SQL

 Data Types:-

1. Varchar(len :- Used to store variable lengths pf alpha-

) Or numeric data not padded with space.
Varchar2(le
n)
:- Used to specify fixed length characters,
2. Char(len) maximum size of 255 characters. Extra
size is padded with white space.

:- Used to store numbers fixed of floating. P is

3. Number(p the precision or length and s is the scale that
, s) determines the no. of places to right of
decimal.

:- Used to represent date and time.

4. Date DD – MM – YYYY

 Commands:-

S.no Syntax Usage

1. Create database To create a database with db_name as
db_name; the
name of the database.

2. create table <table name> To create a table of n columns.

(col1 data type, col2 data
type…)

3. insert into <table name> To insert n values into the table.

values (val1,val2,…)

4. select * from tab; To view all existing system tables and

databases.

5. select * from <table To view all rows and columns of a

name>; given
table.
6. select (col) from <table
name>; To view selected columns and all
rows.

1
20. drop database <db_name>; Used to delete a database completely.
7. select * from <table To view selected rows and all columns
21. name> w h e
d r o p r e based on gUivsend ctonddeitlieotne. a table
t<aebxlep><;table completely including its schema.
8. To retrieve all the distinct fields in the table.
name>;
22. Used to delete a table leaving behind its
select distinct(col1, clo2, …) schema.
92. fr o m < ta bl e n a TGoracnretsa tehetasbpl ecfirfoiemd
t r unc a te t ab l e apnriveixlgisetsinognt abplea.rticular
3. m e > ;
< t a ble name>;
table to the users.
crgeratnet
24. t a b le < Used to revoke the granted privileges on a
< s y st emtabplreivni table Sforrotms the tuasbelersi.n ascending
10. a m ( c ol
le ge> o n order based on given expression.
na<mtaeb)lea>s
25. tsoel<eucste(rc>o;l1, col2, Groups all the rows with same
column value
11. …) from <old table Sboarstsedthoenta bgleivei
name>; n
dceosncdeintidoinn.g order based on
revoke <system given expression.
privilege> on
se<lteacbtle*>froom
<<taubsler>n;ame>
order by (col);
select (column) from
<table senlaemcte>*
fgromup<btayb<leconlan
mame>e>
orhdaevrinbgye(xcpo;l) desc;

12 delete from <table name>; Removes all rows.

.
13 delete from <table name> Removes selected rows based on given
. where
<cond>; condition.

14 update <table name> set Updates only one row depending on

. expression.
colname= exp where
colname =
exp1;

15 update <table name> set Updates all rows/ a complete column.

.
colname = exp;

16 alter table <table name> add Adds a new column to the table.
.
(col data type);

17 alter table <table name> Modifies the existing column.

. modify
(col name data type);

18 rename <old table name> Renaming a table;

. to
2
 <new table name>;

19 desc <table name>; Describes structure of a table.

.

 Aggregate Functions:-

3
S.no. Funtion Usage
1. AVG Used to find the average of the values in a given
column.
2. MAX Used to find the maximum or the largest of all
the
values in a given column.

3. MIN Used to find the smallest of all the values in a

given
column.

4. COUNT It returns the no. of rows which satisfy a particular

condition which is given in the where clause.

5. SUM It is used to find the sum of all values in a

column.
6. STDDEV It is used to find the standard deviation of all the
values in a given column.

7. VAR It gives the variance i.e. square of the standard

deviation of all the values in a given column,
which is
a very useful measure in statistics.

 Date and Time functions:-

S.no. Function Usage

1. SYSDATE Used to find the system date.

2. ADD_MONTHS(date, Used to add a no. of months to the date.

months);

3. MONTHS_BETWEE Returns the no. of months between the

N(date1, two
date2); dates.

4. NEXT_DAY(date, day); Returns the name of the first day of the

week
that is equal to or later than another
specified date.

5. LAST_DAY(date); Returns the last day of the specified

4
 month.
It is used to adjust the time according to
the
6. NEW_TIME desired time zone.

5
 Number Functions:-

S.no Function Usage

1. ABS(n) Returns the absolute value of the argument

passed.
2. POWER(m, n) Returns the value of m raised to the power of
n.
3. ROUND(n) Rounds the value of the argument to the
nearest
integer.
4. SQRT(n) Returns the square root of the argument
passed.
5. EXP(n) Returns the value of E raised to the power n.

6. LN(n) Returns the natural logarithm value of

argument.
7. LOG(n) Returns the value of logarithmic value of the
argument.
8. CEIL(n) Returns the smallest integer greater than or
equal to that of the argument passed.

6
 9. FLOOR(n) Returns the greatest integer smaller than or
equal to that of the argument passed.
10. SIGN(n) Judges whether a given no. is positive or
negative.

11. MOD(a, b) Returns the remainder obtained when a is

divided by b.
12. COS(a), SIN(a), TAN(a) Returns the trigonometric ratios of ‘a’ radians.

13. COSH(a), SINH(a), Returns the hyperbolic trigonometric values

of
TANH(a) the argument passed in radians

 String Functions:-

S.no. Function Value

1. LOWER(A) Returns all the characters in the argument

converted into lower case.
2. UPPER(A) Returns all the characters in the argument
converted into upper case.
3. LENGTH(A) Returns the length of the string passed as
argument.
4. CONCAT(A, B) Concatenates two strings A and B.

5. CHR(n) Returns the character equivalent to the no.

passed
in the argument.
6. INITCAP(A) Returns the string passed as an argument
with the
first letter capitalized.
7. REPLACE Used to replace a portion of a string with a
new
string.
8. SUBSTR Returns a set of characters from the given
string.
7
9. INSTR Used to find where in a string a particular pattern

8
 occurs.

 Conversion Functions:-
S.no. Function Usage

1. TO_CHAR Used to convert a number or a date into

character format.
2. TO_NUMBER Used to convert characters into numbers.

SUPPLIER – PARTS DATABASE

/* TABLES INVOLVED */

1. SUPPLIER( SID, SNAME, CITY)

2. PARTS ( PID, PNAME, COLOR)
3. ORDERS ( SID, PID, QUANTITY)

/* SUPPLIER DATABASE */

SID SNAME CITY

s1 smith london

9
 s2 jones paris
s3 blak paris
e
s4 clark london
s5 adams athens

/* PARTS TABLE */

PID PNAME COL

OR
p2 bolt green
p3 screw blue
p4 screw red
p5 cam blue
p6 cog red

/*ORDERS TABLE */

SID PI QUANTITY
D
s1 p1 300
s1 p2 200
s1 p3 400
s1 p4 200
s1 p5 100
s1 p6 100
s2 p1 300
s2 p2 400
s3 p2 200
10
11
 s4 p2 200
s4 p4 300

/* QUERIES */

1. Get Sid, sname for non Paris parts.

2. Get full details of all suppliers.
3. Get the total no. of suppliers.
4. Get maximum and Minimum Quantity for part p2.
5. For each part supply gets the part no. and total
shipment quantity.
6. Get part number for all parts supplied by more
than one supplier.
7. Get supplier names for suppliers who supplied at least
one red part.
8. Get the names of the suppliers who supply the part p2.
9. Get the supplier names for suppliers who do not supply
part p2. 10.Get snames who supply all parts.
11. Get pname for parts supplied by xyz supplier and
by no one else.
12. Find the sid of suppliers who supply red or green parts.
13.Find the sid of suppliers who supply both red and
green parts.

EMPLOYEE DATABASE

/* TABLES INVOLVED */

1. EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,

DEPTNO).
2. DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC).
3. SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL).

