11/8/2021

Changes in One- and Two-Way Shear (ACI CODE-318-19)

This Webinar is sponsored by ACI. The ideas expressed, however, are those
of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of ACI or its
committees. The audience is expected to exercise judgment as to the
appropriate application of the information.
Please adjust your audio level at this time.

WEBINAR 7

• For continuing education credit, attendance for the entire duration of the
webinar will earn you a certificate of completion for 1 PDH (0.1 CEU). Your
certificate will be available in ACI University under the Certificates tab
within two days.

• For those who cannot join us live; the on-demand recording and quiz will
be made available about a week after the LIVE presentation. Successful
completion of the quiz will earn the certificate.

• Certificates will be available in ACI University under the Certificates tab.

• Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

WEBINAR 8

1
 11/8/2021

American Concrete Institute is a Registered Provider with The American

Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES).
Credit(s) earned on completion of this online course will be reported to
AIA/CES for AIA members.

The online course based on this webinar is registered with AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA
of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using,
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

The American Institute of Architects has approved this course for

1 AIA/CES LU Learning Unit.

American Concrete Institute is registered as a Preferred Provider with the

International Code Council (ICC) and this presentation is approved for 1.0 PDH

The American Institute of Architects has approved

this course for 1 AIA/CES LU learning unit.
ACI is an AIA/CES registered provider.

WEBINAR 9

Changes in One- and Two-Way Shear (ACI CODE-318-19)

Course Description:
The one-way and two-way shear provisions for reinforced concrete were changed in the
2019 ACI Committee 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary. Relationships in ACI 318-14 for calculating the concrete contribution in one-
way shear resistance (Vc) in reinforced concrete have been replaced with one general
relationship that considers the combined effects of member depth, percentage of
longitudinal reinforcement, and the effect of axial stress on predicted shear stress
capacity. Two-way shear equations now include effects of member depth as well as
change to the minimum amount of flexural reinforcement. Changes also occurred in the
strut-and-tie model provisions. The presentation will provide an introduction to the
changes and the reasons behind the changes.

WEBINAR 10

2
 11/8/2021

Changes in One- and Two-Way Shear (ACI CODE-318-19)

Learning Objectives:
• Summarize the changes to the one-way reinforced concrete shear
equations.

• Describe the impact that member depth and low flexural reinforcement ratio
have on concrete shear capacity.

• Explain the changes to the two-way reinforced concrete shear equation.

• Review the changes to strut-and-tie model provisions.

WEBINAR 11

Dr. David Sanders, FACI

Greenwood Department Chair and Professor
Dept of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering at Iowa State
University

• BS, Civil Engineering, Iowa State University

• MS and PhD, Structural Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin
• 318E Chair since 2014, 318 Main since 2008
• Joe W. Kelly Award, American Concrete Institute (2017)
• Member, Iowa Chapter Board, ACI (2020 to present)
• Associate Editor, ACI Structural Journal (2017 to present)
• University Foundation Professor at University of Nevada,
Reno for 28 years
• Behavior and design of structures in structural concrete
with emphasis in bridges and connections especially in
seismic regions.
• 300 plus research publications plus $8 million as PI and $7
million as co-PI.

WEBINAR 12

3
 11/8/2021

Changes in One- and Two-Way Shear

(ACI CODE-318-19)
David Sanders
Greenwood Department Chair and Professor
Iowa State University
November 9, 2021

WEBINAR 13

Shear Design and Strut-and-Tie

Model Provisions—A New
Approach for ACI 318-19
David H. Sanders
Greenwood Department Chair and Professor
Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental
Engineering
Iowa State University

WEBINAR 14

4
 11/8/2021

Outline

• One-Way Shear
• Two-Way Shear
• Strut-and-Tie Method
• Biaxial Shear

WEBINAR 15

One-way shear Thank You

• Dan Kuchma - Tufts, University

• Larry Novak - International Code Council
• Abdeldjelil “DJ” Belarbi - University of Houston
• Sihang Wei - Wind Tower Technologies
• One-way shear proposers: Bentz/Collins, Frosch/Yu, Hsu, Marí
/Cladera, Park, Reineck
• ACI Committee 318E, Section and Member Strength
• ACI Committee 318, Structural Concrete Building Code

• Kuchma, D., Wei, S., Sanders, D., Belarbi, A, and Novak, L. (July
2019). “The Development of the One-Way Shear Design Provisions of
ACI318-19 for Reinforced Concrete.” ACI Structural Journal.

