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The Cell Cycle

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6 views

The Cell Cycle

Uploaded by

James Paul Velasco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE CELL CYCLE

General Biology 1
Learning Competency:

▪Characterize the phases of the cell


cycle and their control points.
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6)
Specific Learning Objectives:

1. Describe the phases of the cell cycle.


2. Describe the control points of the
different phases of the cell cycle.
3. Discuss the molecular mechanisms of
cell cycle checkpoints.
Cell Theory (Review)
1. Cell is the basic unit of structure and
function
2. All living things are composed of cells
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Key Concepts:
▪All organisms consist of cells and arise from
preexisting cells.
▪The Cell Cycle represents all phases in the life
of a cell.
▪DNA replication (S phase) must precede
mitosis so that all daughter cells receive the
same complement of chromosomes as the
parent cell.
Key Concepts:
▪The gap phases separate mitosis from S
phase. This is the time when molecular
signals mediate the switch in cellular activity.
▪Cell cycle checkpoints normally ensure that
DNA replication and mitosis occur only when
conditions are favorable, and the process is
working correctly.
Key Concepts:
▪Mutations in genes that encode cell
cycle proteins can lead to unregulated
growth, resulting in tumor formation
and ultimately invasion of cancerous
cells to other organs.
The Continuity
of Life
Cell Division and Cell Cycle
Cell Division
▪a very important process in all living
organisms.
▪DNA replication and cell growth also take
place.
▪take place in a coordinated way to ensure
correct division and formation of progeny
cells containing intact genomes.
Cell Cycle
▪The sequence of events by which a cell
duplicates its genome, synthesizes the
other constituents of the cell and
eventually divides into two daughter
cells.
Cell Cycle
▪a very important process in all living
organisms.
▪DNA replication and cell growth also take
place.
▪take place in a coordinated way to ensure
correct division and formation of progeny
cells containing intact genomes.
Cell Cycle: What is it for?
100 µm

▪Unicellular
organisms
reproduce
through cell
division
An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote, is dividing
into two cells. Each new cell will be an individual
organism.
Cell Cycle: What is it for?
▪Multicellular organisms depend on cell
division for:
1. Development from a fertilized cell
2. Growth
3. Repair
Cell Cycle: What is it for?
200 µm 20 µm

Growth and development. This micrograph Tissue renewal. These dividing bone marrow cells
shows a sand dollar embryo shortly after the (arrow) will give rise to new blood cells.
fertilized egg divided, forming two cells.
Phases of the
Cell Cycle
Interphase and M-Phase
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• A typical eukaryotic INTERPHASE

cell cycle is
illustrated by human G1
S
(DNA synthesis)
cells in culture.
• These cells divide
once in G2

approximately every
24 hours.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• However, this duration of cell cycle can
vary from organism to organism and also
from cell type to cell type.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Yeast for example,
can progress through
the cell cycle in only
about 90 minutes.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is divided INTERPHASE

into two basic phases:


• Interphase G1
S
(DNA synthesis)
• M Phase (Mitosis
phase)
G2
Interphase
The interphase, though
called the resting phase,
is the time during which
the cell is preparing for
division by undergoing
both cell growth and
DNA replication in an
orderly manner.
Interphase
The interphase is divided into three
further phases:
• G₁ phase (Gap 1)
• S phase (Synthesis)
• G₂ phase (Gap 2)
Interphase (Gap 1)
• the interval between mitosis and initiation
of DNA replication.
• During G1 phase the cell is metabolically
active and continuously grows but does
not replicate its DNA.
Interphase (Synthesis)
• marks the period during which DNA
synthesis or replication takes place.
• the amount of DNA per cell doubles. (If the
initial amount of DNA is denoted as 2C then it
increases to 4C).
Interphase (Synthesis)
• In animal cells, during the S phase, DNA
replication begins in the nucleus, and the
centriole duplicates in the cytoplasm.
• However, the number of chromosomes still
remain the same (2n).
Interphase (Gap 2)
• proteins are synthesized in preparation for
mitosis while cell growth continues.
Interphase
M-Phase (Mitosis Phase)
• the most dramatic period of the cell cycle,
involving a major reorganization of virtually all
components of the cell.
• Since the number of chromosomes in the
parent and progeny cells is the same, it is also
called as equational division.
M-Phase (Mitosis Phase)
Control System
of the Cell
Cycle
Checkpoints and G₀
The Cell Cycle Control System
• The cell cycle stops at several checkpoints
and can only proceed if certain conditions
are met, for example, if the cell has
reached a certain diameter.
• Some cells, such as neurons, never divide
once they become locked in a G₀ phase.
The Cell Cycle Control System
G1 checkpoint
• Checkpoints ( 3 red
barriers) give the
“Stop” and “Go-ahead” Control

signals system S

G1

G2
M

M checkpoint
G checkpoint
The G₁ Checkpoint
• the Restriction Point
• ensures that the cell is
large enough to divide
and that enough
nutrients are available
to support the resulting
daughter cells.
The G₂ Checkpoint
• ensures that DNA replication in S phase has
been successfully completed.
DNA Replication (overview)
The Metaphase Checkpoint
• ensures that all
of the
chromosomes
are attached to
the mitotic
spindle by a
kinetochore.
Who Controls the Checkpoint ?
• The cell-cycle control system is controlled by the
activities of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
Cyclin-dependent Kinases are
family of enzymes that catalyze
the covalent attachment of
phosphate groups derived from
ATP to protein substrates.
How CDKs Work?
• Cdk activities rise and fall as the cell progresses
through the cell cycle.
• These fluctuations lead directly to cyclical
changes in the phosphorylation of components
of the cell-cycle machinery, resulting in the
initiation of cell-cycle events.
How CDKs Work?
• Thus, for example, an increase in Cdk
activity at the beginning of S phase causes
the phosphorylation of proteins that then
initiate DNA synthesis.
How CDKs Work?
Questions ???
Generalization
1. What is the purpose of cell division?
2. How many phases are there?
3. What are these different phases?
4. What controls the cell cycle phases?
ACTIVITY
Evaluation

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