Small Signal Amplifiers

Frequency response of Small signal

Amplifiers

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Electronic Devices & Circuits (EDC)

Module 3: Small Signal Amplifiers

 Small signal analysis (Zi, Zo, Av) of CS (for EMOSFET) amplifiers.
 Introduction to multistage amplifiers.(Concept, advantages &
disadvantages)

Module 4: Frequency response of Small signal Amplifiers

 High and low frequency analysis of CS (E-MOSFET) amplifier.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 2

 Small Signal Analysis
 The Small Signal Model of the MOSFET is useful
when the MOSFET is used as an amplifier

 and using this small signal model it is easy to

analyze the MOSFET circuits

 To use the MOSFET as an amplifier  it should be

operated in the Saturation Region

Because in this region the MOSFET acts like a Voltage

Controlled Current Source

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal Analysis

 the drain current ID is a function

of voltage Vgs

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal Analysis
 the relationship between the drain current

ID and the voltage Vgs then it is nonlinear

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal Analysis
For amplification

 If AC input signal is applied which

needs to be amplified

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal Analysis
For amplification

 If AC input signal is applied which needs

to be amplified

 on top of the biasing voltage

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

For amplification

 If AC input signal is applied which needs

to be amplified

 on top of the biasing voltage

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance

For amplification

 If AC input signal is applied which needs

to be amplified

 on top of the biasing voltage

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance

For amplification

 If AC input signal is applied on top of the

biasing voltage which needs to be

amplified

 for a small change in the voltage Vgs

 there will also be changes in the drain

current ID

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance
For amplification

 If AC input signal is applied on top of the

biasing voltage which needs to be
amplified

 for a small change in the voltage Vgs

 there will also be changes in the drain

current ID

 Amount of change in this drain

current ID depends on the biasing
point

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance

For amplification

 If this biasing point shifts on the right

hand side

 then for the same change in the voltage

Vgs  their will be more change in the
drain current

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance
For amplification

 that means for the given change in the

voltage Vgs the amount of change in the
drain current is the bias dependent

it is defined as the Transconductance of the

MOSFET

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance
For amplification

 Mathematically this trans conductance is

equal to the change in the drain current

divided by the change in then voltage Vgs

∆𝑰𝑫 𝑾
𝒈𝒎 = = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )(𝑽𝒈𝒔 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )
∆𝑽𝑮𝑺 𝑳

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance
∆𝑰𝑫 𝑾
𝒈𝒎 = = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )(𝑽𝒈𝒔 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )
∆𝑽𝑮𝑺 𝑳
 In saturation region

𝟏 𝑾
𝑰𝑫 = 𝑲𝒏 (𝑽𝑮𝑺 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )𝟐 ; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑲𝒏 = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )
𝟐 𝑳
Differentiate ID wrt Vgs

𝒅𝑰𝑫 Type equation here.

𝒈𝒎 =
𝒅𝑽𝑮𝑺

𝟏 𝑾
= 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 𝟐 𝑽𝑮𝑺 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯
𝟐 𝑳

𝑾
= 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )(𝑽𝒈𝒔 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )
𝑳
EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
 What is Transconductance
∆𝑰𝑫 𝑾
𝒈𝒎 = = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )(𝑽𝒈𝒔 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )
∆𝑽𝑮𝑺 𝑳

 Trans conductance relates the output current with

the input voltage

 Unit of this trans conductance is the siemens Type equation here.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 What is Transconductance
∆𝑰𝑫 𝑾
𝒈𝒎 = = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )(𝑽𝒈𝒔 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )
∆𝑽𝑮𝑺 𝑳

 In the MOSFET there are 3 parameters

i. drain current ID

ii. W by L ratio and

Type equation here.
iii. Vgs - VTH

 Depending on which parameter is kept constant

the relation of these 3 parameters with the trans

conductance will change

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
 MOSFET Small Signal Model
 Consider a simple MOSFET circuit

 It is in CS configuration

 Biased with some DC voltage VDC such that

it is operating in the saturation region and

 on top of this DC biasing voltage some AC

input signal Vi is applied

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
 In saturation

𝟏 𝑾
𝑰𝑫 = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )(𝑽𝑮𝑺 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )𝟐
𝟐 𝑳
 Here 𝑽𝑮𝑺 = 𝑽𝑫𝑪 + 𝑽𝒊
 Substitute in above equation of ID

𝟏 𝑾
𝑰𝑫 = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )((𝑽𝑫𝑪 + 𝑽𝒊 ) − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )𝟐 +
𝟐 𝑳
V gs
-