WEBINAR 16

5
 11/8/2021

Why??

• Address issues of safety

• Improve ease of use
• Improve consistency and remove
discontinuities in relationships
• Reduce the number of equations

The ACI one-way reinforced concrete shear

design provisions have been largely unchanged
since the 1963 Code.

WEBINAR 17

One-way shear equations ACI 318-14

The equations you grew up on no matter what your age.

WEBINAR 18

6
 11/8/2021

Size effect-experimental evidence

Author(s): Adam Lubell, Ted Sherwood, Evan Bentz, and Michael Collins
Title: Safe Shear Design of Large Wide Beams
Publication: Concrete International, Volume 26, No. 1, pp 66-78, January 2004

WEBINAR

Size effect-experimental evidence

Author(s): Adam Lubell, Ted

Sherwood, Evan Bentz, and Michael
Collins

Title: Safe Shear Design of Large

Wide Beams

Publication: Concrete International,

Volume 26, No. 1, pp 66-78, January
2004

WEBINAR

7
 11/8/2021

Steps in the process

• ACI445, Shear and Torsion, had a database committee that

worked extremely hard over the last 10 years to developed 4
databases that have been well vetted and checked. Joined with
the German Committee for Structural Concrete (DAbStb).

• Reinforced Concrete without minimum shear reinforcement (784)

• Reinforced Concrete with minimum shear reinforcement (170)
• Prestressed Concrete without minimum shear reinforcement (214)
• Prestressed Concrete with minimum shear reinforcement (117)

WEBINAR 21

Steps in the process

• At the Spring 2016 ACI Convention, ACI318E was provided with
comparisons by ACI445 on six different methods using experimental
test databases, a design case database, and examples.
1. Bentz/Collins (Strain Based) – CSA/AASHTO, aspects of the Model Code
2. Frosch/Yu (c/Neutral Axis Based) - ACI440-FRP
3. Hsu (c/Neutral Axis Based)
4. Marí /Cladera (c/Neutral Axis Based)
5. Park (c/Neutral Axis Based)
6. Reineck (r Based) – Eurocode

• Article describe the 6 proposals –

• Belarbi, A., Kuchma, D., Sanders D., “Proposals for New One-Way
Shear Equations for the 318 Building Code”, Concrete International, Vol
39, Issue 9, Sept. 2017, pp 29-32.
WEBINAR 22

8
 11/8/2021

Vc for RC & PC Members without at

Minimum Shear Reinforcement
Bentz Simplified 𝑉 2 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑
1.25
. 𝑠 𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑔 1"
Detailed 𝑉 2 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 0.65 𝑎𝑔𝑔
. 0.75𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑔 1"

Frosch-Yu 𝑉 5𝜆 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑐 𝛾 𝛾 1.0 when dt < 10 in.

et al .
Otherwise, 𝛾
⁄
.
Hsu and Yi 𝑉𝑑 1
𝑉 24𝜆 𝑓 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑏 𝑐
𝑀 1 ℎ⁄11.8
𝑐 .
Mari 𝑉 6𝜆𝜁 𝑓′ 𝑏 , 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑑 𝜁
and Cladera 𝑑 𝑎
1 8
Park 𝑉 𝑘 𝑓 𝑏 𝑐 cot𝜑 𝑓 2.2𝜆 𝑓′
𝑘 𝑑 . 1.1 (d in foot);
cot𝜑 1 𝜎 ⁄𝑓

Reineck 𝑓´
⁄
𝑉 71,228 · 𝜂 · 𝜌 · – 0,23 · 𝜎 · 𝑏 𝑑
𝑑

WEBINAR 23

Examination of the Methods

• Trends predicted by the methods

• Correlation with experimental data
• Ease of use
• Ways to simplify the proposed methods
• Looked at three general methods
• Strain
• c/Neutral Axis
• 
• Although the c/Neutral Axis and  are linked,  tracks
with c very well.

