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Intro To Microbiology Revised

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5 views

Intro To Microbiology Revised

micropara

Uploaded by

Karrel Rueme
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Microbiology
The Science of
Microbiology
The science of microbiology is
all about MICROORGANISMS
and how they work, especially
the BACTERIA.

The Science of
Microbiology
MICROORGANISMS- are
organisms too small to be seen
clearly by the unaided eye.
Microbiology is also about
DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION of
microbial cells; about how different
kinds of microorganisms arose and
why.

The Science of
Microbiology
Microbiology EMBRACES ECOLOGY, so
it is also about where microorganisms
live on Earth, how they associate and
cooperate with each other, and what
they do in the world at large, in soils
and waters and in animals and plants.
Themes in Microbiology
Microbiology as a BASIC
Biological Science
ORGANISM CELLULAR HUMAN
PROCESSES DISEASES

Eschericia coli DNA repair Colon cancer


and other
cancers
ORGANISM CELLULAR HUMAN
PROCESSES DISEASES

Saccharomyces Cell cycle cancer


cerevisiae(yeast)
Microbiology as an APPLIED
Biological Science
* Human insulin can now be manufactured in the bacteria E.
coli in an industrial scale.

• * Human growth hormone, previously isolated from


cadavers, is also manufactured in bacterial cells

Bt corn – resistance from the corn borer is due to the


insertion of a gene from the bacteria, Bacillus thuringensis.
Microbiology in
Historical Context
The Discovery of
Microorganisms
Robert Hooke
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
• The first person to see bacteria, the
smallest microbial cells, which he termed
“wee animalcules,”
• He constructed extremely simple
microscopes containing a single lens to
examine various natural substances for
microorganisms
• He discovered bacteria in 1676 while
studying pepper–water infusions,
Ferdinand Cohn
• His interests in microscopy led him to
the study of unicellular algae and later
to bacteria, including the large sulfur
bacterium Beggiatoa
• particularly interested in heat resistance
in bacteria, which led to his discovery
that some bacteria form ENDOSPORES.
Ferdinand Cohn
• Cohn also described the life cycle of the
endospore-forming bacterium Bacillus and
showed that vegetative cells but not
endospores were killed by boiling.
• Cohn also laid the groundwork for a system
of bacterial classification
• He devised effective methods for preventing
the contamination of culture media, such as
the use of cotton for closing flasks and
tubes.
Louis Pasteur

• a French chemist who made numerous


contributions to the newly emerging
field of microbiology and, in fact, his
contributions are considered by many
people to be the foundation of the
science of microbiology and a
cornerstone of modern medicine.
Louis Pasteur
• One of the first to recognize the
significance of OPTICAL ISOMERS.
• Pasteur discovered that the mold
Aspergillus metabolized D-tartrate, which
bent light to the right, but did not
metabolize its optical isomer, L-tartrate
• He began to suspect that some chemical
activities were catalyzed by
microorganisms.
Louis Pasteur
• Pasteur initiated studies on the
mechanism of ALCOHOLIC
FERMENTATION.
• The yeast cells were thought to be
chemical substances formed by the
fermentation.
• Microscopic observations and
experiments convinced Pasteur that
alcoholic fermentation was catalyzed by
living microorganisms, the YEAST CELLS.
Alcoholic Fermentation
Louis Pasteur

• Pasteur also developed vaccines


for anthrax, fowl cholera, and
rabies.
• Pasteur’s work on rabies was the
most famous success.
Louis Pasteur with Joseph Meister, the first human to receive
Pasteur's rabies vaccination.
Spontaneous
Generation
What is Spontaneous Generation?
• Living organisms could develop from nonliving matter.
From Jar to Swan
Neck
Francesco Redi
John Needham
Needham’s Experiment
Lazzaro Spallanzani
• Modified Needham’s experiment by using
sealed glass flasks that contained water
and seeds and then placed the flasks in
boiling water.
• He found that no growth took place as long
as the flasks remained sealed.
• He proposed that air carried germs to the
culture medium but also commented that
external air might be required for growth of
animals already in the medium.
Spallanzani’s Experiment
Louis Pasteur
• He found out that extensive heating of a
nutrient solution followed sealing it
prevented the growth of microorganisms

• He ended the Theory of


Spontaneous Generation by using
the ”Swan Neck” flask (Pasteur
Flask) in one of his experiments
Pasteur’s Experiment
Infectious Diseases and
Koch’s Postulates
Robert Koch
▪ a German physician, made numerous
contributions to the science of
microbiology
a. Koch made many significant contributions
to the germ theory of disease.
For example, he proved that the anthrax
bacillus (B. anthracis), which had been
discovered earlier by other scientists, was truly
the cause of anthrax. He accomplished this
using a series of scientific steps that he and his
colleagues had developed; these steps later
became known as Koch’s Postulates
b. he discovered that B. anthracis produces spores,
capable of resisting adverse conditions.
c. developed methods of fixing, staining, and
photographing bacteria. as well as cultivating bacteria
on solid media. One of Koch’s colleagues, R.J. Petri,
invented a flat glass dish (now known as a Petri dish)
in which to culture bacteria on solid media. It was
Frau Hesse—the wife of another of Koch’s
colleagues—who suggested the use of agar (a
polysaccharide obtained from seaweed) as a
solidifying agent. These methods enabled Koch to
obtain pure cultures of bacteria.
▪ d. Koch discovered the
bacterium (M. tuberculosis)
that causes tuberculosis and
the bacterium (Vibrio
cholerae) that causes
cholera. •
▪ Koch’s work on tuberculin (a
protein derived from M.
tuberculosis) ultimately led
to the development of a
skin test valuable in
diagnosing tuberculosis.
Thanks for
Listening!

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