1) EMP Table

Name Null? Type

12
 EMPNO NOT NULL
NUMBER(5) ENAME
VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
SAL NUMBER(4)
COMM NUMBER(4)
DEPTNO NUMBER(6)

2) DEPT Table

Name Null? Type

-
DEPTNO NOT NULL
NUMBER(6) DNAME
VARCHAR2(20)
LOC VARCHAR2(20)

3) SALGRADE Table
Name Null? Type

GRADE NUMBER(5)
LOSAL NUMBER(6)
HISAL NUMBER(6)

/* DEPT TABLE */

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK

20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

/* EMP TABLE */

13
EMP ENA JOB M 2 HIR SAL 800

NO ME CLE GR ED 08-
SEP- 1600
736 SMIT RK 790 AT 81

9 H 2 E 1250
SALES 23-
MAN 17- MAY
7499 ALLE 769 -87 2975
N 8 DE
SALES
7521 MAN C- 03- 1250
WAR 769 DEC
D 8 80 -81
7566 MANA 2850
GER
JONE 783 20- 03-
7654 S 9 FEB DEC 2450
SALES -81 -81
MAN
7698 MAR 769 3000
TIN 8 22- 23- JA
MANA FEB N-
7782 GER -81 8 5000
BLAK 783 2
E 9
7788 MANA 02- 1500
GER APR
CLAR 783 -81
7839 K 9 1100
ANALY
ST 28-
7844 SCOT 756 SEP 950
T 6 -81
PRESID
7876 ENT 3000
KING 01-
MA
7900 SALES Y- 1300
TUR MAN 769 81
NER 8
7902
CLERK 09-
ADA 778 JUN
7934 MS 8 -81
CLERK

JAME 769 19-

S ANALY 8 APR
ST -87

FORD 756
CLERK 6 17-
NO
MILL V-
ER 778 81
14
COMM D 0 20
0 E
30 3
P
1400 0 1 30
T 0
300 N 30
O 1 20
0 3
500 2 20 0
0 10
2
30

/* SALGRADE TABLE */

15
 GRA LOSA HISAL
DE L
1 70 1200
0
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999

/* QUERIES */

1. Display all different job types.

2. List the details of all employees in deptno 10 and 20 in alphabetical order.

3. List the names of employees who have “th” or “ll” in their names.
4. List the names, jobs and salaries of all employees who have a manager.

5. Give name and remuneration of all employees.

6. List name and salary increased by 15% of all employees.
7. Find all the employees who were hired during 1982.

8. Display name, annual salary, commission of all salesmen whose

monthly salary is greater than commission.

9. Produce the output as “Smith has held the position of clerk in

department 20 since 17-dec-80”.

10. Find average salary and average total remuneration of all employees
other than sales man
11. Find maximum, minimum and average salaries in each department.

12. Find the maximum, minimum and average salaries of each job.
13. Find the departments which have more than 3 employees.
14. Display employee names and their respective department numbers.
15. Give the salary grades for all the employees.
16. Display the employee names who earn highest salary in each job.
17. Find the employee details whose salary is greater than Blake’s salary.
18. Find employee details of employees who have the same job and
salary as that of Scott.
19. Display the maximum salaries in accounting and research department.

20. Display salary grades of all employees except of those

employees whose salary grade is 3 and 4.

21. Give the names and salaries of the employees whose salary is
maximum in their respective departments.
22. List the employees whose salary is greater than the salaries of all employees
who are working as salesmen.

16
23. Write a query which will return the day of the week entered in
the format of sysdate.
24. Find the difference between highest and lowest salaries.
25. Generate the output as Smith – clerk.
26. Generate the output as Smith (Clerk).
27. Give the details of all employees those who r working as manager.
28. List the departments where there are no employees
29. Generate the following list :
EMPLOYEE NAME JOB SAL GRADE
30. List the information of those employees in department number 10.
31. Find the department location of James.
32. Get the manager of Jones.
33. Get the sub-ordinates of Jones.
34. Write a query to calculate the length of time of all employees
with the company.
35. List out name, job, salary, grade, department name of all employees who are
not clerks.
36. List out name, job, salary, grade, department name of all
employees who are clerks.
37. Display the most recently employed employee in each department.

38. Display each employee with name, hiredate and review date –
1 year from now.
39. Display the year in which most people joined.
40. List out minimum salary of those employees under manager.

41. Print the employee names and List salary as:

i. ‘above target’ if salary is greater than 1500
ii. ‘below target‘ if salary is lesser than 1500
iii. ‘on the target‘ if salary is exactly 1500.

42.Display ename, loc and dnames of the employees who

earn more than 1500 salary.
43. Who are the top 3 earners in the company.
44. Write a query to display a ‘*’ against the employee who
joined most recently.
45. Find the most recently joined employee in the
company in each department in order of hiredate.
46. Find all the employees who joined before their manager.
47. List jobs and department names of employees whose
names are 5 letters long and must begin with ‘ALL’ and
end with ‘N’.
48. List employees whose commission is greater than
25% of their salary.
49. List all the departments with at least 2 clerks.
50. List employees in dept 30 with job not found in dept 10.
51. Who earns the second highest salary?
52. Display the employee hiredate in the
format of “Friday, 10-AUG-03”.

17
 53. Count the people in department 30 who receive both
salary and commission.
54. List all the employees who were hired between “ 1st
January 1981” and “15th April 1985”. In the order of their
seniority.

55. Display name and period of service till date.

PL/SQL Programs

1) Sum and product of two numbers.

18
2) Sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers.

3) Numbers in reverse order.

4) Even numbers up to 100.

5) Sum of Digits of a number.

6) Multiplication table of ‘n’.

7) ‘n’ Multiplication tables.

8) Reverse of a number.

9) Prime number or not?

10) Fibonacci Series.

11)Prime Numbers

up to ‘n’.

12) Factorial of a given number.

13) Area of a circle.

14) Areas Table.

15) Armstrong or not?

16) Armstrong numbers up to ‘n’.

17) Greatest of 2 numbers.

18) And some other sample programs in PL/SQL

CURSORS

19
 1) Cursor programs to find :-

2) Details of employees

3) Employees in department 20.

4) Hike in salary.

5) Total number of employees.

6) Number of employees in each job.

TRIGGERS

1) Trigger on Insertion.

2) Trigger on Updating.

3) Statement Level Trigger.

4) Row Level Trigger.

5) Trigger on Deletion.

VNRVJIET
INDEX

20
S.N Exp Name Of The Dat Remarks
O. No. Experiment e

I Commands and Functions in SQL

SQL

01. 01 Supplier – Parts Database.

02. 02 Employee Database

II PL/SQL

01. 03 Sum and product of two

02. numbers. 04 Sum of first ‘n’ natural

03. numbers. 05 Numbers in reverse order.

04. 06 Even numbers up to 100.

05. 07 Sum of Digits of a number.

06. 08 Multiplication table of ‘n’.

07. 09 ‘n’ Multiplication tables.

08. 10 Reverse of a number.

09. 11 Prime number or not?

10. 12 Fibonacci Series.

11. 13 Prime Numbers up to ‘n’.

12. 14 Factorial of a given number.

13. 15 Area of a circle.

14. 16 Areas Table.

15. 17 Armstrong or not?

16. 18 Armstrong numbers up to ‘n’.

17. 19 Greatest of 2 numbers.

18. 20 Palindrome Number.

19. 21 Greatest of three numbers.

20. 22 Adams Number.

16
III CURSORS
Cursor programs to find :-
 SUPPLIER – PARTS DATABASE

/* TABLES INVOLVED */

4. SUPPLIER( SID, SNAME, CITY)

5. PARTS ( PID, PNAME, COLOR)
6. ORDERS ( SID, PID, QUANTITY)

/* DDL STATEMENTS */

SQL> create table supplier (Sid varchar(3) primary key, sname

varchar(20), city varchar(20));

Table created.

