Exam

Name___________________________________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1) In a frequency distribution, two variables are considered at a time. 1) _______
Answer: True False

2) The valid percentage column in a frequency distribution represents percentages calculated by 2) _______
excluding the cases with missing values.
Answer: True False

3) Frequency data may be used to construct a histogram, or a vertical bar chart. 3) _______
Answer: True False

4) The most commonly used statistics associated with frequencies are measures of location, 4) _______
measures of variability, and measures of occasion.
Answer: True False

5) Mean, median, and mode are measures of variability. 5) _______

Answer: True False

6) If the entire sample is changed by adding a fixed constant to each observation, then the mean, 6) _______
variance, and median change by the same fixed amount.
Answer: True False

7) Measures of location or central tendency include the mean, median, and mode. 7) _______
Answer: True False

8) The mode represents the highest peak of the distribution. 8) _______

Answer: True False

9) If a variable is measured on a nominal scale, the median should be used. 9) _______

Answer: True False

10) The measures of location are also known as measures of central tendency because they tend to 10) ______
describe the center of the distribution.
Answer: True False

11) The mean is sensitive to extremely small or extremely large values (outliers). 11) ______
Answer: True False

12) The Range = XLargest - XSmallest. 12) ______

Answer: True False

13) If all the data points are multiplied by a constant, the interquartile range is multiplied by the 13) ______
same constant.
Answer: True False

14) The difference between the mean and an observed value is called the deviation from the mean. 14) ______
Answer: True False

15) The variance can never be negative. 15) ______

 Answer: True False

16) When the data points are scattered, variance is small. 16) ______
Answer: True False

17) When calculating the standard deviation, we divide by n-1 because the sample is drawn from a 17) ______
population, and we are trying to determine how much the responses vary from the mean of the
entire population.
Answer: True False

18) In a symmetric distribution, the values on either side of the center of the distribution are the 18) ______
same, and the mean, mode, and median are equal.
Answer: True False

19) The tendency of the deviations from the mean to be larger in one direction than in the other is 19) ______
called skewness.
Answer: True False

20) If the kurtosis is positive, the distribution is more peaked than a normal distribution. 20) ______
Answer: True False

21) The first step in hypothesis testing is to select an appropriate statistical technique and the 21) ______
corresponding test statistic.
Answer: True False

22) The alternative hypothesis is a statement that some difference or effect is expected. 22) ______
Answer: True False

23) The null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that is tested. 23) ______
Answer: True False

24) The null hypothesis refers to a specified value of the population parameter, not a sample 24) ______
statistic.
Answer: True False

25) In commercial marketing research, the one-tailed test is used more often than a two-tailed test. 25) ______
Answer: True False

26) The two-tailed test is more powerful than the one-tailed test. 26) ______
Answer: True False

27) The test statistic measures how close the sample has come to the null hypothesis and often 27) ______
follows a well-known distribution, such as the normal, t, or chi-square distribution.
Answer: True False

28) Type I error occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is 28) ______
in fact true.
Answer: True False

29) The probability of Type II error (α) is also called the level of significance. 29) ______
Answer: True False
30) For a given level of α, increasing the sample size will decrease β, thereby increasing the power of 30) ______
the test.
Answer: True False

31) In determining the critical value of the test statistic, the area to the right of the critical value is 31) ______
either α or α/2. It is α for a one-tailed test and α/2 for a two-tailed test.
Answer: True False

32) If the probability associated with the calculated or observed value of the test statistic (TS CAL) is 32) ______
greater than the level of significance (α), the null hypothesis is rejected.
Answer: True False

33) If the calculated value of the test statistic is less than the critical value of the test statistic (TS CR), 33) ______
the null hypothesis is rejected.
Answer: True False

34) In tests of associations, the null hypothesis is that there is no association between the variables 34) ______
(H0:......is NOT related to....).
Answer: True False

35) In tests of differences, the null hypothesis is that there is a difference (H0:.....is different than....). 35) ______
Answer: True False

36) A cross-tabulation is the merging of the frequency distribution of two or more variables in a 36) ______
single table to help us to understand how one variable relates to another variable.
Answer: True False

37) In cross-tabulation, the introduction of a third variable clarifies the initial association (or lack of 37) ______
it) observed between two variables and can result in six possibilities.
Answer: True False

38) Cross-tabulation examines associations between variables, not causation. 38) ______
Answer: True False

39) The null hypothesis, H0, when using the chi-square statistic, is that there is no association 39) ______
between the variables.
Answer: True False