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
𝟏 𝑾
𝑰𝑫 = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )((𝑽𝑫𝑪 + 𝑽𝒊 ) − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )𝟐
𝟐 𝑳
 The relationship between the AC input
signal Vi and the drain current ID is still non-
linear
 but if input signal Vi is very small or under
+
the small signal approximation the change
V gs
-
in the drain current is linearly
proportional to the input signal Vi
 Then the MOSFET can be replaced by its
small signal model

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
𝟏 𝑾
Mathematically  𝑰𝑫 = 𝝁𝒏 𝑪𝑶𝑿 ( )((𝑽𝑫𝑪 + 𝑽𝒊 ) − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )𝟐
𝟐 𝑳
1 𝑊
Solving  𝐼𝐷 = 𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑂𝑋 ( )(𝑉𝑖 + (𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 ))2
2 𝐿

1 𝑊
𝐼𝐷 = 𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑂𝑋 (𝑉𝑖 2 + (𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 )2 + 2(𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 )𝑉𝑖 )
2 𝐿

• If 𝑉𝑖 ≪ (𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 )  neglect 𝑉𝑖 2

1 𝑊
∴ 𝐼𝐷 = 𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑂𝑋 ((𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 )2 + 2(𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 )𝑉𝑖 )
2 𝐿

1 𝑊 𝑊
∴ 𝐼𝐷 = 𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑂𝑋 (𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 )2 + 𝜇𝑛 𝐶𝑂𝑋 (𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑇𝐻 )𝑉𝑖
2 𝐿 𝐿

∴ 𝑰𝑫 = 𝑰𝑫𝑶 ቚ + 𝒈𝒎 𝑽𝒊 ቚ
𝑫𝑪 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑨𝑪 𝑰/𝑷 𝑽𝒊

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 ∴ 𝑰𝑫 = 𝑰𝑫𝑶 ቚ + 𝒈𝒎 𝑽𝒊 ቚ
𝑫𝑪 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑨𝑪 𝑰/𝑷 𝑽𝒊

 that means under the small signal approximation the total response of this MOSFET
is the summation of the dc response and the ac response

 using the principle of the superposition the dc and the ac analysis can be done
separately

 while considering the dc analysis the ac signal can be assumed as 0 and

 during the ac analysis this dc voltage can be assumed as 0.

In this small signal approximation the change in the drain current ID is linearly
proportional to the input signal Vi

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
Thus the MOSFET can be replaced by the small signal equivalent model

 Vgs is the input signal which is

applied between the gate and the

source terminal and

 the change in the drain current is

linearly proportional to Vgs

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model

 In this small signal model if the effect

of the channel length modulation is

considered then the output resistance

rO is added to it

𝟏 𝟏
𝒓𝑶 = ==
λ𝑲𝒏 (𝑽𝒈𝒔𝑸 − 𝑽𝑻𝑯 )𝟐 λ𝑰𝑫𝑸

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
 Assume λ =0 i.e no channel length modulation  MOSFET can be replaced by the
small signal model

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
 Consider this circuit and for the given circuit let

us do the ac analysis

 If the input signal Vi is very small then the

MOSFET can be replaced by the small signal

model

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
For the ac analysis
 all the dc sources in the circuit can be assumed as 0

 i.e VDC will act as a 0.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
For the ac analysis
 all the dc sources in the circuit can be assumed as 0 
 i.e VDC will act as a 0. and
 VDD will also get connected to the ground
 Now replace the MOSFET by its small signal model

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
For the ac analysis
 all the dc sources in the circuit can be assumed as 0 
 i.e VDC will act as a 0. and
 VDD will also get connected to the ground
 Now replace the MOSFET by its small signal model

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal Model
 Input signal Vi is applied between the gate and the ground terminal

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model
 The drain resistor rd is connected between the
drain terminal and the ground terminal

 Source terminal is grounded

 Therefore resistor rd appears between the drain

and the source terminal

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Small Signal Model

 The output is measured between this drain and

the source terminal

 𝑉𝑂 = −𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑑 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑑 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑑

 Gain AV =
𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑖
= −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑑

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Common Source Amplifier - Small
Signal Analysis ( Voltage Divider Bias )

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Amplifier
 MOSFET is used as an amplifier used in 3 configurations.