SQL> create table parts(pid varchar(3) primary key , pname

varchar(20), color varchar(20));

Table created.

SQL> create table orders (sid varchar(3), pid varchar(3) , quantity

number(4) , foreign key(sid) references supplier(sid),
foreign key(pid) references parts(pid) , primary key(sid ,

pid)); Table created.

SQL> describe supplier;

Name Null? Type

SID NOT VARCHAR

NULL 2(3)
SNAME VARCHAR
2(20)
CITY VARCHAR
2(20)

SQL> describe parts;

Name Null? Type

PID NOT VARCHA

NULL R2(3)
PNA VARCHAR2
ME (20)
COL VARCHAR2
OR (20)

17
ER DIAGRAM FOR SUPPLIER - PART DATABASE

18
SQL> describe orders;

Name Null? Type

SID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(3)

PID NOT NULL
VARCHAR2(3)
QUANTITY
NUMBER(4)

/* DML STATEMENTS */

SQL> insert into supplier values(‘s1’, ’ smith’ ,

‘london’); 1 row created.

SQL> insert into supplier values(‘s2’, ’ jones’ ,

‘paris’); 1 row created.

SQL> select * from supplier;

/* SUPPLIER DATABASE */

SID SNAME CITY

-
s1 smith londo
n
s2 jones paris
s3 blake paris
s4 clark londo
n
5 rows selected.

SQL> insert into parts values(‘p1’, ’ nut’ ,

‘red’); 1 row created.

SQL> insert into parts values(‘p2’, ’ bolt’ ,

‘green’); 1 row created.

19
 SQL> select * from parts;

/* PARTS TABLE */

PI PNAME COLOR
D
p1 nut red
p2 bolt green
p3 screw blue
p4 screw red
p5 cam blue
p6 cog red

6 rows selected.

SQL> insert into orders values(‘s1’, ’p1’ ,

300); 1 row created.

SQL> insert into orders values(‘s2’, ’p1’ ,

400); 1 row created.

SQL> select * from orders;

/*ORDERS TABLE */

SID PID QUANTI

TY
s1 p1 300
s1 p2 200
s1 p3 400
s1 p4 200
s1 p5 100
s1 p6 100
s2 p1 300
s2 p2 400
s3 p2 200
s4 p2 200
s4 p4 300

20
 /* QUERIES */

1. Get Sid, sname for non Paris parts.

SQL> select sid, sname from supplier where city

!= ‘paris’; SID SNAME

s1 smith
s4 clark
s5 adams

2. Get full details of all suppliers.

SQL> select * from supplier;

SID SNAME CITY

s1 smith london
s2 jones paris
s3 blake paris
s4 clark london
s5 adams Athens

3. Get the total no. of suppliers.

SQL> select count(distinct(sid)) suppliers from

orders; SUPPLIERS

4. Get maximum and Minimum Quantity for part p2.

SQL> select max(quantity), min(quantity) from orders

where pid='p2'; MAX(QUANTITY)

MIN(QUANTITY)
400 200

21
5. For each part supply gets the part no. and total shipment quantity.

SQL> select pid, sum(quantity) from orders

group by pid; PID

SUM(QUANTITY)

p1 600
p2 1000
p3 400
p4 500
p5 500
p6 100

6 rows selected.

6. Get part number for all parts supplied by more than one supplier.

SQL> select pid from orders group by pid having

count(sid)>1; PID

p
1
p
2
p
4
p
5

7. Get supplier names for suppliers who supplied at least one red part.

SQL> select sname from supplier where sid in

2 (select distinct(sid) from orders where
pid in 3 (select pid from parts where
color='red'));

SNAME

smi
th
jone
s
clark

8. Get the names of the suppliers who supply the part p2.

SQL> select sname from supplier where sid in

22
2 (select distinct(sid)from orders where pid='p2');

SNAME

23
 smit
h
jone
s
blak
e
clark

9. Get the supplier names for suppliers who do not supply part p2.

SQL> select sname from supplier where

sid not in 2 (select sid from orders
where pid!='p2');

SNAME

blake
adams

10. Get snames who supply all parts.

SQL> select sname from supplier where sid in

2 (select sid from orders group by sid having count(pid)=6);

SNAME

smith

11. Get pname for parts supplied by xyz supplier and by no one else.

SQL> select pname from parts where pid in

2 (select pid from orders group by pid having count(sid)=1);

PNAME

screw
cog

12. Find the sid of suppliers who supply red or green parts.

SQL> select distinct(sid) from orders where pid in

2 (select pid from parts where color= 'red' or color='green');

SID
---
s
1
s
2
s
3
24
 s4

13. Find the sid of suppliers who supply both red and green parts.

SQL> select distinct(sid) from orders where pid in

2 (select pid from parts where color= 'red' and
sid in 3 (select sid from orders where pid in
4 (select pid from parts where color= 'green')));

SID
---
s
1
s
2
s4

25
 EMPLOYEE DATABASE

/* TABLES INVOLVED */

1. EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM,

DEPTNO).
2. DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC).
3. SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL).

/* DDL STATEMENTS*/

SQL> create table dept (deptno number(6) primary key, dname

varchar(20), loc varchar(20));

Table created.

SQL> create table emp (empno number(5) primary key,

ename varchar(10), job varchar(10),mgr number(4),
hiredate date, sal number(4), comm
number(4), deptno number(6), foreign key (deptno)
references dept(deptno));

Table created.

SQL> create table salgrade (grade number(5) , losal number(6), hisal

number(6)); Table created.

SQL> describe emp;

EMP
Table
Null? Type
Name
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
ENAME VARCHAR2(1
0)
JOB VARCHAR2(9
)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDAT DATE
E
SAL NUMBER(4)
COMM NUMBER(4)
DEPTNO NUMBER(6)

SQL> describe dept;

DEPT Table

26
 Name Null? Type
-
DEPTNO NOT NULL
NUMBER(6) DNAME
VARCHAR2(20)
LOC VARCHAR2(20)

SQL> describe salgrade;

SALGRADE Table

Name Null? Type

GRADE NUMBER(5)
LOSAL NUMBER(6)
HISAL NUMBER(6)

/*DML STATEMENTS */

SQL> insert into dept values ( 10, ‘ACCOUNTING’, ‘

NEW YORK’); 1 row created.

SQL> insert into dept values ( 20, ‘RESEARCH’, ‘

DALLAS’); 1 row created.

SQL> select * from dept;

/* DEPT TABLE */

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

10 ACCOUNTI NEW YORK

NG
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATION BOSTON
S

4 rows selected.

SQL> insert into emp values ( 7369, ‘SMITH’, ‘CLERK’, 7902,

’17-DEC-80’, 1200, NULL, 20);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into emp values ( 7499, ‘ALLEN’, ‘SALESMAN’, 7698, ’20-
FEB-81’, 1600, 300, 30);

27
 1 row created.