40) When using the chi-square statistic in cross-tabulation, the null hypothesis (H0) will be rejected 40) ______
only when the calculated value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value of the
chi-square distribution with the appropriate degrees of freedom.
Answer: True False

41) The chi-square statistic can be estimated on counts of data or on percentages. 41) ______
Answer: True False

42) When variables are perfectly associated, the phi coefficient assumes the value of 1. 42) ______
Answer: True False

43) When measuring the strength of association with the contingency coefficient, the maximum 43) ______
value of 1 is achieved when the variables are perfectly associated.
 Answer: True False

44) Lambda assumes that the variables are measured on an ordinal scale. 44) ______
Answer: True False

45) An asymmetrical lambda value of 1 happens when each independent variable category is 45) ______
associated with a single category of the dependent variable.
Answer: True False

46) When conducting cross-tabulation analysis in practice, if H0 is rejected, the pattern of the 46) ______
relationship should be interpreted by computing an appropriate statistic (phi coefficient,
contingency, Cramer's V, lambda coefficient, or other statistics).
Answer: True False

47) Hypothesis-testing procedures can be broadly classified as parameter or nonparameter based on 47) ______
the measurement scale of the variables involved.
Answer: True False

48) Paired samples are two samples that are not experimentally related. 48) ______
Answer: True False

49) The critical value of the F distribution depends upon two sets of degrees of freedomthose in the 49) ______
numerator and those in the denominator.
Answer: True False

50) The F statistic is computed as the ratio of two sample variances. 50) ______
Answer: True False

51) In hypothesis testing, the observations are paired so that the two sets of observations relate to 51) ______
the same respondents.
Answer: True False

52) Nonparametric tests are used when the independent variables are nonmetric. 52) ______
Answer: True False

53) The Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test is a goodness of fit test that compares the cumulative 53) ______
distribution function for a variable with a specified distribution.
Answer: True False

54) The binomial test is a test of randomness for a dichotomous variable. 54) ______
Answer: True False

55) The runs test tests the goodness of fit of the observed number of observations in each category to 55) ______
the number expected under specified binomial distribution.
Answer: True False

56) In the Mann-Whitney U test, two samples are combined and the cases are ranked in order of 56) ______
increasing size. The test statistic, U, is computed as the number of times a score from sample 1 or
group 1 follows a score from group 2.
Answer: True False

57) The Mann-Whitney U test is a statistical test for a variable measured on an ordinal scale, comparing
the 57) ___
differenc ___
e in the
location
of two
populati
ons
based on
observati
ons from
two
indepen
dent
samples.
Answer: True False

58) The two-sample median test examines whether the two distributions are the same. 58) ______
Answer: True False

59) The two-sample median test is not as powerful as the Mann-Whitney U test. 59) ______
Answer: True False

60) The McNemar test is another paired sample nonparametric test that is used in the special case of 60) ______
a binary variable where the researcher wishes to test differences in proportions.
Answer: True False

61) The sign test is more powerful than the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. 61) ______
Answer: True False

62) Nonparametric tests are conducted in SPSS via the NONPARAMETRIC TESTS program. 62) ______
Answer: True False

63) In SPSS, if the data are interval scaled and only the summary statistics are desired, the 63) ______
DESCRIPTIVES procedure can be used.
Answer: True False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
64) A mathematical distribution whose objective is to obtain a count of the number of responses 64) ______
associated with different values of one variable and to express these counts in percentage terms
is a ________.
A) frequency distribution B) chi-square distribution
C) t distribution D) distribution
Answer: A

65) Which of the research questions/hypotheses below is best answered using frequency 65) ______
distribution?
A) What percentage of the market consists of heavy users, medium users, light users, and
nonusers?
B) The heavy and light users of a brand differ in terms of psychographic characteristics.
C) What is the income distribution of brand users? Is this distribution skewed toward low
income brackets?
D) Both A and C are correct.
 Answer: D

66) A frequency distribution helps determine ________. 66) ______

A) the presence of outliers or cases with extreme values
B) the extent of illegitimate responses
C) the extent of nonresponse
D) all of the above
Answer: D

67) A frequency distribution helps ________. 67) ______

A) determine the shape of the empirical distribution of the variable
B) determine if a systematic association exists between two variables
C) determine how close a sample comes to the null hypothesis
D) us to understand how one variable, X, relates to another variable, Y
Answer: A

68) A statistic that describes a location within a data set is a ________. 68) ______
A) measure of shapes B) measure of location
C) measure of variability D) measure of occasion
Answer: B