• ACI 318E took ownership of the proposals

WEBINAR 24

9
 11/8/2021

Features of Code provisions

• Consideration of a “size effect” in shear for members without
minimum shear reinforcement.
• Use of minimum shear reinforcement mitigates the need to consider
the size effect.
• The simplified method will be maintained for members with
minimum shear reinforcement or a minimum amount of longitudinal
reinforcement

• All concrete contributions will be proportional to √f’c .

• Both simplified and detailed provisions.
• A variable-angle truss model is acceptable for a detailed method but
will keep 45-degree truss.

WEBINAR 25

Features of Code provisions

• Initial target was to have axial loading and

prestressing will be considered the same.
• Great support for Vci and Vcw, the equations do
predict basic behavior well.
• Kept all of the current prestressed equations and
provisions the same, NO CHANGE.
• Size effect is not applied for footing, but this is
an effort for this Code cycle.

WEBINAR 26

10
 11/8/2021

Shear equations change

• One-way beam/slab shear – Provision 22.5

o Size effect
o Reinforcement ratio
• Two-way slab shear – Provision 22.6
o Size effect
o Reinforcement ratio

WEBINAR

ACI 318-19 New one-way shear equations

Table 22.5.5.1 - Vc for nonprestressed members

Criteria Vc

2𝜆 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (a)
Either
Av ≥ Av,min
of: ⁄ 𝑁
8𝜆 𝜌𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (b)
6𝐴
⁄ 𝑁
Av < Av,min 8𝜆 𝜆 𝜌𝑤 𝑓′ 𝑏 𝑑 (c)
6𝐴
Notes:
1. Axial load, Nu, is positive for compression and negative for tension
2. Vc shall not be taken less than zero.

WEBINAR

11
 11/8/2021

Effect of longitudinal reinforcement ratio

for RC members

Frosch/Yu & Hsu

Park

Marí/Cladera &
Reineck

Comparison: , strain, depth of neutral axis

Select  for ease of use

WEBINAR 29

Effect of ρw

ACI 318-19 Shear Equation

2.5

2
Vn / sqrt(f’c)

1.5
⁄
1 8𝜆 𝜌𝑤
0.5
1.56%
0
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
0.8%
0.9%
1.1%
1.2%
1.4%
1.5%
1.7%
1.8%
2.0%
2.1%
2.3%
2.4%

Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio (As/bd)

WEBINAR
Slide from Neal Anderson

12
 11/8/2021

Vc for nonprestressed members

Provision 22.5.5.1

• Vc shall not be taken greater than 5λ 𝒇 𝒄

bwd.
• Value of Nu/6Ag shall not be taken greater
than 0.05f’c.
• Size effect modification factor, λs, shall be
determined by
.
• λs = ≤ 1.0

WEBINAR 31

Size effect in shear

50
vc  Bentz/Collins Park vc  d 0.25  1.1 (d in ft.)
38  d
1
vc  d 1/3 Hsu vc 
1  h 11.8
2
vc  1.4
1  d0 / 8 Marí/Cladera
Reineck Frosch/Yu vc 
1  dt / 10

Park
Reineck
Hsu
Frosch/Yu
Marí/Cladera
Bentz/Collins
Value of 1.0 at d = 12 inches.