SQL> select * from emp;

/* EMP TABLE */

EMP ENA S J ER MG 8 HIREDATE 17-

NO ME O R DEC-80
FORD MANA 7566
736 SMIT B GER 790
20-FEB-81
9 H MILLER 2 7782
ANALY
C ST 22-FEB-81
7499 ALLE 769
N L 8
PRESID 02-APR-81
7521 E ENT
WAR 769
D R 8 28-SEP-81
7566 SALES
K MAN
JONE 783 01-MAY-81
7654 S 9
SA CLERK
LE 09-JUN-81
7698 MAR S 769
TIN M CLERK 8
AN 19-APR-87
7782
BLAK ANALY 783
E SA ST 9 17-NOV-81
7788 LE
S
CLAR M CLERK 783 08-SEP-81
7839 K AN 9

23-MAY-87
7844 SCOT M 756
T AN 6
AG 03-DEC-81
7876 ER
KING
03-DEC-81
7900 SA
TUR LE 769
NER S 8 23- JAN-82
7902 M
AN
ADA 778
7934 MS 8
M
AN
JAME AG 769
28
SAL 800 CO D
MM E
P
1600
T
N
1250 O
300

2
2975 500 0

1250
30

2850 1400
30

2450
20

3000
30

5000 0
30

1500
10

1100
20

950
10

3000
30

1300
20

30

20

10

29
 SQL> insert into salgrade values ( 1, 700, 1200);

1 row created.

SQL> insert into salgrade values ( 1, 700, 1200);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from salgrade;

GRADE LOSA HISAL

L
1 70 1200
0
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999

5 rows
selected.

30
ER DIAGRAM FOR EMPLOYEE DATABASE

31
 /* QUERIES */

1. Display all different job types.

SQL> select distinct(job) from emp;

32
 JOB
ANALYST

CLERK

MANAGER

PRESIDENT

SALESMAN

2. List the details of all employees in deptno 10 and 20 in alphabetical order.

SQL> select * from emp where deptno in(10,20) order by ename;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 -800 20

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 0 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

20 7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000

10 7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300

8 rows selected

.
3. List the names of employees who have “th” or “ll” in their names.

SQL> select ename from emp where ename like ('%TH%') or ename
like('%LL%');

33
 ENAME

SMITH

ALLEN

MILLER

4. List the names, jobs and salaries of all employees who have a manager.

SQL> select ename, job, sal from emp where mgr is not null;
ENAME JOB SAL

SMITH CLERK 800

ALLEN SALESMAN 1600
WARD SALESMAN 1250
JONES MANAGER 2975
MARTIN SALESMAN 1250
BLAKE MANAGER 2850
CLARK MANAGER 2450
SCOTT ANALYST 3000
KING PRESIDENT 5000
TURNER SALESMAN 1500
ADAMS CLERK 1100
JAMES CLERK 950
FORD ANALYST 3000
MILLER CLERK 1300
13 rows selected.

5. Give name and remuneration of all employees.

SQL> select ename, (sal + nvl(comm,0)) remuneration from emp;

ENAME REMUNERATION

34
 SMITH 800
ALLEN 1900
WARD 1750
JONES 2975
MARTIN 2650
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
SCOTT 3000
KING 5000
TURNER 1500
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
FORD 3000
MILLER 1300

14 rows selected.

6. List name and salary increased by 15% of all employees.

SQL> select ename, sal*115/100 increased_salary from emp;

35
 ENAME INCREASED_SALARY

SMITH 920

ALLEN 1840

WARD 1437.5
3421.25
JONES
1437.5
MARTIN
3277.5
BLAKE
2817.5
CLARK
3450
SCOTT
5750
KING
1725
TURNER
1265
ADAMS
1092.5
JAMES
3450
FORD
1495
MILLER
14 rows selected.

7. Find all the employees who were hired during 1982.

SQL> select ename from emp where hiredate like('%82');

ENAME
MILLER

8. Display name, annual salary, commission of all salesmen whose monthly salary
is greater than commission.

SQL> select ename, sal*12 anual_salary, comm*12 anual_commission from emp

2 where job='SALESMAN' and sal> nvl(comm , 0);

36
 ENAME ANUAL_SALARY ANUAL_COMMISSION

ALLEN 19200 3600

WARD 15000 6000
TURNER 18000 0

9. Produce the output as “Smith has held the position of clerk in department 20
since 17-dec-80”.

SQL> select ename || ' HAS HELD THE POSITION OF ' || job || ' IN
DEPARTMENT ' 2 || deptno || ' SINCE ' || hiredate details_of_employees
from emp;

DETAILS_OF_EMPLOYEES
SMITH HAS HELD THE POSITION OF CLERK IN DEPARTMENT 20
SINCE 17-DEC-80

ALLEN HAS HELD THE POSITION OF SALESMAN IN DEPARTMENT 30

SINCE 20-FEB-81

WARD HAS HELD THE POSITION OF SALESMAN IN DEPARTMENT 30

SINCE 22-FEB-81

JONES HAS HELD THE POSITION OF MANAGER IN DEPARTMENT 20

SINCE 02-APR-81

MARTIN HAS HELD THE POSITION OF SALESMAN IN DEPARTMENT30

SINCE 28-SEP-81

BLAKE HAS HELD THE POSITION OF MANAGER IN DEPARTMENT 30

SINCE 01-MAY-81

CLARK HAS HELD THE POSITION OF MANAGER IN DEPARTMENT 10

SINCE 09-JUN-81

SCOTT HAS HELD THE POSITION OF ANALYST IN DEPARTMENT 20

SINCE 19-APR-87

KING HAS HELD THE POSITION OF PRESIDENT IN DEPARTMENT 10

SINCE 17-NOV-81

TURNER HAS HELD THE POSITION OF SALESMAN IN DEPARTMENT 30

SINCE 08-SEP-81

37
ADAMS HAS HELD THE POSITION OF CLERK IN DEPARTMENT 20
SINCE 23-MAY-87

JAMES HAS HELD THE POSITION OF CLERK IN DEPARTMENT 30

SINCE 03-DEC-81

FORD HAS HELD THE POSITION OF ANALYST IN DEPARTMENT 20

SINCE 03-DEC-81

MILLER HAS HELD THE POSITION OF CLERK IN DEPARTMENT 10

SINCE 23-JAN-82

10. Find average salary and average total remuneration of all employees other
than sales man

SQL> select avg(sal), avg(sal + nvl(comm, 0 )) avg_renumeration from emp;

AVG(SAL) AVG_RENUMERATION
2073.21429 2230.35714

11. Find maximum, minimum and average salaries in each department.

SQL> select deptno, max(sal), min(sal), avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) AVG(SAL)

10 5000 1300 2916.66667

20 3000 800 2175
30 2850 950 1566.66667

12. Find the maximum, minimum and average salaries of each job.

38
SQL> select job, max(sal), min(sal) , avg(sal) from emp group by job;

JOB MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) AVG(SAL)

ANALYST 3000 3000 3000

CLERK 1300 800 1037.5

MANAGER 2975 2450 2758.33333

PRESIDENT 5000 5000 5000

SALESMAN 1600 1250 1400

13. Find the departments which have more than 3 employees.

SQL> select deptno from emp group by deptno having count(empno)>3;

DEPTNO
20
30

14. Display employee names and their respective department numbers.

SQL> select ename name, deptno department from emp;

39
 NAME DEPARTMENT

SMITH 20

ALLEN 30

WARD 30

JONES 20

MARTIN 30

BLAKE 30

CLARK 10

SCOTT 20

KING 10

TURNER 30

ADAMS 20

JAMES 30

FORD 20

MILLER 10

14 rows selected.

15. Give the salary grades for all the employees.

SQL> select ename , grade from emp e, salgrade s

2 where e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;

40
 ENAME GRADE

SMITH 1

ADAMS 1

JAMES 1

WARD 2

MARTIN 2

MILLER 2

ALLEN 3

TURNER 3

JONES 4

BLAKE 4

CLARK 4

SCOTT 4

FORD 4 14 ROWS

KING 5 SELECTED.