69) The value obtained by summing all elements in a set and dividing by the number of elements is 69) ______
the ________.
A) mean B) median C) mode D) range
Answer: A

70) The ________ is the value that occurs most frequently. 70) ______
A) mean B) median C) mode D) range
Answer: C

71) A measure of central tendency given as the value above which half of the values fall and below 71) ______
which half of the values fall is the ________.
A) mean B) median C) mode D) range
Answer: B

72) The median is an appropriate measure of central tendency for ________ data. 72) ______
A) ratio B) interval C) ordinal D) nominal
Answer: C

73) As a general rule to follow to determine which of the different measures of location to use, if the 73) ______
variable is measured on a nominal scale, ________ is the appropriate measure of central
tendency that should be used.
A) mean B) range C) median D) mode
Answer: D

74) A statistic that indicates the distribution's dispersion is a ________. 74) ______
A) measure of location B) measure of variability
C) measure of shape D) measure of occasion
Answer: B

75) The ________ is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for interval or ratio data. 75) ______
A) mean B) median C) mode D) range
 Answer: A

76) ________ include the range, interquartile range, variance or standard deviation, and coefficient 76) ______
of variation.
A) Measures of shape B) Measures of location
C) Measures of occasion D) Measures of variability
Answer: D

77) The difference between the smallest and the largest values in a distribution is the ________. 77) ______
A) mean B) median C) mode D) range
Answer: D

78) The ________ is the difference between the 75th and 25th percentile. 78) ______
A) standard deviation B) coefficient of variation
C) variance D) interquartile range
Answer: D

79) The mean squared deviation of all the values from the mean is the ________. 79) ______
A) standard deviation B) coefficient of variation
C) variance D) interquartile range
Answer: C

80) The square root of the variance is the ________. 80) ______
A) standard deviation B) coefficient of variation
C) variance D) interquartile range
Answer: A

81) The ________ is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean, expressed as a percentage, and it 81) ______
is a unitless measure of relative variability.
A) standard deviation B) coefficient of variation
C) variance D) interquartile range
Answer: B

82) The tendency of the deviations from the mean to be larger in one direction than in the other is 82) ______
called ________.
A) Type I error B) Type II error C) kurtosis D) skewness
Answer: D

83) ________ is a measure of the relative peakedness or flatness of the curve defined by the 83) ______
frequency distribution.
A) Type II error B) Type I error C) Skewness D) Kurtosis
Answer: D

84) Which of the research questions/hypotheses below is best answered using hypothesis testing? 84) ______
A) Is familiarity with a new product related to age and education levels after controlling for
income?
B) One hotel has a more upscale image than its close competitor.
C) The department store is being patronized by more than 10 percent of households.
D) Both B and C are correct.
Answer: D

85) Which statement is not correct about the null hypothesis? 85) ______
 A) Accepting the null hypothesis will lead to some changes in opinions or action.
B) In marketing research, the null hypothesis is formulated in such a way that rejection leads
to the acceptance of the desired conclusion.
C) It can never be accepted based on a single statistical test.
D) It is always the hypothesis tested.
Answer: A

86) Which of the following statements is not correct about the alternative hypothesis? 86) ______
A) The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
B) There is no way to determine whether the alternative hypothesis is true.
C) The alternative hypothesis represents the conclusion for which evidence is sought.
D) None of the statements is correct.
Answer: B

87) The alternative hypothesis: the percentage of Internet users who use the Internet for shopping is 87) ______
greater than .40, is a ________.
A) Type I error B) two-tailed test C) one-tailed test D) Type II error
Answer: C

88) What is the correct expression of the null hypothesis for the alternative hypothesis: the 88) ______
percentage of Internet users who use the Internet for shopping is greater than .40?
A) H0: π < .40 B) H1: π ≠ .40 C) H0: π = .40 D) H1: π > .40
Answer: A

89) ________ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact 89) ______
true.
A) One-tailed error B) Two-tailed error
C) Type II error D) Type I error
Answer: D

90) Also known as beta error, ________ occurs when the sample results lead to the nonrejection of a 90) ______
null hypothesis that is in fact false.
A) Type II error B) one-tailed error
C) Type I error D) two-tailed error
Answer: A

91) The ________ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false, and should 91) ______
be rejected.
A) Type I error B) power of a test
C) Type II error D) level of significance
Answer: B

