Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology

Chapra, Bihar-841302
Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Mathematics-II (Differential Equations)

Prajapati
Lecture Notes
LNJPIT,
Chapra April 13, 2020
Introduction

by

Dr. G.K.Prajapati
Department of Applied Science and Humanities
LNJPIT, Chapra, Bihar-841302

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

 Classification of Partial Differential Equation

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Classification of second order partial differential equations
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Consider a general second order partial differential equation for
Introduction a function of two variables x and y in the form

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
where p = ,q= ,r = ,s = ,t = . Also R,
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
S and T are continuous functions of x and y only possessing
partial derivatives defined in a domain D on the (x − y) plan.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Chapra Then the given equation is said to be
• Hyperbolic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT > 0
Introduction
• Parabolic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT = 0
• Elliptic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT < 0

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Chapra Then the given equation is said to be
• Hyperbolic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT > 0
Introduction
• Parabolic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT = 0
• Elliptic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT < 0

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Chapra Then the given equation is said to be
• Hyperbolic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT > 0
Introduction
• Parabolic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT = 0
• Elliptic at a point (x, y) in domain D if S 2 − 4RT < 0

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Example
LNJPIT,
Chapra Classify the following partial differential equation
∂2z ∂2z
Introduction 1. 2
= .
∂x ∂y 2
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
2. 2 2 + + 3 2 = 2.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
2 2
3. (xy − 1)r − 2(x y − 1)s − (xy + 1)t + xp + yq = 0

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (1.) The given equation can be written as r − t = 0.
LNJPIT,
Chapra Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 1, S = 0 and T = −1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (0)2 − 4.(1)(−1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 4 > 0.
Therefore the given equation is hyperbolic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (1.) The given equation can be written as r − t = 0.
LNJPIT,
Chapra Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 1, S = 0 and T = −1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (0)2 − 4.(1)(−1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 4 > 0.
Therefore the given equation is hyperbolic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (1.) The given equation can be written as r − t = 0.
LNJPIT,
Chapra Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 1, S = 0 and T = −1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (0)2 − 4.(1)(−1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 4 > 0.
Therefore the given equation is hyperbolic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (1.) The given equation can be written as r − t = 0.
LNJPIT,
Chapra Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 1, S = 0 and T = −1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (0)2 − 4.(1)(−1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 4 > 0.
Therefore the given equation is hyperbolic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (1.) The given equation can be written as r − t = 0.
LNJPIT,
Chapra Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 1, S = 0 and T = −1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (0)2 − 4.(1)(−1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 4 > 0.
Therefore the given equation is hyperbolic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (2.) The given equation can be written as
LNJPIT,
Chapra 2r + s + 3t − 2 = 0.Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 2, S = 1 and T = 3. Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (1)2 − 4.(2)(3) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = −23 < 0.
Therefore the given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (2.) The given equation can be written as
LNJPIT,
Chapra 2r + s + 3t − 2 = 0.Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 2, S = 1 and T = 3. Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (1)2 − 4.(2)(3) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = −23 < 0.
Therefore the given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (2.) The given equation can be written as
LNJPIT,
Chapra 2r + s + 3t − 2 = 0.Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 2, S = 1 and T = 3. Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (1)2 − 4.(2)(3) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = −23 < 0.
Therefore the given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (2.) The given equation can be written as
LNJPIT,
Chapra 2r + s + 3t − 2 = 0.Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 2, S = 1 and T = 3. Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (1)2 − 4.(2)(3) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = −23 < 0.
Therefore the given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Solution (2.) The given equation can be written as
LNJPIT,
Chapra 2r + s + 3t − 2 = 0.Comparing the given equation with
Introduction Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = 2, S = 1 and T = 3. Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (1)2 − 4.(2)(3) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = −23 < 0.
Therefore the given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Solution (3.) Comparing the given equation with

Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
Chapra
We have R = (xy − 1),S = −2(x2 y 2 − 1) and T = −(xy + 1).
Introduction
Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (−2(x2 y 2 − 1))2 − 4.((xy − 1)).(−(xy + 1)) =⇒

4(x2 y 2 − 1))2 + 4.((x2 y 2 − 1)).

S 2 − 4RT = 4x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 − 1).

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Solution (3.) Comparing the given equation with

Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
Chapra
We have R = (xy − 1),S = −2(x2 y 2 − 1) and T = −(xy + 1).
Introduction
Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (−2(x2 y 2 − 1))2 − 4.((xy − 1)).(−(xy + 1)) =⇒

4(x2 y 2 − 1))2 + 4.((x2 y 2 − 1)).

S 2 − 4RT = 4x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 − 1).

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Solution (3.) Comparing the given equation with

Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
Chapra
We have R = (xy − 1),S = −2(x2 y 2 − 1) and T = −(xy + 1).
Introduction
Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (−2(x2 y 2 − 1))2 − 4.((xy − 1)).(−(xy + 1)) =⇒

4(x2 y 2 − 1))2 + 4.((x2 y 2 − 1)).

S 2 − 4RT = 4x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 − 1).

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Solution (3.) Comparing the given equation with

Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
Chapra
We have R = (xy − 1),S = −2(x2 y 2 − 1) and T = −(xy + 1).
Introduction
Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (−2(x2 y 2 − 1))2 − 4.((xy − 1)).(−(xy + 1)) =⇒

4(x2 y 2 − 1))2 + 4.((x2 y 2 − 1)).