1. Common Source (CS) Amplifier

2. Common Drain (CD) Amplifier

3. Common Gate (CG) Amplifier configurations.

the Common Source (CS) Amplifier is by far the most popular MOS amplifier

configuration.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Common Source (CS) Amplifier
In CS Amplifier
 The input signal is applied between the gate
and the source terminal.
 The output is measured between the drain
and the source terminal.
 That means for the AC signal  the source
terminal is common between the input and
the output side.
 And hence, this configuration is known as the
Common Source Configuration

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Common Source (CS) Amplifier
For any voltage amplifier  important parameters are

1. Voltage Gain,

2. Input Impedance and

3. Output Impedance

By using the small-signal analysis, it is possible to find all these parameters.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Biasing
.

MOSFET is biased in 2 ways

1. Drain to Gate Feedback Biasing

2. Potential Divider (PD) Bias with Source

(S) Feedback

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Procedure to perform DC analysis
 Small Signal Analysis of CS Amplifier (without Source Resistance) small-signal approximation

it is possible to perform the DC and the AC

analysis separately.

 For DC analysis,

 all these capacitors will act as an open

circuit.

 here the MOSFET is biased in the

voltage divider biasing configuration.

So, using the DC analysis, it is possible to set

the operating point

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Procedure to perform AC analysis
 To perform the AC analysis of any circuit, we need
to follow 3 steps.

1. consider all the DC sources in the circuit as

zero.

2. replace all the coupling and the bypass

capacitors by the short circuit.

3. replace the MOSFET by the small-signal

model.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal AC Analysis

 Here a small input signal Vi is applied through

the coupling capacitors.

 While at the operating frequency, the

coupling and the bypass capacitors, will

provide very low resistance.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal AC Analysis
 While at the operating frequency,

the coupling and the bypass

capacitors, will provide very low

resistance.

 And for simplicity  they can be

replaced by the short circuit.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal AC Analysis

 Replace the MOSFET by the Small-

signal Model

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal AC Analysis

 Here since the bypass capacitor acts

as a short circuit, so this resistor Rs

will also get short-circuited.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal AC Analysis
AC Equivalent Circuit
 The input signal Vi is connected between the gate
and the ground terminal. i.e between the gate
and the source terminal.
 One end of this resistor R1 and R2 is connected
to the gate terminal, while the other end is
connected to the ground terminal.
 That means effectively, these two resistors are
connected between the gate and the source
terminal.
 Similarly, resistor Rd will appear between the
drain and the source terminal. Small-signal Equivalent Circuit
EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
 MOSFET Parameters
• Find voltage gain, Input impedance and output impedance

Small-signal Equivalent Circuit

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Input Impedance Zin
Let Vi  the input signal and
iin  the input current, then this input impedance is the ratio of this input signal to
the input current.

𝑉𝑖
𝑍𝑖𝑛 =
𝑖𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑅1 ||𝑅2 )

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = (𝑅1 ||𝑅2 )

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Input Impedance Zin
 At the low frequencies, the input impedance of the MOSFET is very high. Or
ideally, it is infinite.
 But because of these external resistors, the input impedance of this configuration
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅1 || 𝑅2
 To achieve the high input impedance, the value of this R1 and R2 should be very
high (MΩ).

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Output Impedance Zout

 the output impedance is Thevenin's equivalent impedance which is seen from the
output side.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Output Impedance Zout

 Consider all the independent sources i.e Vi in the circuit as zero.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Output Impedance Zout

 Consider all the independent sources in the circuit as zero.

 Therefore consider this input signal as zero  resistor R1 and R2 are connected in parallel
with the input signal  will get short-circuited.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Output Impedance Zout

 And once the Vin is zero, then this voltage Vgs will also become zero.

 Because the voltage between the gate and the source is equal to the input signal.

 That means this dependent current source, will also act as a zero. Or we can say that it will
act as an open circuit.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Output Impedance Zout

 Thus the Thevenin's equivalent impedance seen through the output side is equal
to RD.
𝒁𝑶 = 𝑹𝑫

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Voltage Gain Av

 The output is measured between this drain and the source terminal

 𝑉𝑂 = −𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑑 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑑 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝑑

 Gain AV =
𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑖
= −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑑

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 MOSFET Parameters
Voltage Gain Av
𝑉𝑂
Gain AV = = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑑
𝑉𝑖

 By increasing the value of Rd  gain increases

 But the value of Rd can not be increased indefinitely.
 Because as the value of Rd increases  then the voltage drop across this
resistor Rd will also increase.  thus voltage Vds will reduces  the MOSFET
may come out of the saturation.
 And hence, the value of Rd, can not be increased indefinitely.
 But by cascading multiple stages, it is possible to increase the voltage gain.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
 Effect of the Channel Length Modulation
 Consider the finite output impedance rO  there is an additional output resistance

between the drain and the source terminal.

