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10 views49 pages

3 Development From Conception To Birth Final PDF Online

Uploaded by

angelustestica.ma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Development From Conception

to Birth

MONICA CAMILLE C. TONGSON, MA, RPSY


Pregnancy is a physical condition in which a
woman’s body is nurturing a developing embryo or
fetus.

Prenatal development, or gestation, is the process


that transforms a zygote into a newborn.
Prenatal Development

• Conception: the moment at which a female becomes


pregnant

• Ovum: the female sex cell, or egg

• Fertilization: the union of the ovum and sperm

• Zygote: cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum


and sperm; divides into many cells, eventually
forming the baby
PREGNANCY AND PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
The Mother’s Experience: First Trimester

Care
• Regular prenatal care critical at this time
Problems
• Ectopic pregnancy, bleeding, miscarriage
PREGNANCY AND PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
The Mother’s Experience: Second Trimester

Care
Monthly doctor visits continue
Ultrasound
Problems
Gestational diabetes; Rh incompatibility; increased
blood pressure
Miscarriage; premature labor
PREGNANCY AND PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
The Mother’s Experience: Third Trimester

Care
Weekly visits (beginning in 32nd week)
Ultrasound to assess position; pelvic exam to check
cervical dilation
Problems
Increased blood pressure, bleeding, bladder infection
Premature labor
PREGNANCY AND PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
The Prenatal Experience: Germinal Stage

Conception to Implantation
• Blastocyst implants
• Specialization of cells needed to support
development
PREGNANCY AND PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
The Prenatal Experience: Embryonic Stage
2 to 8 Weeks after Conception
• Neural tube develops.
• Forms foundations of all body organs and systems
• Many organs and systems begin to function.
PREGNANCY AND PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
The Prenatal Experience: Fetal Stage
End of Week 8 until Birth
• Growth from 1/4 ounce and 1 inch to 7 pounds and
20 inches in length
• Refinement of all organ systems
• Neuronal proliferation
• Viable at Week 24; full-term at Week 37
PARTS OF THE NEURON

Structure of a Single
Neuron
• Cell bodies first to
develop (weeks 12–24).
• Axons and dendrites
develop later (especially
final 12 weeks).
• Axons continue to
increase in size and
complexity after birth.

Figure 3.3. Parts of the Neuron


FETAL DEVELOPMENT

Figure 3.4 Fetal yawning Figure 3.5 Glial cells that


appears between the 10th and develop during the last few
15th week. Its presence months of prenatal
signals the beginning of sleep development hold neurons
stages in the fetal brain. together and give form and
structure to the fetal brain.
(Source: Brown, Estroff, & Barnenott,
2004.)
PRENATAL SEX DIFFERENCES

Males
More physically active
Higher rates of miscarriage
More vulnerable to prenatal problems
Females
More sensitive to external stimulation
More rapid skeletal development
PRENATAL BEHAVIOR
Introducing the Amazing Fetus!

• Fetuses can differentiate between familiar and


novel stimuli by 32 to 33 weeks.
• Newborns can remember prenatal stimuli and react
accordingly.
• Very active fetuses tend to be active children who
can be labeled “hyperactive” later on.
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Teratogens: Maternal Diseases

• Cancer: Fetal or placental tumour


• Chicken pox: Scars, eye damage
• Parvovirus: Anemia
• Hepatitis B: Hepatitis
• Chlamydia: Conjunctivitis, pneumonia
• Rubella: deafness, cataracts, heart defects
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Teratogens: Drugs

• Inhalants: problems similar to FAS, premature labour


• Streptomycin: Deafness
• Penicillin: Skin Disorders
• Tetracycline: Tooth Deformities
• Diet pills: Low birth weight
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Teratogens: Drugs

• Prescription
• Over-the-counter drugs
• Marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin
• Cocaine
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Other Maternal Influences: Diet

• Folic acid deficiencies


• Malnutrition
Neonate low birth weight
Brain stunting
Fetal death
Mental illness in adulthood
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Other Maternal Influences: Age

• First pregnancies are occurring later—average age


is now 25.1 years.
• Women over 35 have higher risks for pregnancy
complications.
• Teenage mothers have higher risks during and after
birth.
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Other Maternal Influences: Chronic Illnesses

Kinds of Illness
• Depression
• Epilepsy
• Diabetes
• Lupus
Prevention
• Monitoring of mother and fetus necessary for most
illnesses
• Fetal–maternal specialist for high-risk patient
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Environmental Hazards

Detrimental effects of hazards may be


reduced by:
• Limiting exposure to lead and mercury
• Avoiding possible harmful chemicals
PROBLEMS IN PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Maternal Emotions

Maternal stress and depression are related to


higher risks for the fetus.
• Social support and counseling may help.
• Mixed information from research
CONCEPTION AND GENETICS
Chromosomes, Sex Determination

Process of Conception
Ovum
Sperm
Zygote

Chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex chromosomes (X, Y)
CONCEPTION AND GENETICS
Multiple Births

Twins
• Identical (monozygotic)
• Fraternal (dizygotic)
• Semi-identical (different genes from father)
STOP AND THINK!