16. Display the employee names who earn highest salary in each job.

41
SQL> select ename, job from emp where sal in
2 (select max(sal) from emp group by job);

ENAME JOB
MILLER CLERK

ALLEN SALESMAN

JONES MANAGER

SCOTT ANALYST

FORD ANALYST

KING PRESIDENT

6 rows selected.

17. Find the employee details whose salary is greater than Blake’s salary.

SQL> select * from emp where sal>(select sal from emp where ename='BLAKE');

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 500 20

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 0 20

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

4 rows selected.

18. Find employee details of employees who have the same job and salary as that
of Scott.

42
 SQL> select * from emp where
2 (sal=(select sal from emp where ename='SCOTT') and
3 job=(select job from emp where ename='SCOTT'));

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000

20

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000

20

19. Display the maximum salaries in accounting and research department.

SQL> select max(sal) from emp e, dept d

2 where e.deptno=d.deptno and d.dname in('ACCOUNTING','RESEARCH');

MAX(SAL)
5000

20. Display salary grades of all employees except of those employees whose salary
grade is 3 and 4.

SQL> select ename, grade from emp e, salgrade s where

2 e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal
3 and grade not in(3,4);

ENAME GRADE
SMITH 1
ADAMS 1
JAMES 1
WARD 2
MARTIN 2
MILLER 2
KING 5

7 rows selected.

21. Give the names and salaries of the employees whose salary is maximum in
their respective departments.

SQL> select ename, deptno from emp where sal in

43
 2 (select max(sal) from emp group by deptno);

NAME DEPARTMENT
BLAKE 30
SCOTT 20
FORD 20
KING 10

22. List the employees whose salary is greater than the salaries of all employees
who are working as salesmen.

SQL> select ename from emp

2 where sal> all (select sal from emp where job='SALESMAN');

ENAME
JONES
BLAKE
CLARK
SCOTT
KING
FORD

6 rows selected.

23. Write a query which will return the day of the week entered in the format of
sysdate.

SQL> select to_char(sysdate, 'day') day from dual;

DAY
Sunday

24. Find the difference between highest and lowest salaries.

SQL> select max(sal) - min(sal) difference from emp;

DIFFERENCE
4200

25. Generate the output as Smith – clerk.

SQL> select ename || ' - ' || job from emp where ename=’smith’;

44
 ENAME||'-'||JOB
SMITH - CLERK

26. Generate the output as Smith (Clerk).

SQL> select ename || ' ( ' || job || ' ) ' emp_job_details from emp;

EMP_JOB_DETAILS
SMITH ( CLERK )

27. Give the details of all employees those who are working as manager.

SQL> select * from emp where job = 'MANAGER';

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 500 20

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

28. List the departments where there are no employees

SQL> select deptno, dname from dept

2 where deptno not in (select deptno from emp group by deptno);

DEPTNO DNAME
40 OPERATIONS

29. Generate the following list :

EMPLOYEE NAME JOB SAL GRADE

SQL> select ename, job, sal, grade from emp e, salgrade s

45
 2 where e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;

ENAME JOB SAL GRADE

SMITH CLERK 800 1

ADAMS CLERK 1100 1

JAMES CLERK 950 1

WARD SALESMAN 1250 2

MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 2

MILLER CLERK 1300 2

ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 3

TURNER SALESMAN 1500 3

JONES MANAGER 2975 4

BLAKE MANAGER 2850 4

CLARK MANAGER 2450 4

SCOTT ANALYST 3000 4

FORD ANALYST 3000 4

KING PRESIDENT 5000 5

14 rows selected.

30. List the information of those employees in department number 10.

SQL> select * from emp

46
 2 where deptno=10 and job not in('MANAGER', 'CLERK');

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000

10

32. Find the department location of James.

SQL> select loc from dept d, emp e where

2 e.deptno=d.deptno and e.ename= 'JONES';

LOC
DALLAS

33. Get the manager of Jones.

SQL> select ename manager_of_Jones from emp where empno in

2 (select mgr from emp where ename = ‘JONES’);

MANAGER_OF_JONES
KING

34. Get the sub-ordinates of Jones.

SQL> select ename from emp where

2 mgr in(select empno from emp where ename='JONES');

ENAME
SCOTT
FORD
35. Write a query to calculate the length of time of all employees with the
company.

SQL> select ename, trunc(months_between(sysdate, hiredate)) length_of_time

from emp;

ENAME LENGTH_OF_TIME

47
 SMITH 290
ALLEN 288
WARD 288
JONES 286
MARTIN 280
BLAKE 285
CLARK 284
SCOTT 214
KING 279
TURNER 281
ADAMS 213
JAMES 278
FORD 278
MILLER 277

14 rows selected.

36. List out name, job, salary, grade, department name of all employees who are
not clerks.

SQL> select ename, job, sal, grade, dname from emp e, dept d, salgrade s
2 where e.deptno=d.deptno and
3 e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal and
4 job not in('CLERK');

ENAME JOB SAL GRADE DNAME

WARD SALESMAN 1250 2 SALES

MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 2 SALES
ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 3 SALES
TURNER SALESMAN 1500 3 SALES
JONES MANAGER 2975 4 RESEARCH
BLAKE MANAGER 2850 4 SALES
CLARK MANAGER 2450 4 ACCOUNTING
SCOTT ANALYST 3000 4 RESEARCH
FORD ANALYST 3000 4 RESEARCH
KING PRESIDENT 5000 5 ACCOUNTING

10 rows selected.

37. List out name, job, salary, grade, department name of all employees who are
clerks.

48
SQL> select ename, job, sal, grade, dname from emp e, dept d, salgrade s
2 where e.deptno=d.deptno and
3 e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal and
4 job in('CLERK');

ENAME JOB SAL GRADE DNAME

SMITH CLERK 800 1 RESEARCH

ADAMS CLERK 1100 1 RESEARCH
JAMES CLERK 950 1 SALES
MILLER CLERK 1300 2 ACCOUNTING

38. Display the most recently employed employee in each

department. SQL> select ename, hiredate, deptno from emp

2 where (deptno, hiredate) in (select deptno, max(hiredate) from emp
3 group by deptno);

ENAME HIREDATE DEPTNO

MILLER 23-JAN-82 10
ADAMS 23-MAY-87 20
JAMES 03-DEC-81 30

49
 39. Display each employee with name, hiredate and review date – 1 year
from now.

SQL> select ename, hiredate, add_months(sysdate,12) revdate from emp;

ENAME HIREDATE REVDATE

SMITH 17-DEC-80 27-FEB-06

ALLEN 20-FEB-81 27-FEB-06

WARD 22-FEB-81 27-FEB-06

JONES 02-APR-81 27-FEB-06

MARTIN 28-SEP-81 27-FEB-06

BLAKE 01-MAY-81 27-FEB-06

CLARK 09-JUN-81 27-FEB-06

SCOTT 19-APR-87 27-FEB-06

KING 17-NOV-81 27-FEB-06

TURNER 08-SEP-81 27-FEB-06

ADAMS 23-MAY-87 27-FEB-06

JAMES 03-DEC-81 27-FEB-06

FORD 03-DEC-81 27-FEB-06

MILLER 23-JAN-82 27-FEB-06

14 rows selected.

40. Display the year in which most people joined.

SQL> select to_char(hiredate,'yyyy') year from emp

2 group by to_char(hiredate,'yy') having
3 count(to_char(hiredate,'yy'))= (select
max(count(to_char(hiredate,'yy')))
4 from emp group by to_char(hiredate,'yy'));

50
 YEAR
1981

41. List out minimum salary of those employees under manager.

SQL> select ename, mgr, sal from emp

2 where sal in(select min(sal) from emp group by mgr having

count(mgr)>=1);

ENAME MGR SAL

SMITH 7902 800

JAMES 7698 950

ADAMS 7788 1100

MILLER 7782 1300

CLARK 7839 2450

SCOTT 7566 3000

FORD 7566 3000

7 rows selected.