 So, in this case, the input impedance will remain the same. That means in this case, Zin is

equal to R1||R2.

Small-signal Equivalent Circuit

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
 Effect of the Channel Length Modulation
 Output impedance is the parallel combination of this ro and the Rd.

𝟏
𝒁𝑶 = 𝒓𝑶 || 𝑹𝑫 where 𝒓𝑶 =
λ𝑰𝑫𝑸

 Voltage gain Gain 𝐀𝐕 =

𝑽𝑶
𝑽𝒊
= −𝒈𝒎 (𝒓𝑶 || 𝑹𝑫 )

Small-signal Equivalent Circuit

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
 AC Analysis of CS Amplifier
 Amplifier is biased using this voltage divider biasing configuration

 Here source resistor RS provides negative feedback  it improves the biasing stability

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 AC Analysis of CS Amplifier
 For AC signal  the bypass capacitor acts as a short circuit  thus will not have any

impact on the AC analysis.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 AC Analysis of CS Amplifier
 But to improve the frequency response, and to improve the stability of the amplifier, the source

resistor is not bypassed  this source resistor will also come into the picture during the

AC analysis.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 AC Analysis of CS Amplifier
 So, because of this source resistor, the voltage gain of this amplifier will reduce.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal Analysis of CS Amplifier
 To perform the AC analysis of any circuit, we need
to follow 3 steps.

1. consider all the DC sources in the circuit as

zero.

2. replace all the coupling and the bypass

capacitors by the short circuit.

3. replace the MOSFET by the small-signal

model.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small Signal Analysis of CS Amplifier
 The source resistor RS is connected between the
source and the ground terminal.

 The input signal Vi is appearing between the

gate and the ground terminal.

 two resistors R1 and R2 are appearing between

the gate and the ground terminal.

 And resistor Rd is appearing between the drain

and the ground terminal

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Small-signal Equivalent Circuit of CS Amplifier

Small-signal Equivalent Circuit

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

Voltage Gain Av

 The output is measured between this drain and the ground terminal

 𝑉𝑂 = −𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑑 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑑

 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑆

 But 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑔𝑠 + 𝑉𝑆

= 𝑉𝑔𝑠 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑆

𝑉𝑖
= 𝑉𝑔𝑠 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑆  𝑉𝑔𝑠 =
1+𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑆

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

Voltage Gain Av
 The output is measured between this drain and the ground terminal
 𝑉𝑂 = −𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑑 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑑
 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼𝑑 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑆
 But 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑔𝑠 + 𝑉𝑆
= 𝑉𝑔𝑠 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑆
𝑉𝑖
= 𝑉𝑔𝑠 1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑆  𝑉𝑔𝑠 =
1+𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑆

 𝑉𝑂 = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑑
𝑉𝑖
1+𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑆

 Gain 𝐀𝐕 =
𝑽𝑶
𝑽𝒊
=
−𝒈𝒎 𝑹𝒅
𝟏+𝒈𝒎 𝑹𝑺
 if Rs = 0 𝐀𝐕 =
𝑽𝑶
𝑽𝒊
= −𝒈𝒎 𝑹𝒅

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

Input Impedance Zin
Let Vi  the input signal and
iin  the input current, then this input impedance is the ratio of this input signal to the
input current.

𝑉𝑖
𝑍𝑖𝑛 =
𝑖𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖𝑛 (𝑅1 ||𝑅2 )
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = (𝑅1 ||𝑅2 )

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Output Impedance Zout

 the output impedance is Thevenin's equivalent impedance which is seen from the
output side.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Output Impedance Zout

 Consider all the independent sources in the circuit as zero.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Output Impedance Zout

 Consider all the independent sources in the circuit as zero.

 Therefore consider this input signal as zero  resistor R1 and R2 are connected in parallel
with the input signal  will get short-circuited.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Output Impedance Zout
 Apply the KVL in I/P loop
𝑉𝑔𝑠 + 𝑉𝑠 = 0
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑖𝑑 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑠
𝑉𝑔𝑠 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑉𝑔𝑠 𝑅𝑠 = 0 
𝑉𝑔𝑠 (1 + 𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝑠 ) = 0  𝑉𝑔𝑠 = 0

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

 Output Impedance Zout
 Thus the dependent current
source will act as an open circuit.
 And the Thevenin's equivalent
impedance which is seen through
the output side or Zo is equal to
Rd
𝑍𝑂 = 𝑅𝐷

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected])
 How to Draw AC Equivalent Circuit

Is S (source) connected to GND

YES NO

Draw three lines Draw four lines

Is
Is rO ≥ 10RD or not
rO ≥ 10RD & rO ≥ 10(RS + RD)
given?
or rO not given?
YES NO
YES NO
Neglect rO Connect rO Neglect rO Connect rO

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 75

 Introduction to Multistage Amplifier
 An amplifier is dc to ac converter.
 It uses dc input power and converts into ac output power, the conversion is controlled
by input signal, during the conversion process, there is power dissipation in the form of
heat. DC input

i/p signal Amplifier AC Output

 The ability of the amplifier to convert dc into ac is called as conversion efficiency.