92) To balance the two types of errors, alpha (α), also known as ________, is often set at .01 or .05. 92) ______
A) Type I error B) level of significance
C) Type II error D) A and B are correct
Answer: D

93) The last step involved in hypothesis testing is ________. 93) ______
A) draw a marketing research conclusion
B) compare the probability with level of significance alpha (α)
C) determine the probability associated with the test statistic under the null hypothesis
D) reject or do not reject the null hypothesis
 Answer: A

94) Hypothesis tests can be related to ________. 94) ______

A) tests of strength B) tests of differences
C) tests of association D) B and C are correct
Answer: D

95) Which of the research questions/hypotheses below is best answered using cross-tabulations? 95) ______
A) One hotel has a more upscale image than its close competitor.
B) The department store is being patronized by more than 10 percent of households.
C) Is familiarity with a new product related to age and education levels?
D) Both B and C are correct.
Answer: C

96) A statistical technique that describes two or more variables simultaneously and results in tables 96) ______
that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables that have a limited number of
categories or distinct values is a ________.
A) t test B) cross-tabulation
C) parametric test D) non-parametric test
Answer: B

97) Which statement is not correct about cross-tabulations? 97) ______

A) Cross-tabulations provide inferences for making statements about the means of parent
populations.
B) The margins of a cross-tabulation show the same information as the frequency tables for
each of the variables.
C) Cross-tabulation tables are also called contingency tables.
D) The data are considered to be qualitative or categorical data.
Answer: A

98) Which of the following statements is true concerning cross-tabulations with two variables? 98) ______
A) Because two variables have been cross-classified, percentages could be computed either
column-wise, based on column totals, or row-wise, based on row totals.
B) The general rule is to compute the percentages in the direction of the independent variable,
across the dependent variable.
C) Cross-tabulation with two variables is also known as bivariate cross-tabulation.
D) All of the above statements are true.
Answer: D

99) The introduction of a third variable in cross-tabulation can result in which of the following 99) ______
possibilities?
A) no change in the initial pattern
B) refined association between the two original variables
C) no association between the two original variables
D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: D

100) In cross-tabs, the introduction of a third variable can ________. 100) _____
A) indicate no change in the initial association
B) refine the association observed between the two original variables
C) indicate no association between the two variables, although an association was initially
observed
 D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: D

101) Which of the following statements is not true concerning cross-tabulation? 101) _____
A) Cross-tabulation examines association between variables, not causation.
B) As a general rule, there should be at least five expected observations in each cell for the
statistics computed to be reliable.
C) No more than three variables can be cross-tabulated.
D) None of the above statements is untrue.
Answer: C

102) Which statement is not related to statistics associated with cross-tabulation? 102) _____
A) The strength of association can be measured by the phi correlation coefficient, the
contingency coefficient, Cramer's V, and the lambda coefficient.
B) Generally, the strength of association is of interest only if the association is statistically
significant.
C) The t test could be conducted on the mean of one sample or two samples of observations.
D) The statistical significance of the observed association is commonly measured by the
chi-square statistic.
Answer: C

103) The ________ is used to test the statistical significance of the observed association in 103) _____
cross-tabulation.
A) phi coefficient B) Cramer's V
C) contingency coefficient D) chi-square statistic
Answer: D

104) The ________ is a skewed distribution whose shape depends solely on the number of degrees of 104) _____
freedom. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the distribution becomes more
symmetrical.
A) F distribution B) frequency distribution
C) t distribution D) chi-square distribution
Answer: D

105) The ________ is used as a measure of the strength of association in the special case of a table with 105) _____
two rows and two columns (a 2 × 2 table).
A) phi coefficient B) chi-square coefficient
C) contingency coefficient D) Cramer's V
Answer: A

106) The ________ can be used to assess the strength of association in a table of any size. 106) _____
A) coefficient of variation B) chi-square coefficient
C) phi coefficient D) contingency coefficient
Answer: D

107) ________ is a measure of the strength of association used in tables larger than 2 × 2. 107) _____
A) Chi-square coefficient B) Cramer's V
C) Coefficient of variation D) Phi coefficient
Answer: B

108) ________ is a modified version of the phi correlation coefficient, Φ. 108) _____
A) Asymmetric lambda B) Chi-square statistic
 C) Coefficient of variation D) Cramer's V
Answer: D

109) ________ is a measure of the percentage improvement in predicting the value of the dependent 109) _____
variable, given the value of the independent variable in contingency table analysis.
A) Symmetric lambda B) Tau b
C) Tau c D) Asymmetric lambda
Answer: D