Multiple births over the past thirty years.


Why has this occurred?

Assisted Human Reproduction


Fertility Drugs
IVF
Artificial Insemination
CONCEPTION AND GENETICS
How Genes Influence Development

Genotype: genetic blueprint


Phenotype: observable characteristics
• Dominant–recessive pattern
• Polygenic inheritance
Twins in Genetic Research
Comparison of identical and fraternal twins has been
been used for many decades to exam the role of
heredity in human development.
Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins
on measures of emotionality, activity, sociability, and
intelligence
Yet correlations that twins researchers have found are
less than +1.00, even for identical twins who grow up
in the same home.
This offers strong evidence that psychological traits
are clearly influenced by heredity. This might not be
true for physical traits.
GENETIC DISORDERS
Autosomal Disorders

Autosomal gene: one of twenty-two pairs of


autosomes that are involved in sex determination
Autosomal recessive disorder: two copies of the
abnormal gene must be present for the disease or
trait to develop.
Autosomal dominant disorder: abnormal gene
from one parent sufficient to inherit disease or trait
SOME GENETIC DISORDERS
GENETIC DISORDERS
Sex-Linked Disorders

Sex-linked disorders: caused by recessive gene


on X chromosome
CHROMOSOMAL ERRORS
Trisomies and Monosomies

Trisomies: three chromosomes, rather than the


usual pair
Monosomies: absence of one member of
chromosome pair
CHROMOSOMAL ERRORS
Sex Chromosome Anomalies

• Trisomy 21: Down syndrome


• XXY: Klinefelter’s syndrome
• XO: Turner’s syndrome
• XXX: girls with an extra X
• XYY: boys with an extra Y
FETAL ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT
BIRTH AND THE NEONATE
Birth Choices

Things to Consider
• Location of birth
• Birth attendants
• Drugs during labor and delivery
• “Natural childbirth”
THE PHYSICAL PROCESS OF BIRTH
Labor: An Overview

Stage 1
Contractions
Dilation of the cervix
Stage 2
Actual delivery of the baby
Stage 3
Delivery of the placenta and umbilical cord
THE THREE STAGES OF LABOR
THE THREE STAGES OF LABOR
THE PHYSICAL PROCESS OF BIRTH
Birth Complications: Cesarean Deliveries

Why are Cesarean deliveries performed?


• Fetal distress
• Breech presentation
• Birth size
• Poor progress during labor
• Mother’s health and age concerns
THE PHYSICAL PROCESS OF BIRTH
Assessing the Neonate

• Neonate = First month of life


• Apgar scale
• Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
Why is neonatal assessment important?
THE APGAR SCALE
ASSESSING THE NEONATE
Low-Birth-Weight Babies (LBW)

LBW: below 2,500 grams (5.5 pounds)


Preterm: mostly born before Week 38
• Small-for-date neonates
Risks
• Respiratory distress syndrome
Intervention
• Adequate parental education and support reduces
the risk of complications.
ASSESSING THE NEONATE
Do LBW babies catch up?

• Development is best assessed on an individual


basis.
• Two-thirds to three-fourths of preterm infants
catch up by school entrance.
• Lowest birth weight and earlier gestational age are
associated with long-term developmental delays.
SINGING TO PRETERM INFANTS
The use of music by NICU staff and parents to
support the development of preterm infants is
an active area of research in the emerging field
of music therapy.
• Ate more and gained weight faster
• Discharged earlier
• Higher oxygen saturation levels
• Stronger infant–parent emotional bond
WHEN DO PRETERM INFANTS CATCH UP WITH
FULL-TERM INFANTS?
Although many premature infants catch up with
their peers by the time they go to school,
developmentalists caution that the development
of preterm children is best assessed on a case-
by-case basis.
Several factors influence development.
• Birth weight
• Gestational weight
• Parental responses
Thank you!

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