42. Print the employee names and List salary as:

a. ‘above target’ if salary is greater than 1500
b. ‘below target‘ if salary is lesser than 1500
c. ‘on the target‘ if salary is exactly 1500.

SQL> select ename, decode(sign(sal-1500),0,'on the target',

2 -1,'below target',

3 1,'above target')

4 details from emp;

ENAME DETAILS

51
 SMITH below target

ALLEN above target

WARD below target

JONES above target

MARTIN below target

BLAKE above target

CLARK above target

SCOTT above target

KING above target

TURNER on the target

ADAMS below target

JAMES below target

FORD above target

MILLER below target

14 rows selected.

52
43. Display ename, loc and dnames of the employees who earn more than 1500
salary.

SQL> select ename, loc, dname from emp e, dept d

2 where e.deptno = d.deptno and e.sal>1500;

ENAME LOC DNAME

ALLEN CHICAGO SALES

JONES DALLAS RESEARCH

BLAKE CHICAGO SALES

CLARK NEW YORK ACCOUNTING

SCOTT DALLAS RESEARCH

KING NEW YORK ACCOUNTING

FORD DALLAS RESEARCH

7 rows selected.

44. Who are the top 3 earners in the company.

SQL> select e.ename, e.sal from emp e where

2 3 > (select count(ename) from emp where emp.sal>e.sal);

ENAME SAL

SCOTT 3000
KING 5000
FORD 3000

45. Write a query to display a ‘*’ against the employee who joined most recently.

SQL> (select empno, ename||' * ' name , job , mgr, hiredate, deptno from emp

2 where hiredate in (select max(hiredate) from emp)) union

3 (select empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, deptno from emp);

53
 EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

7369 SMITH CLERK -- 17-DEC-80 -800 20

7902

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 20-FEB-81 1600 30

7698
300
7521 WARD SALESMAN 22-FEB-81 1250 30
7698
500
7566 JONES MANAGER 02-APR-81 2975 20
7839

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 28-SEP-81 1250 30

7698

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7839 1400

7782 CLARK MANAGER 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7839

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 19-APR-87 3000 20

7566

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7698 23-MAY-87 1100 20

*

7900 CLERK 7788 03-DEC-81 950 30

JAMES

7902 ANALYST 7698 03-DEC-81 3000 20

FORD

7934 CLERK 7566 23-JAN-82 1300 10

MILLER

7782

14 rows selected.

54
46. Find the most recently joined employee in the company in each department
in order of hiredate.

SQL> select e.ename from emp e, emp m where

2 e.mgr=m.empno and

3 m.hiredate>e.hiredate;

ENAME
SMITH

ALLEN

WARD

JONES

BLAKE

CLARK

6 rows selected.

47. Find all the employees who joined before their manager.

SQL> select e.ename from emp e, emp m

2 where e.mgr= m.empno and m.hiredate > e.hiredate;

ENAME
SMITH

ALLEN

WARD

JONES

BLAKE

CLARK

6 rows selected.

55
48. List jobs and department names of employees whose names are 5 letters long
and must begin with ‘ALL’ and end with ‘N’.

SQL> select ename, job, deptno from emp where

2 length(ename)=5 and
3 ename like('ALL%N');

ENAME JOB DEPTNO

ALLEN SALESMAN 30

49. List employees whose commission is greater than 25% of their salary.

SQL> select ename from emp where nvl(comm,0)>(0.25 * sal);

ENAME
WARD
MARTIN

50. List all the departments with at least 2 clerks.

SQL> select e.deptno from emp e,dept d where

2 e.deptno = d.deptno and
3 e.job='CLERK'
4 group by e.deptno having count(e.job) >=2;

DEPTNO
20
51. List employees in dept 30 with job not found in dept 10.

SQL> select ename from emp

2 where deptno = 30 and
3 job not in (select distinct(job) from emp where deptno= 10);

ENAME
ALLEN
WARD
MARTIN
TURNER

56
52. Who earns the second highest salary?

SQL> select ename from emp where

2 sal = (select max(sal) from emp where sal not in (select max(sal) from
emp));

ENAME
SCOTT
FORD

53. Display the employee hiredate in the format of “Friday, 10-AUG-03”.

SQL> select to_char(hiredate, 'day, dd-mon-yy') hiredate from emp;

HIREDATE
Wednesday, 17-dec-80

Friday , 20-feb-81

Sunday , 22-feb-81

Thursday , 02-apr-81

Monday , 28-sep-81

Friday , 01-may-81

Tuesday , 09-jun-81

Sunday , 19-apr-87

Tuesday , 17-nov-81

Tuesday , 08-sep-81

Saturday , 23-may-87

Thursday , 03-dec-81

Thursday , 03-dec-81

Saturday , 23-jan-82

14 rows selected.

57
54. Count the people in department 30 who receive both salary and commission.

SQL> select count(empno) from emp where nvl(comm,0)!=0 and sal!=0 and
deptno=30;

COUNT(EMPNO)
3

55. List all the employees who were hired between “ 1st January 1981” and “15th
April 1985”. In the order of their seniority.

SQL> select ename from emp where

2 hiredate between '01-JAN-1981' and '15-APR-1985' order by hiredate;

ENAME
ALLEN

WARD

JONES

BLAKE

CLARK

TURNER

MARTIN

KING

JAMES

FORD

MILLER

11 rows selected.

56. Display name and period of service till date.

SQL> select ename, trunc(months_between(sysdate,hiredate))

58
 2 || ' MONTHS ' service_period from emp order by hiredate;

ENAME SERVICE_PERIOD
SMITH 290 MONTHS

ALLEN 288 MONTHS

WARD 288 MONTHS

JONES 286 MONTHS

BLAKE 285 MONTHS

CLARK 284 MONTHS

TURNER 281 MONTHS

MARTIN 281 MONTHS

KING 279 MONTHS

JAMES 278 MONTHS

FORD 278 MONTHS

MILLER 277 MONTHS

SCOTT 214 MONTHS

ADAMS 213 MONTHS

14 rows selected.

59
 PL/SQL PROGRAMS

1. Program to add and multiply 2 numbers.

SQL> ed add.sql;

declare
a number :=&a;
b number :=&b;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(' Sum of ' || a||' and '|| b || ' is '||(a+b));
dbms_output.put_line(‘Product of ‘ || a || ‘and’ || b || ‘is’ || a*b);
end;

SQL> @add.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of a : 4
Enter the value of b : 5

Output :-
Sum of 4 and 5 is 9
Product of 4 and 5 is 20

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

60
2. Program to find sum of first ‘n’ natural no.s.

SQL> ed sum.sql;

declare
n number := &n;
y number :=0;
begin
for j in 1..n
loop
y := y + j;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(‘ Sum of first ‘ ||n|| ‘ Natural no.s is ’|| y);
end;

SQL> @ sum.sql;

Input:-
Enter the value of n : 5

Output:-
Sum of first 5 natural no.s is 15.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

61
3. Program to print 10 numbers in the reverse order.

SQL> ed rev.sql;

begin
for i in reverse 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end loop;
end;

SQL> @rev.sql

Output:-

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

62
4. Program to print even numbers upto 100.

