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Chapter 1 Part 4

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12 views

Chapter 1 Part 4

F Dec d

Uploaded by

craxyexpriment
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Part 4
Respiration
Respiration
• It refers to the process by which food or substrate is oxidised to
release energy.
• It is the sum total of all the oxidation-reduction reactions taking
place inside a cell by which a substrate is converted into an energy
rich compound for future use.
Types of respiration
• 2 major types:

1. Anaerobic respiration- takes place in the absence or lack of oxygen.

2. Aerobic respiration- takes place when ample amount of oxygen is


available.
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1. Takes place in when oxygen is 1. Takes place in the lack of oxygen or
available in large amount. absence of oxygen.
2. Complete oxidation of substrate 2. Incomplete oxidation of substrate
takes place. takes place.
3. A large amount of energy is released 3. A small amount of energy is
4. End products are carbon dioxide released.
and water. 4. End products are ethyl alcohol or
lactic acid.
Glycolysis
• It is 10step reaction universal to all the living cells.
• It is a cytoplasmic process which converts glucose into a 3 carbon
compound called as pyruvate which is later used to generate energy either
by aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
• All the enzymes required for glycolysis are located inside the cytoplasm.
• It is the initial step of respiratory process and takes place in all the cells.
• The end products of glycolysis are 2 molecules of pyruvate(2x
3carbon=6carbon) + energy.
2x pyruvate(C3H4O3) +
• C6H12O6
energy(2x ATP)
Fate of pyruvate formed
Anaerobic respiration

Lactic acid fermentation Ethanolic fermentation


Ethanolic fermentation
• It is a process which takes place in the absence of oxygen where
pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• This process takes place in lower organisms such as yeast.
• Only a small amount of energy is released as the substrate(pyruvate)
is not completely oxidised.
• This process is used to produce alcohol and vinegar in industries.
Lactic acid fermentation
• It is a process which takes place when sufficient quantities of oxygen
is unavailable.
• Pyruvate is incompletely oxidised to lactic acid and a small amount of
energy is released.
• This process takes place in skeletal muscles during strenuous
exercise when demand of oxygen is high. Accumulation of lactic acid
is responsible for muscle fatigue and cramps.
Mitochondrion
Aerobic respiration
• It takes place when sufficient quantity of oxygen is available.
• During aerobic respiration, a substrate is completely oxidised in a step by step
process so that a large amount of energy can be released.
• Pyruvate is completely oxidised in mitochondria by means of Kreb’s cycle/TCA
cycle/Citric acid cycle and electron transport chain(ETC).
• Pyruvate which is formed in cytoplasm is transferred to mitochondria where
kreb’s cycle operates and formation of ATP, NADH and FADH takes place.
• NADH and FADH enter the electron transport chain which takes place in the inter
membrane space of mitochondria. Here, they are used up to generate ATP.
• The end products of aerobic respiration are Carbon dioxide, water and 36 ATP
are generated(However, recent studies show that only 32 ATP are generated).
Summary of respiration
1. Glycolysis converts glucose(most favoured substrate for energy
production) into pyruvic acid (pyruvate) and energy.
2. Depending on the availability of oxygen, anaerobic or aerobic
respiration takes place.
3. During anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted either to
ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid. A small amount of energy
is released which is trapped in the high energy bond of ATP.
4. During aerobic respiration, pyruvate is completely oxidised to
carbon dioxide and water + 36 ATP are formed which can be used
as per the demand of the cell.

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