S 2 − 4RT = 4x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 − 1).

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Solution (3.) Comparing the given equation with

Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
Chapra
We have R = (xy − 1),S = −2(x2 y 2 − 1) and T = −(xy + 1).
Introduction
Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (−2(x2 y 2 − 1))2 − 4.((xy − 1)).(−(xy + 1)) =⇒

4(x2 y 2 − 1))2 + 4.((x2 y 2 − 1)).

S 2 − 4RT = 4x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 − 1).

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Solution (3.) Comparing the given equation with

Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
Chapra
We have R = (xy − 1),S = −2(x2 y 2 − 1) and T = −(xy + 1).
Introduction
Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (−2(x2 y 2 − 1))2 − 4.((xy − 1)).(−(xy + 1)) =⇒

4(x2 y 2 − 1))2 + 4.((x2 y 2 − 1)).

S 2 − 4RT = 4x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 − 1).

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Solution (3.) Comparing the given equation with

Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,
Chapra
We have R = (xy − 1),S = −2(x2 y 2 − 1) and T = −(xy + 1).
Introduction
Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (−2(x2 y 2 − 1))2 − 4.((xy − 1)).(−(xy + 1)) =⇒

4(x2 y 2 − 1))2 + 4.((x2 y 2 − 1)).

S 2 − 4RT = 4x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 − 1).

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
Case-1: Either x = 0 or y = 0 or both x = y = 0. In this case
LNJPIT, S 2 − 4RT = 0, hence given equation is parabola.
Chapra
Case-2: If xy = ±1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence
Introduction given equation is parabola.
Case-3: If x2 y 2 > 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-4: If x2 y 2 < 1, then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
Classify the partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂u ∂u
Chapra + t + x +2 + + 6u = 0.
∂t2 ∂x∂t ∂x2 ∂t ∂x
Introduction
Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x, S = t and T = 1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (t)2 − 4.(x).(1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = t2 − 4x.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
Classify the partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂u ∂u
Chapra + t + x +2 + + 6u = 0.
∂t2 ∂x∂t ∂x2 ∂t ∂x
Introduction
Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x, S = t and T = 1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (t)2 − 4.(x).(1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = t2 − 4x.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
Classify the partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂u ∂u
Chapra + t + x +2 + + 6u = 0.
∂t2 ∂x∂t ∂x2 ∂t ∂x
Introduction
Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x, S = t and T = 1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (t)2 − 4.(x).(1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = t2 − 4x.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
Classify the partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u ∂u ∂u
Chapra + t + x +2 + + 6u = 0.
∂t2 ∂x∂t ∂x2 ∂t ∂x
Introduction
Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x, S = t and T = 1.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (t)2 − 4.(x).(1) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = t2 − 4x.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence

Chapra
given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < t2 /4, then in this case S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence
given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > t2 /4,then in this case S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence
given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
The region in which the following partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
Chapra x3 2 + 3 + 27 2 + 5u = 0.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Introduction

Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x3 , S = 3 and T = 27.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (3)2 − 4.(x3 ).(27) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 9 − 108x3 .

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
The region in which the following partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
Chapra x3 2 + 3 + 27 2 + 5u = 0.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Introduction

Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x3 , S = 3 and T = 27.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (3)2 − 4.(x3 ).(27) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 9 − 108x3 .

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
The region in which the following partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
Chapra x3 2 + 3 + 27 2 + 5u = 0.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Introduction

Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x3 , S = 3 and T = 27.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (3)2 − 4.(x3 ).(27) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 9 − 108x3 .

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
The region in which the following partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
Chapra x3 2 + 3 + 27 2 + 5u = 0.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Introduction

Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x3 , S = 3 and T = 27.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (3)2 − 4.(x3 ).(27) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 9 − 108x3 .

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K. Example ((AKU-CE-II,2019))

Prajapati
The region in which the following partial differential equation
LNJPIT, ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
Chapra x3 2 + 3 + 27 2 + 5u = 0.
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Introduction

Solution: Comparing the given equation with

Rr + Ss + T t + f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0,

We have R = x3 , S = 3 and T = 27.Put these values in

S 2 − 4RT = (3)2 − 4.(x3 ).(27) =⇒ S 2 − 4RT = 9 − 108x3 .

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT, Case-1: If x = (1/12)1/3 , then in this case

Chapra
S 2 − 4RT = 0,hence given equation is parabola.
Introduction Case-2: If x < (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT > 0,hence given equation is hyperbola.
Case-3: If x > (1/12)1/3 ,then in this case
S 2 − 4RT < 0,hence given equation is elliptic.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati Exercise
LNJPIT,
Chapra Classify the following PDE:
Introduction ∂2z ∂2z
(1.) + = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
(2.) + 4 + 4 = 0.
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
(3.) xyr − (x2 − y 2 )s − xyt + py − qx = 2(x2 − y 2 )
(4.) x2 (y − 1)r − x(y 2 − 1)s + y(y − 1)t + xyp − q = 0

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...

Classification
of Partial
Differential ...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Chapra

Introduction Thanks !!!

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Classification of Partial Differential ...