describe the enzymes and other proteins that repair damaged DNA

25) In the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around _____ to form _____.

A) ribosomes; heterochromatin
B) histones; nucleosomes
C) polyribose; euchromatin
D) polyarginine; 30-nm fibers
E) none of the above

Answer: B

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-5
Learning Objective: Describe how DNA is packaged in cells

26) Which of the nucleosome proteins is found in the linker DNA between nucleosomes and not
actually part of the nucleosome core?

A) H1
B) H2A
C) H2B
D) H3
E) H4

Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Section Reference: 20-5
Learning Objective: Describe how DNA is packaged in cells

27) Histone proteins that bind to areas of DNA that are highly transcribed are often _____ on
_____ residues.

A) methylated; lysine
B) phosphorylated; serine
C) phosphorylated; tyrosine
D) acetylated; histidine
E) acetylated; lysine

Answer: E

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-5
Learning Objective: Describe how DNA is packaged in cells

28) Which of the following details the progression of structural levels from DNA to chromosome
in eukaryotic DNA?

A) A-DNA  30-nm fiber  nucleosome  loop  chromosome

B) A-DNA  nucleosome  loop  30-nm fiber  chromosome
C) B-DNA  nucleosome  30-nm fiber  loop  chromosome
D) B-DNA  nucleosome  loop  30-nm fiber  chromosome
E) Z-DNA  30-nm fiber  nucleosome  loop  chromosome

Answer: C

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-5
Learning Objective: Describe how DNA is packaged in cells

29) What type of modification is used to make CpG islands?

A) acetylation of guanine
B) methylation of guanine
C) phosphorylation of guanine
D) acetylation of cytosine
E) methylation of cytosine
Answer: E

Difficulty: Medium
Section Reference: 20-5
Learning Objective: Describe how DNA is packaged in cells