Note: Frosch/Yu relationship follows the laws of fracture mechanics proposed many years ago

WEBINAR 32

13
 11/8/2021

Size effect
Reinforced Concrete Members without Av:
1.4
𝑉 8𝜆 𝜌 / 𝑓𝑏 𝑑 𝜆 1.0
1 𝑑 /10

ACI318‐19 ACI318‐14‐Simplified ACI318‐14‐Detailed

WEBINAR

Size effect

ACI318‐14‐Simplified ACI318‐14‐Detailed

WEBINAR

14
 11/8/2021

Size effect
Reinforced Concrete Members without Av:
1.4
𝑉 8𝜆 𝜌 / 𝑓𝑏 𝑑 𝜆 1.0 ACI318‐19
1 𝑑 /10

WEBINAR

ρ effects
Non-Prestressed Members without Av:
1.4
𝑉 8𝜆 𝜌 / 𝑓𝑏 𝑑 𝜆 1.0
1 𝑑 /10

ACI318‐19 ACI318‐14‐Simplified ACI318‐14‐Detailed

WEBINAR

15
 11/8/2021

ρ effects
Non-Prestressed Members without Av:

ACI318‐14‐Simplified ACI318‐14‐Detailed

WEBINAR

ρ effects
Non-Prestressed Members without Av:
1.4
𝑉 8𝜆 𝜌 / 𝑓𝑏 𝑑 𝜆 1.0 ACI318-19
1 𝑑 /10

WEBINAR

16
 11/8/2021

Minimum shear reinforcement mitigates

need to consider size effect

With Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Points are for ACI Simplified

WEBINAR 39

Minimum shear reinforcement - Eurocode

When, on the basis of the design shear calculations, no

shear reinforcement is required, minimum shear
reinforcement should nevertheless be provided
according to 9.2.2. The minimum shear reinforcement
may be omitted in members such as slabs (solid, ribbed
or hollow core slabs) where transverse redistribution of
loads is possible.

WEBINAR 40

17
 11/8/2021

Impact of new equations

Reinforced Concrete Members with Av
𝑉 8𝜌 / 𝑓𝑏 𝑑 𝑉 2 𝑓𝑏 𝑑

WEBINAR

Impact of new equations

RC no Av RC with Av
Method Mean COV <0.75 Mean COV <0.75
No Size Effect
ACI318-14 Simplified 1.51 when
0.38 providing
6.2% A
1.46
vmin 0.24 2.0%

ACI318-14 Detailed 1.10 0.30 7.0% 1.20 0.20 3.0%

ACI318-19 1.48 0.24 0.5% 1.32 0.20 0.0%

 Mean is Test/Prediction
 ACI 318-14 Detailed is calculating the prediction at a distance d from the face of
the support, different results are achieved if taken at other locations

WEBINAR

18
 11/8/2021

Vc for nonprestressed members

9.6.3 Minimum shear reinforcement

• 9.6.3.1 For nonprestressed beams, minimum area of
shear reinforcement, Av,min, shall be provided in all
regions where Vu > ϕλ 𝒇’𝒄 bwd except for the cases
in Table 9.6.3.1. For these cases, at least Av,min shall
be provided where Vu > ϕVc. Table 9.6.3.1—Cases where A is not required if V ≤ ϕV v,min u c

Beam type Conditions

• Removed Vu > 0.5ϕVc for Shallow depth h ≤ 10 in.

h ≤ greater of 2.5tf or 0.5bw

nonprestressed members Integral with slab and
h ≤ 24 in.

but still there for Constructed with steel fiber-reinforced

normalweight concrete conforming to
h ≤ 24 in.
and

prestressed members. 26.4.1.5.1(a), 26.4.2.2(i), and 26.12.7.1(a)

and with fc′ ≤ 6000 psi
Vu   2 f cbw d

One-way joist system In accordance with 9.8

WEBINAR 43

Summary paper for one-way shear

equations changed in 318-19
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ONE-WAY SHEAR
DESIGN PROVISIONS OF ACI 318-19 FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE

Document: 19-032

Date: July 1, 2019

Author(s): Daniel A. Kuchma, Sihang Wei,

David H. Sanders, Abdeldjelil Belarbi, and
Lawrence C. Novak

Publication: Structural Journal

Volume: 116 Issue: 4

WEBINAR

19
 11/8/2021

Next steps for one-way shear

• Size Effect in Footings

• Impact of Seismic on Shear Equations

WEBINAR 45

Two-way shear provisions changed in

318-19
• Eqn. developed in 1963 for slabs with t < 5 in. and
 > 1%
• Two issues similar to one-way shear
Size effect Table 22.6.5.2 – Calculation of v for two-way shear
c