110) ________ is an average of the two asymmetric lambda values. It does not make an assumption 110) _____
about which variable is dependent.
A) Tau b B) Gamma
C) Symmetric lambda D) Tau c
Answer: C

111) ________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It 111) _____
makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variable is square.
A) Gamma B) Symmetric lambda
C) Tau c D) Tau b
Answer: D

112) Tau b, tau c, and gamma are available to measure association between two ________-level 112) _____
variables.
A) ratio B) ordinal C) nominal D) interval
Answer: B

113) ________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It 113) _____
makes an adjustment for ties and is most appropriate when the table of variables is not square
but a rectangle.
A) Tau c B) Gamma
C) Symmetric lambda D) Tau b
Answer: A

114) ________ is a test statistic that measures the association between two ordinal-level variables. It 114) _____
does not make an adjustment for ties.
A) Tau b B) Gamma
C) Symmetric lambda D) Tau c
Answer: B

115) ________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are 115) _____
measured on at least an interval scale.
A) Parameter tests B) Nonparametric tests
C) Parametric tests D) None of the above
Answer: C

116) ________ are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a 116) _____
nominal or ordinal scale.
A) Parameter tests B) Nonparametric tests
C) Parametric tests D) None of the above
Answer: B

117) The ________ is a statistic that assumes that the variable has a symmetric bell-shaped distribution
and the 117) ____
mean is _
known
(or
assumed
to be
known)
and the
populati
on
variance
is
estimate
d from
the
sample.
A) F statistic B) z statistic
C) t statistic D) none of the above
Answer: C

118) The ________ is a univariate hypothesis test using the t distribution, which is used when the 118) _____
standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small.
A) t test B) paired samples test
C) z test D) F test
Answer: A

119) Which of the following statements is not true about parametric tests? 119) _____
A) The t statistic assumes that the variable is normally distributed and the mean is known (or
assumed to be known) and the population variance is estimated from the sample.
B) The t test is a commonly used parametric test.
C) Parametric tests are used when the independent variables are non-metric.
D) B and C are not correct.
Answer: C

120) The ________ is a symmetric bell-shaped distribution that is useful for small sample (n < 30) 120) _____
testing.
A) t distribution B) chi-square distribution
C) frequency distribution D) F distribution
Answer: A

121) Which statement is not true concerning the t distribution? 121) _____
A) As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the t distribution approaches the normal
distribution.
B) The t distributions are skewed to the left.
C)
The population variance is unknown and is estimated by the sample variance s2.
D) Compared to the normal distribution, the t distribution has more area in the tails and less
in the center.
Answer: B

122) Suppose we wanted to test the hypothesis that the mean familiarity rating exceeds 4.0, the 122) _____
neutral value on a seven-point scale. The hypotheses may be formulated as ________.
A) H0: μ1 = μ2 H 1: μ1 ≠ μ2 B) H0: μ ≤ 4.0 H 1: μ > 4.0
 C) H0: π1 = π2 D) H0: σ12 = σ22
H1: π1 ≠ π2 H1: σ12 ≠ σ22
Answer: B

123) The degrees of freedom for the t statistic to test hypotheses about one mean are ________. 123) _____
A) n1 + n2 B) n1 +n2 - 2 C) n - 1 D) n
Answer: C

124) If the population standard deviation was assumed to be known, rather than estimated from the 124) _____
sample, a ________ would be appropriate rather than a(n) ________.
A) t test; z test B) t test; F test C) z test; F test D) z test; t test
Answer: D

125) In the parametric case of means for two independent samples, the hypotheses take which form? 125) _____
A) H0: σ12 = σ22 B) H0: μ ≤ 4.0 C) H0: μ1 = μ2 D) H0: π1 = π2
H1: σ12 ≠ σ22 H1: μ > 4.0 H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 H1: π1 ≠ π2
Answer: C

126) The degrees of freedom for the t statistic to test the hypothesis about two independent samples is 126) _____
________.
A) n1 +n2 - 2 B) n1 + n2 C) n - 1 D) n
Answer: A

127) The F test of sample variance may be performed if it is not known whether the two populations 127) _____
have equal variance. In this case the hypotheses are ________.
A) H0: σ12 = σ22 B) H0: π1 = π2 C) H0: μ ≤ 4.0 D) H0: μ1 = μ2
H1: σ12 ≠ σ22 H1: π1 ≠ π2 H1: μ > 4.0 H1: μ1 ≠ μ2
Answer: A