SQL> ed even.sql;

declare
n number :=&n;
c number;
begin
for j in 1..n
loop
if j mod 2 =0 then
dbms_output.put_line(j);
end if;
end loop;
end;

SQL> @even.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of n: 100

Output :-
2 22 42 62 82
4 24 44 64 84

6 26 46 66 86
8 28 48 68 88
10 30 50 70 90
12 32 52 72 92
14 34 54 74 94
16 36 56 76 96
18 38 58 78 98
20 40 60 80 100

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

63
5. Program to find sum of digits of a number.

SQL> ed digit.sql;

declare
n number := &n;
s number := 0;
begin
while n>0
loop
s := n mod 10 + s;
n := floor(n/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(‘The Sum of digits of given number is ‘||s);
end;

SQL> @digit.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of n : 111

Output :-
The sum of digits of given number is 3.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

64
6. Program to print multiplication table of a given number.

SQL> ed multi.sql;

declare
n number := &n;
product number;

begin
for j in 1..10
loop
product := n*j;
dbms_output.put_line( n || ‘ * ’ || j || ‘ = ‘ || product);
end loop;
end;

SQL> @multi.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of n: 5

Output :-
5*1 = 5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

65
7. Program to print n multiplication tables.

SQL> ed nmulti.sql;

declare
n number := &n;
product number;

begin
for i in 1..n
loop
for j in 1..10
loop
product := i * j;
dbms_output.put_line( i || ' * ' || j || ' = ' || product);
end loop;
end loop;
end;

SQL> @nmulti.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of n : 5

Output:-

1*1=1 2*1=2 3*1=3 4*1=4 5*1=5

1*2=2 2*2=4 3*2=6 4*2=8 5 * 2 = 10
1*3=3 2*3=6 3*3=9 4 * 3 = 12 5 * 3 = 15
1*4=4 2*4=8 3 * 4 = 12 4 * 4 = 16 5 * 4 = 20
1*5=5 2 * 5 = 10 3 * 5 = 15 4 * 5 = 20 5 * 5 = 25
1*6=6 2 * 6 = 12 3 * 6 = 18 4 * 6 = 24 5 * 6 = 30
1*7=7 2 * 7 = 14 3 * 7 = 21 4 * 7 = 28 5 * 7 = 35
1*8=8 2 * 8 = 16 3 * 8 = 24 4 * 8 = 32 5 * 8 = 40
1*9=9 2 * 9 = 18 3 * 9 = 27 4 * 9 = 36 5 * 9 = 45
1 * 10 = 10 2 * 10 = 20 3 * 10 = 30 4 * 10 = 40 5 * 10 = 50

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

66
8. Program to find reverse of a number.

SQL> ed reverse.sql;

declare
n number := &n;
r number;
s number :=0;

begin
while (n != 0)
loop
r := mod(n , 10);
s := (s*10) + r;
n := floor(n/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line( ' The reverse of given number is '|| s);
end;

SQL> @reverse.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of n : 1234

Output :-
The reverse of given number is 4321.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

67
9. Program to check whether a given number is prime or not.

SQL> ed prime.sql;

declare
a number := &a;
r number := 0;
begin
for i in 2..a-1
loop
if a mod i = 0 then
r:=1;
end if;
end loop;
if r = 0 then
dbms_output.put_line(' It is a prime number ' );
else
dbms_output.put_line(' It is not a prime number ' );
end if;
end;
SQL> @prime.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of n : 13

Output :-
It is a prime number.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

68
10. Program to generate Fibonacci series.

SQL> ed fibonacci.sql ;

declare

a number :=0;
b number :=1;
c number;
begin
while b<=1000
loop
c :=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line(b);
dbms_output.put_line(c);
a:=c;
b := b+c;
end loop;
end;

SQL> @fibonacci.sql;
Output :-
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
55
89
144
233
377
610
987
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

69
11. Program to generate prime numbers upto 100.

SQL> ed prime.sql;

declare
flag number :=1;
i number;
begin
for j in 2..100
loop
flag:=1;
i :=2;
while i<=(j/2)
loop
if j mod i =0 then
flag :=0;
end if;
i:=i+1;
end loop;
if flag =1 then
dbms_output.put_line(j);
end if;
end loop;
end;

SQL> @ prime.sql;
Output:-
1 23 59
2 29 61
3 31 67
5 37 71
7 41 73
11 43 79
13 47 83
17 53 89
19 97
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

70
12. Program to find factorial of a given number.

SQL> ed factorial.sql;

declare
n number := &n;
p number :=1;
begin
for j in 1..n
loop
p := p * j;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line( ' Factorial of '|| n || ' is ' || p);
end;

SQL> @ factorial.sql;

Input:-
Enter the value of n : 5

Output:-
Factorial of 5 is 120.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

71
13. Program to find the area of a circle given the radius.

SQL> ed acircle.sql;

declare

r number := &radius;
area number;
begin

area := 3.141 * r*r;

dbms_output.put_line(area);
end;

SQL> @ acircle.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of radius : 5

Output:-
78.525

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

72
14. Insert the values of areas of a circle into a table called areas taking radius
values from 2 to 8.

SQL> create table areas ( radius number, area number);

Table created.

SQL> ed areas.sql

declare
area number;
begin
for radius in 2..8
loop
area := 3.14* radius*radius;
insert into areas values(radius,area);
end loop;
end;

SQL> @ areas.sql;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from areas;

RADIUS AREA

2 12.56
3 28.26
4 50.24
5 78.5
6 113.04
7 153.86
8 200.96

7 rows selected.

73
15. Program to find whether the given number is an Armstrong number or not.

SQL> ed armstrong.sql;

declare
a number := &a;
s number :=0;
n number :=a;
re number;

begin
while a>0
loop
re := a mod 10;
re := re*re*re;
s := s+re;
a := floor(a/10);
end loop;
if n = s then
dbms_output.put_line(' It is an armstrong number ');
else
dbms_output.put_line(' It is not an armstrong number ');

end if;
end;

SQL> @ armstrong.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of a : 153

Output :-
It is an Armstrong number.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

74
16. Program to generate Armstrong numbers below 1000.

SQL> ed armstrongn.sql;

declare
s number :=0;
a number ;
re number;

begin
for n in 1..1000
loop
s:=0;
a :=n;
while a>0
loop
re := a mod 10;
re := re*re*re;
s := s+re;
a := floor(a/10);
end loop;
if s = n then
dbms_output.put_line(n);
end if;
end loop;
end;

SQL> @armstrongn.sql;
Output:-
1
153
370
371
407

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

75
17. Program to find greatest of 2 numbers.

SQL> ed greatest.sql;

declare
a number := &a;
b number := &b;
begin
if a>b then
dbms_output.put_line(a || ' is greater than ' || b);
else
dbms_output.put_line(b || ' is greater than ' || a);
end if;
end;

SQL> @ greatest.sql;

Input:-
Enter the value of a: 5
Enter the value of b: 15

Output:-
15 is greater than 5

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

76
18. Program to check whether the given number is palindrome number or not.

SQL> ed palindrome.sql;

declare
n number := &n;

a number := n ;
r number;
s number :=0;

begin
while (n != 0)
loop
r := mod(n , 10);
s := (s*10) + r;
n := floor(n/10);
end loop;
if(s=a) then dbms_output.put_line( ' It is a palindrome number');
else dbms_output.put_line(' It is not a palindrome number');
end if;
end;

SQL> @palindrome.sql;

Input :- Enter the value of n : 121

Output :- It is a palindrome number.

PL/SQL Procedure successfully completed.

77
19. Program to find the greatest of 3 numbers.