Low ρ v c

4 f c' (a)

 4 
 2     f c' (b)
Least of (a), (b), and  
(c):

  sd 
 2    f c'
 bo  (c)

WEBINAR

20
 11/8/2021

Two-way shear size effect

Table 22.6.5.2—vc for two-way members without shear reinforcement

vc
4 s  f c' (a)

 4
 2     s  fc
' (b)
Least of (a),  
(b), and (c):
 sd 
2   s  fc
'

bo  (c)


where s 
2
1
d Same as one-way
1
10

WEBINAR

Two-way shear provisions changed in

318-19
Provision 8.6.1
• As,min ≥ 0.0018Ag

• If vuv  2 s  f c' on the critical section

• Then A  5vuvbslabbo
s ,min
 s f y
• Tests on interior column-to-slab connections have shown that yielding of the slab
flexural tension reinforcement in the vicinity of the column or loaded area leads to
increased local rotations and opening of any inclined crack existing within the
slab.

• Unless As,min is provided over bslab, sliding along the inclined crack can cause a
flexure-driven punching failure at a shear force less than the strength

WEBINAR

21
 11/8/2021

Two-way shear provisions changed in

318-19
Table 8.4.2.2.3 bslab is the lesser of:

h h
Slab 1.5h 1.5h Slab 1.5h
edge edge

bslab bslab
1.5 hdrop 1.5hcap
Slab
edge
h h
1.5h t ≥ h/4
hdrop Span/6
1.5
h
Depth ≤ Proj.
bslab bslab

WEBINAR
Slide adapted from Neal Anderson

Strut and tie method changes

Effort led by Gary Klein

23.4.3 Effective compressive strength of

concrete in a strut, 𝑓 , shall be calculated by:
𝑓 0.85𝛽 c𝑓 (23.4.3)

where 𝛽 is in accordance with Table 23.4.3

where c is new to allow confinement effects for

nodes and struts

WEBINAR 50

22
 11/8/2021

Change in strut classification

WEBINAR 51

Reinforcemen
Strut geometry and t crossing a
Strut location strut βs
coefficient Struts with uniform cross-
NA 1.0 (a)
βs 318-14 sectional area along length

Satisfying 23.5 0.75 (b)

Struts located in a region of
a member where the width
of the compressed concrete
Not Satisfying
at midlength of the strut can
23.5 Shear 0.60λ (c)
spread laterally (bottle-
Stress
shaped struts)

Struts located in tension

members or the tension NA 0.40 (d)
zones of members

All other cases NA 0.60λ (e)

WEBINAR 52

23
 11/8/2021

Strut
coefficient Strut Location Strut Type Criteria 𝜷𝒔
Tension
βs 318-19 members or
Any All cases 0.4 (a)
tension zones
of members
Boundary
All cases 1.0 (b)
struts
Reinforcement
0.75 (c)
satisfying 23.5
Located in
Transverse All other cases regions
0.75 (d)
Tension Interior struts satisfying
23.4.4
Beam-column
0.75 (e)
joints
All other cases 0.4 (f)

WEBINAR 53

Distributed reinforcement is not

provided…
23.4.4 If using βs of 0.75 is based on line (d) of Table 23.4.3, member
dimensions shall be selected to satisfy Eq. (23.4.4.), where λs is defined
in 23.4.4.1.
• Vu ≤ ϕ5 tanθ λλs 𝒇 𝒄 bw d (23.4.4)

Size effect modification factor, λs

• (a) If distributed reinforcement is provided in accordance with 23.5, λs
shall be taken as 1.0.
• (b) If distributed reinforcement is not provided in accordance with
23.5, λs shall be taken in accordance with Eq. (23.4.4.1).
.
• λs = ≤ 1.0 (23.4.1.1)