128) The ________ is a statistical test of the equality of the variances of two populations. 128) _____
A) paired samples test B) t test
C) z test D) F test
Answer: D

129) The ________ is a frequency distribution that depends upon two sets of degrees of freedom, the 129) _____
degrees of freedom in the numerator and the degrees of freedom in the denominator.
A) chi-square distribution B) t distribution
C) Z statistic D) none of the above
Answer: D

130) If the probability of F is greater than the significance level α, ________ and ________ should be 130) _____
used.
A) H0 is rejected; t based on "equal variances not assumed"
B) H0 is rejected; t based on "equal variances assumed"
C) H0 is not rejected; t based on "equal variances assumed"
D) H0 is not rejected; t based on "equal variances not assumed"
Answer: C

131) For the parametric case, involving proportions for two independent samples, the null and 131) _____
alternative hypotheses are ________.
 A) H0: π1 = π2 B) H0: σ12 = σ22 C) H0: μ1 = μ2 D) H0: μ ≤ 4.0
H1: π1 ≠ π2 H1: σ12 ≠ σ22 H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 H1: μ > 4.0
Answer: A

132) The degrees of freedom for the t statistic to test hypotheses about paired samples are ________. 132) _____
A) n - 1 B) n1 + n2 - 2 C) n1 + n2 D) n
Answer: A

133) For the parametric case involving the means of paired samples, the null and alternative 133) _____
hypotheses are ________.
A) H0: μ1 = μ2 B) H0: μD = 0 C) H0: σ12 = σ22 D) H0: π1 = π2
H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 H1: μD ≠ 0 H1: σ12 ≠ σ22 H1: π1 ≠ π2
Answer: B

134) In the context of the Internet usage example, suppose we wanted to test whether the probability 134) _____
of observing a K value of .222, as determined by the normalized z statistic, is 0.103. Because this
is more than the significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. What do the
results mean?
A) The proportion of users for males and for females is significantly different for the two
samples.
B) The distribution of the Internet usage does deviate significantly from the normal
distribution.
C) The proportion of users for males and for females is not significantly different for the two
samples.
D) The distribution of the Internet usage does not deviate significantly from the normal
distribution.
Answer: D

135) A one-sample nonparametric goodness-of-fit test to determine whether the observations for a 135) _____
particular variable could reasonably have come from a particular distribution is the ________.
A) binomial test B) Mann-Whitney U test
C) Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test D) runs test
Answer: C

136) A Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test was conducted. The largest absolute difference between 136) _____
the observed and normal distribution was K = 0.222. The sample size was only 30 therefore, the
approximate formula was used and the critical value for K was 0.248. Because the calculated
value of K is ________ than the critical value, the null hypothesis ________ be rejected.
A) smaller; can B) larger; can C) smaller; cannot D) larger; cannot
Answer: C

137) The test statistic used in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test is ________. 137) _____
A) K = Min ∣ Oi , Ai ∣ B) K = Min ∣Ai - Oi ∣
C) K = Max ∣Ai - Oi ∣ D) K = Max ∣ Oi, Ai∣
Answer: C

138) Which of the following tests is not a non-parametric one-sample test? 138) _____
A) runs test B) binomial test
C) Mann-Whitney U test D) Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test
Answer: C
139) When the difference in the location of two populations is to be compared based on observations 139) _____
from two independent samples, and the variable is measured on an ordinal scale, the ________
can be used.
A) runs test B) binomial test
C) Mann-Whitney U test D) Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test
Answer: C

140) A ________ is a test conducted by determining whether the order or sequence in which 140) _____
observations are obtained is random.
A) sign test B) Mann-Whitney U test
C) runs test D) binomial test
Answer: C

141) The ________ tests the goodness of fit of the observed number of observations in each category 141) _____
to the number expected under a specified binomial distribution.
A) runs test B) sign test
C) Mann-Whitney U test D) binomial test
Answer: D

142) If the samples used in the Mann-Whitney U test are from the same population, the distribution 142) _____
of scores from the two groups in the rank list should be ________.
A) normal B) u-shaped C) random D) uniform
Answer: C

143) Which test is not an independent samples test? 143) _____

A) Mann-Whitney U test
B) two-sample median test
C) Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test
D) Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test
Answer: D

144) The test statistic used in the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test is ________. 144) _____
A) alpha B) t C) z D) chi-square
Answer: C

145) A nonparametric test that analyzes the differences between the paired observations, taking into 145) _____
account the magnitude of the differences is the ________.
A) McNemar test
B) sign test
C) runs test
D) Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test
Answer: D