SQL> ed great.sql;

declare
a number :=&a;
b number :=&b;
c number :=&c;
begin
if a>b then
if(a>c) then dbms_output.put_line(a||' is the greatest of the
given numbers. ' );
else dbms_output.put_line(c||' is the greatest of the given
numbers. ' );
end if;
else
if(c>b) then dbms_output.put_line(c||' is the greatest of the
given numbers. ' );
else dbms_output.put_line(b||' is the greatest of the given
numbers. ' );
end if;
end if;
end;

SQL> @ great.sql;

Input :-
Enter the value of a: 5
Enter the value of b: 7
Enter the value of c: 4

Output :-
7 is the greatest of given numbers.

PL/SQL Procedure successfully completed.

78
20. Program to check whether the given number is Adams number or not!

SQL> ed adams.sql;

declare
a number:=&a;
re1 number;
re2 number;
n number ;
s1 number :=0;
s2 number :=0;
begin
n:=a;
n:=n*n;
while (n!=0)
loop
re1 :=n mod 10;
s1 := re1 + (10*s1);
n := floor(n/10);
end loop;
s1 := sqrt(s1);
while (s1!=0)
loop
re2 :=s1 mod 10;
s2 := re2 + (10*s2);
s1 := floor(s1/10);
end loop;
if s2=a then dbms_output.put_line(' It is ADAMS number ' );
else dbms_output.put_line(' It is not an ADAMS number ');
end if;
end;
SQL> @adams.sql;
Input :- Enter the value of a: 12
Output :- It is an adams number.

PL/SQL Procedure successfully completed.

79
 CURSOR’S PROGRAMS:

1. Write a cursor program to retrieve the details of all the employees using
cursors.

SQL> ed cursor1.sql;
declare
cursor cemp is select empno, ename, job, sal from emp;
vemp cemp%rowtype;
begin
open cemp;
dbms_output.put_line(' Details of the employees :- ');
loop
fetch cemp into vemp ;
exit when (cemp% notfound);
dbms_output.put_line(vempno.empno || ' ' || vempno.ename || ' ' ||
vemp.job || ‘ ‘ || vempno.sal);
end loop;
close cemp;
end;
SQL> @cursor1.sql;
7369 SMITH CLERK 800
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 1600
7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250
7566 JONES MANAGER 2975
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850
7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 3000
7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500
7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100
7900 JAMES CLERK 950
7902 FORD ANALYST 3000
7934 MILLER CLERK 1300

80
 PL/SQL Procedure successfully completed.

2. Write a PL/SQL block to find the employees in department 20.

SQL> ed cursor2.sql;

declare
cursor cemp2 is select ename from emp where deptno=20;
vemp cemp2%rowtype;
begin
open cemp2;
dbms_output.put_line('Employees in department 20:-');
loop
fetch cemp2 into vemp;
exit when(cemp2% notfound);
dbms_output.put_line(vemp.ename);
end loop;
close cemp2;
end;

SQL> @cursor2.sql;

Output :-

Employees in department 20:-

81
 SMITH
JONES
SCOTT
ADAMS
FORD

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

3. Write a PL/SQL block to update the salary of each employee in department

20 by raisin the salary by 20% and insert a record in empraise table.

SQL> create table empraise(empno number(5), raisedate date, raiseamt

number(5));

Table created.

SQL> ed cursor3.sql;

declare
cursor cempr is select empno, sal from emp where deptno=20;
vemp cempr%rowtype;
begin
open cempr;
loop
fetch cempr into vemp;
exit when cempr% notfound;
update emp set sal = vemp.sal+(vemp.sal*.20) where
empno=vemp.empno;
insert into empraise values(vemp.empno, sysdate, vemp.sal*0.20);
end loop;
commit;
close cempr;
end;

82
 SQL> @cursor3.sql;

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL> select * from empraise;

EMPNO RAISEDATE RAISEAMT

7369 02-APR-05 160

7566 02-APR-05 595
7788 02-APR-05 600
7876 02-APR-05 220
7902 02-APR-05 600

4. Write a cursor program to count the number of employees in department 20.

SQL> ed cursor4.sql;

declare
c number(5);
cursor cemp3 is select count(empno) c from emp where deptno=20;
vemp cemp3%rowtype;
begin
open cemp3;
dbms_output.put_line('Employees in department 20:-');
loop
fetch cemp3 into vemp;
exit when(cemp3% notfound);
dbms_output.put_line(vemp.c);
end loop;
close cemp3;
end;

SQL> @cursor4.sql;

Output :-
Employees in department 20:-
5

83
 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

5. Write a PL/SQL block to count the no. of employees in each job type.

SQL> ed cursor5.sql;

declare
c number(5);
cursor cemp3 is select count(empno) c,job from emp group by job;
vemp cemp3%rowtype;
begin
open cemp3;
loop
fetch cemp3 into vemp;
exit when(cemp3% notfound);
dbms_output.put_line(vemp.job||' - ' ||vemp.c);
end loop;
close cemp3;
end;

SQL> @cursor5.sql;

Output :-

ANALYST - 2
CLERK - 4
MANAGER - 3

84
 PRESIDENT - 1
SALESMAN - 4

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

TRIGGERS’s PROGRAMS :

1. Trigger on Insertion.

SQL> create table log(access_date date,operation varchar2(40), table

varchar(10));

Table created.

SQL> create or replace trigger trigger2 after insert on class

2 begin
3 insert into log values(sysdate,' 1 row successfully inserted ','
CLASS ');
4 dbms_output.put_line('CONGRATULATIONS!!!');
5 end;
6 /

Trigger created.

SQL> insert into class values(1260,’Vikram’);

Output :-
CONGRATULATIONS!!!

85
 1 row created.

SQL> select * from log;

ACCESS_DATE OPERATION TABLE

02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully inserted CLASS

2. Trigger on updation.

SQL> create or replace trigger trigger3 after update on class

2 begin
3 insert into log values(sysdate,' 1 row successfully updated ',' CLASS ');
4 dbms_output.put_line('Success!!!');
5 end;
6 /

Trigger created.

SQL> update class set name=’Uday’ where roll=1260;

Output :-
Success!!!
1 row updated.

SQL> select * from log;

ACCESS_DATE OPERATION TABLE

02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully inserted CLASS

86
3. Trigger on updation (Statement Level Trigger).

SQL> create or replace trigger trigger3 after update on class

2 begin
3 dbms_output.put_line ('Success!!!');
4 insert into log values(sysdate, 'One row successfully updated ',' CLASS ');
5 end;
6 /

Trigger created.

SQL> update class set grade='A' where marks>90;

Output :-

Success!!!

3 rows updated.

SQL> select * from log;

ACCES DATE OPERATION TABLENAME

87
 02 – APR – 2005 One row successfully updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully inserted CLASS

4. Trigger on updation (Row Level Trigger).

SQL> create or replace trigger trigger4 after update on class for each row
2 begin
3 dbms_output.put_line ('Success!!!');
4 insert into log values(sysdate, '1 row Updated ',' CLASS ');
5 end;
6 /

Trigger created.

SQL> update class set grade='A' where marks>90;

Output :-

Success!!!
Success!!!
Success!!!

3 rows updated.

SQL> select * from log;

ACCES DATE OPERATION TABLENAME

88
 02 – APR – 2005 1 row updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 One row successfully updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully inserted CLASS

5. Trigger on Deletion.

SQL> create or replace trigger trigger4 after update on class

2 begin
3 dbms_output.put_line ('A row deleted!!!');
4 insert into log values(sysdate, '1 row successfully deleted ',' CLASS ');
5 end;
6 /

Trigger created.

SQL> delete from class where roll=1201;

Output :-

A row deleted!!!

1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from log;

ACCES DATE OPERATION TABLENAME

89
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully deleted CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 One row successfully updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully updated CLASS
02 – APR – 2005 1 row successfully inserted CLASS

90