WEBINAR 54

24
 11/8/2021

STM – Minimum distributed reinforcement

– 23.5

Lateral restraint Reinforcement Minimum distributed

of strut configuration reinforcement ratio
Orthogonal grid 0.0025 in each direction
Not restrained Reinforcement in one .
direction crossing strut at
angle α1
Restrained Distributed Reinforcement Not Required

WEBINAR 55

Concrete confinement effect – 23.4.3

Location c
 End of a strut
connected to a node
that includes a bearing where A1 is defined by (a)
surface Lesser of
the bearing surface
 Node that includes a
bearing surface 2.0 (b)
Other cases 1.0 (c)

WEBINAR 56

25
 11/8/2021

Minimum angle between struts and ties

• 318-14 stated minimum angle of 25 degrees which

is still true, but have provided flexibility.

From Gary
Klein

WEBINAR 57

Modelling options

• Model Prestress as a force

• Curved Bar Nodes

2 Ats f y
rb 
bfc'

rb = bend radius at the inside of a bar, in.

WEBINAR 58

26
 11/8/2021

Seismic STM

23.11 Earthquake-Resistant Design using the Strut-and-Tie

Method
23.11.1 Regions of a seismic-force-resisting system assigned to
Seismic Design Category D, E, or F and designed with the strut-
and-tie method shall be in accordance with a) and b):
• a) Chapter 18
• b) 23.11.2 through 23.11.5 unless design earthquake-induced
force, E, in the strut-and-tie element is multiplied by an
overstrength factor, Ωo, not less than 2.5 unless a smaller
value of Ωo can be justified by a detailed analysis.

WEBINAR 59

Seismic STM

Strut and Node Strength

• Effective compressive strength determined in
accordance with 23.4 shall be multiplied by 0.8.

Strut Detailing
• Struts shall have reinforcement satisfying the detailing
requirements of 23.11.3.2 or 23.11.3.3.

Ties
• Tie development length be multiplied by 1.25.

WEBINAR 60

27
 11/8/2021

Biaxial shear

• Symmetrical RC circular sections

o Vc equal about any axis
o Vu on 2 centroidal axes, Vu = resultant

vu  (vu , x ) 2  (vu , y ) 2 vu,y

vu,x

Slide adapted from Neal Anderson

WEBINAR

Biaxial shear

• Rectangular RC sections
Vc differs between axes
Vu on 2 axes, Vc≠ resultant

vu,y
vu,x
vu

Slide adapted from Neal Anderson

WEBINAR

28
 11/8/2021

Biaxial shear

22.5.1.10 The interaction of shear forces acting along orthogonal

axes shall be permitted to be neglected if (a) or (b) is satisfied.
,
(a) 0.5 (22.5.1.10a) add underline
∅ ,

,
(b) 0.5 (22.5.1.10b)
∅ ,

22.5.1.11 If and , then Eq. (22.5.1.11) shall be satisfied.

, ,
1.5 (22.5.1.11)
∅ , ∅ ,

WEBINAR 63

Interaction of shear forces

2.5
Interaction Curve
N>0
2 N=0
N<0
Vexp(y)/Vpre(y)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Vexp(x)/Vpre(x)

WEBINAR

29
 11/8/2021

Questions?
Changes in One- and Two-Way Shear (ACI CODE-318-19)
This webinar is sponsored by the American Concrete Institute (ACI).
Thank you to our presenter: David Sanders.
Please use the question feature to submit your questions.
To earn continuing education for this webinar go to www.ACIUniversity.com.

WEBINAR 65

www.ACIUniversity.com

Upcoming
Webinars
December Joints in Slabs-on-Ground — Avoiding Floors That Live in Infamy –
Scott Tarr
January Averting Disaster: Communicating in a Crisis – Kimberly Kayler
March Durable Repair of Corroding Structures: Case Studies Part – David
Whitmore

WEBINAR 66

30
 11/8/2021

Recorded
Webinars
Cold Weather Concreting – A Practical Approach
Alternative Cements
President’s Series: Strut-and-Tie Method for Analysis and Design of Concrete Members
President’s Series: Taking the Myth and Mystery out of Mix Design
… and more!

www.ACIUniversity.com

WEBINAR 67

31