𝐴𝐶 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
%η= × 100
𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 76

 Introduction to Multistage Amplifier
 Eg: When signal is received in the antenna of radio or TV receives, it is of the order of
μV.
 The µV signal cannot drive the loudspeaker at the output which require power in
watts.
 Hence we have to increase signal level from µV to volts, where amplification of the
order of 1 x 10 is required.
 Such large voltage gain cannot be achieved by using single stage amplifier, hence
we have to cascode many amplifiers together to achieve required amplification.
 It is called as 'multistage amplifier'.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 77

 Introduction to Multistage Amplifier
 When one transistor is used, it is called as 'single stage amplifier'.
 When two transistors are used, it is called as 'two stage amplifier'.
 When more than two transistors are cascaded, it is called as 'multistage amplifier'.
 Power output of a multistage amplifier is

2
𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑂 2 𝑉𝑖 2 ൗ𝑅
𝑂
𝑃𝑂 = ; 𝑃𝑖 = ; 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ; 𝑖𝑓𝑅𝑂 = 𝑅𝑖
𝑅𝑂 𝑅𝑖 𝑉𝑖
ൗ𝑅
𝑖

2
𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 78

 Introduction to Multistage Amplifier
 Power output of a multistage amplifier is

2
𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑂 2 𝑉𝑖 2 ൗ𝑅
𝑂
𝑃𝑂 = ; 𝑃𝑖 = ; 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ; 𝑖𝑓𝑅𝑂 = 𝑅𝑖
𝑅𝑂 𝑅𝑖 𝑉𝑖
ൗ𝑅
𝑖

2
𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖

∴ 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴𝑉

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 79

 Introduction to Multistage Amplifier
 For multistage amplifier,
𝐴𝑉𝑇 = 𝐴𝑉1 × 𝐴𝑉2 × ⋯ … … … .× 𝐴𝑉𝑛

 In dB
20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴𝑉𝑇 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴𝑉1 + 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴𝑉2 + ⋯ … … . +20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴𝑉𝑛
 Due to dB, gains of many amplifiers together can be added instead of multiplication
because logarithm changes multiplication into addition.
 Very small gain (AV = 0.0001) or very large gain (AV = 10000) can be expressed in
suitably reasonable values.
 For AV = 0.0001,Number of dB = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 0.0001 = −80 𝑑𝐵
 For AV = 10000,Number of dB = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 10000 = 80 𝑑𝐵
EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 80
 Introduction to Multistage Amplifier
 The output of many amplifiers is converted into sound which is received by human ear.
 Ear responds to sound intensities on logarithmic scale rather than linear.
 If audio power increases from 4W to 64 W, the hearing level does not increase by a
factor 64/4 = 16.
 The 4 response of ear will increase by a factor of 3 for (4)3 = 64.
 Hence, dB is used to express overall gain.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 81

 Introduction to Multistage Amplifier
How to couple two stages?
 In a multistage amplifier,
 the output of one stage makes the input of the next stage and so on.
 A suitable coupling network is used between two stages so that minimum loss of voltage occurs
when the signal passes from one stage to the next through coupling network.

 The dc voltage at the output of one stage should not be permitted to go to the input of
the next, otherwise it will change biasing conditions of next stage.
 The coupling network, not only couples the two stages but it also forms part of load
impedance of preceding stage.
 Hence the performance of the amplifier i.e. frequency response also depends upon
type of coupling network.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 82

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Multistage Amplifier
Advantages
 Multistage amplifier provides flexibility within input and output impedance.
 Provides higher gain.
 It can be used to increase extremely weak signal to utilizable levels.
 It provides excellent impedance matching between thestages.
Disadvantages
 Bandwidth decreases with increase in cascaded stages.
 The loading of one stage to another may affect the Q-point and hence increase
distortion.

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 83

EDC Bharati Ingale ([email protected]) 84