146) The ________ test is a nonparametric test for examining differences in the location of two 146) _____
populations, based on paired observations, that compares only the signs of the differences
between pairs of variables without taking into account the magnitude of the differences.
A) binomial test B) sign test
C) Mann-Whitney U test D) runs test
Answer: B

147) Nonparametric tests are not available in ________. 147) _____

A) Excel B) MINITAB C) SAS D) SPSS
 Answer: A

148) Which program or function listed below is not useful for conducting nonparametric tests? 148) _____
A) NPAR1WAY B) NPAR TESTS
C) Stat>Time Series D) none of the above
Answer: D

149) Mean, median, variance, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and range are some of the 149) _____
statistics that can be calculated via ________, ________, and ________ in SPSS.
A) COUNTS; FREQUENCIES; DESCRIPTIVES
B) FREQUENCIES; EXPLORE; DESCRIPTIVES
C) EXPLORE; DESCRIPTIVES; COUNTS
D) DESCRIPTIVES; COUNTS; EXPLORE
Answer: B

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
150) When conducting marketing research, what general rules should be followed to determine when the
different measures of location should be used?
Answer: If the variable is measured on a nominal scale, the mode is the appropriate measure of central
tendency that should be used. If the variable is measured on an ordinal scale, the median is
appropriate. If the variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale, the mean is the most appropriate
measure of central tendency.

151) Define the null and alternative hypotheses. Discuss the relationship between the two hypotheses.
Answer: A null hypothesis is a statement of the status quo, one of no difference or no effect. If the null
hypothesis is not rejected, no changes will be made. An alternative hypothesis is one in which some
difference or effect is expected. Accepting the alternative hypothesis will lead to changes in opinions
or actions. Thus, the alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis
is always the hypothesis that is tested. The alternative hypothesis represents the conclusion for which
evidence is sought. The null hypothesis refers to a specified value of the population parameter, not a
sample statistic. In marketing research, the null hypothesis is formulated in such a way that its
rejection leads to the acceptance of the desired conclusion.

152) Discuss the relationship between Type I error and Type II error and the power of a test.
Answer: Type I error occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is in
fact true. The probability of Type I error is denoted as α. Type II error occurs when, based on the
sample results, the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is in fact false. The probability of Type II
error is denoted by β. Unlike α, which is specified by the researcher, the magnitude of β depends on
the actual value of the population parameter (proportion). The complement (1 - β) of the probability of
a Type II error is called the power of a statistical test.

The power of a test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be
rejected. Although β is unknown, it is related to α. An extremely low value of α (e.g., = 0.001) will
result in intolerably high β errors. So it is necessary to balance the two types of errors. As a
compromise, α is often set at 0.05; sometimes it is 0.01; other values of α are rare. The level of α, along
with the sample size, will determine the level of β for a particular research design. The risk of both α
and β can be controlled by increasing the sample size. For a given level of α, increasing the sample size
will decrease β, thereby increasing the power of the test.

153) Discuss the relationship between cross-tabulation and frequency distribution.

Answer: Whereas a frequency distribution describes one variable at a time, a cross-tabulation describes two or
more variables simultaneously. A cross-tabulation is the merging of the frequency distribution of two
or more variables as brand loyalty relates to another variable such as sex. Cross-tabulation results in tables that reflect
in a single table. It the joint distribution of two or more variables with a limited number of categories or distinct values.
helps us to The categories of one variable are cross-classified with the categories of one or more other variables.
understand how Thus, the frequency distribution of one variable is subdivided according to the values or categories of
one variable such the other variables.

154) Give three reasons why cross-tabulation is widely used in marketing research.
Answer: Cross-tabulation is widely used in commercial marketing research because (1) cross-tabulation
analysis and results can be easily interpreted and understood by managers who are not statistically
oriented; (2) the clarity of interpretation provides a stronger link between research results and
managerial action; (3) a series of cross-tabulations may provide greater insights into a complex
phenomenon than a single multivariate analysis; (4) cross-tabulation may alleviate the problem of
sparse cells, which could be serious in discrete multivariate analysis; and (5) cross-tabulation analysis
is simple to conduct and appealing to less sophisticated researchers.
 1) FALSE
2) TRUE
3) TRUE
4) FALSE
5) FALSE
6) FALSE
7) TRUE
8) TRUE
9) FALSE
10) TRUE
11) TRUE
12) TRUE
13) TRUE
14) TRUE
15) TRUE
16) FALSE
17) TRUE
18) TRUE
19) TRUE
20) TRUE
21) FALSE
22) TRUE
23) TRUE
24) TRUE
25) TRUE
26) FALSE
27) TRUE
28) TRUE
29) FALSE
30) TRUE
31) TRUE
32) FALSE
33) FALSE
34) TRUE
35) FALSE
36) TRUE
37) FALSE
38) TRUE
39) TRUE
40) TRUE
41) FALSE
42) TRUE
43) FALSE
44) FALSE
45) TRUE
46) FALSE
47) FALSE
48) FALSE
49) TRUE
50) TRUE
51) TRUE
 52) TRUE
53) TRUE
54) FALSE
55) FALSE
56) FALSE
57) TRUE
58) FALSE
59) TRUE
60) TRUE
61) FALSE
62) TRUE
63) TRUE
64) A
65) D
66) D
67) A
68) B
69) A
70) C
71) B
72) C
73) D
74) B
75) A
76) D
77) D
78) D
79) C
80) A
81) B
82) D
83) D
84) D
85) A
86) B
87) C
88) A
89) D
90) A
91) B
92) D
93) A
94) D
95) C
96) B
97) A
98) D
99) D
100) D
101) C
102) C
103) D
104) D
105) A
106) D
107) B
108) D
109) D
110) C
111) D
112) B
113) A
114) B
115) C
116) B
117) C
118) A
119) C
120) A
121) B
122) B
123) C
124) D
125) C
126) A
127) A
128) D
129) D
130) C
131) A
132) A
133) B
134) D
135) C
136) C
137) C
138) C
139) C
140) C
141) D
142) C
143) D
144) C
145) D
146) B
147) A
148) D
149) B
150) If the variable is measured on a nominal scale, the mode is the appropriate measure of central tendency that should
be used. If the variable is measured on an ordinal scale, the median is appropriate. If the variable is measured on an
interval or ratio scale, the mean is the most appropriate measure of central tendency.
151) A null hypothesis is a statement of the status quo, one of no difference or no effect. If the null hypothesis is not
rejected, no changes will be made. An alternative hypothesis is one in which some difference or effect is expected.
Accepting the alternative hypothesis will lead to changes in opinions or actions. Thus, the alternative hypothesis is
the the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that is tested. The alternative hypothesis
oppo represents the conclusion for which evidence is sought. The null hypothesis refers to a specified value of the
site population parameter, not a sample statistic. In marketing research, the null hypothesis is formulated in such a way
of that its rejection leads to the acceptance of the desired conclusion.
152) Type I error occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. The
probability of Type I error is denoted as α. Type II error occurs when, based on the sample results, the null
hypothesis is not rejected when it is in fact false. The probability of Type II error is denoted by β. Unlike α, which is
specified by the researcher, the magnitude of β depends on the actual value of the population parameter
(proportion). The complement (1 - β) of the probability of a Type II error is called the power of a statistical test.

The power of a test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected.
Although β is unknown, it is related to α. An extremely low value of α (e.g., = 0.001) will result in intolerably high β
errors. So it is necessary to balance the two types of errors. As a compromise, α is often set at 0.05; sometimes it is
0.01; other values of α are rare. The level of α, along with the sample size, will determine the level of β for a
particular research design. The risk of both α and β can be controlled by increasing the sample size. For a given
level of α, increasing the sample size will decrease β, thereby increasing the power of the test.
153) Whereas a frequency distribution describes one variable at a time, a cross-tabulation describes two or more
variables simultaneously. A cross-tabulation is the merging of the frequency distribution of two or more variables
in a single table. It helps us to understand how one variable such as brand loyalty relates to another variable such as
sex. Cross-tabulation results in tables that reflect the joint distribution of two or more variables with a limited
number of categories or distinct values. The categories of one variable are cross-classified with the categories of one
or more other variables. Thus, the frequency distribution of one variable is subdivided according to the values or
categories of the other variables.
154) Cross-tabulation is widely used in commercial marketing research because (1) cross-tabulation analysis and results
can be easily interpreted and understood by managers who are not statistically oriented; (2) the clarity of
interpretation provides a stronger link between research results and managerial action; (3) a series of
cross-tabulations may provide greater insights into a complex phenomenon than a single multivariate analysis; (4)
cross-tabulation may alleviate the problem of sparse cells, which could be serious in discrete multivariate analysis;
and (5) cross-tabulation analysis is simple to conduct and appealing to less sophisticated researchers.