CpE CAD Midterm Reviewer 3.

Data can not flow directly from an entity to a

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM - provide a graphical data store – Data Flow from an entity must be
representation of the system that aims to be processed by a process before going to the data
accessible to computer specialist and store and vice versa.
non-specialist users. It describes the 4. Miracle (Spontaneous generation)
processes that are involved in a system to 5. Black Hole
transfer data from the input to the file 6. Gray Hole
storage and reports generation. APPLICATIONS OF DFDS
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM ELEMENTS 1. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING - data flow
ENTITIES – represented people, organizations, or diagramming provides structure before coding
other things that interact with the system, i.e. begins and is one of the most helpful application
Entities are “outside of the system,” that is they are architecture diagrams.
part of the process, but external to the information 2. AGILE DEVELOPMENT- allows developers to
system. better visualize requirements as they build on
PROCESSES – are actions that directly change the existing work.
data. Whenever an action takes place, a new output 3. BUSINESS ANALYSIS - these diagrams provide a
is formed based on that action. Typical processes framework to examine existing system and remove
include calculations, data sorting or set of specific inefficiencies.
rules that a business may follow LEVELS OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
DATA FLOW – is the lines with arrows that are used 1. Level 0 Context Diagram
to mark where the data flows. As external entities ● 1 Process represent the entire system
create processes and interact with data stores, ● High Level I/0
data flow lines map out these input and outputs ● No Data Store
DATASTORES - are files or storage areas that 2. Level 1 Overview Diagram
contain information that can be called on at a later ● Can Use All 4 Elements (Entities, Data
date. They typically appear as database tables or Store, Data Flow, Processes)
spreadsheets. ● LIMIT 9-10 PROCESS
Like processes, data stores receive simple labels 3. Level 2
explaining their purpose or order. ● BREAKDOWN THE PROCESS.
RULES OF DATA FLOW ● ADD MORE DETAILED DATA STORE
1. Data can not flow between two entities – Data
flow must be from entity to a process or a process USE CASE DIAGRAM
to an entity. There can be multiple data flows Is a behavioral UML diagram type and frequently
between one entity and a process used to analyze various systems.
2. Data can not flow between two data stores – Enables you to visualize the different types of roles
Data flow must be from data store to process or a in a system and how those roles interact with the
process to a data store. Data flow can occur from system.
one data store to any many process
UML (Unified Modeling Language) RELATIONSHIP RULES
Is a standardized modeling language consisting of 1. The 2 or more base use case can included 1 sub
an integrated set of diagrams, developed to help use case
system and software developers for specifying, 2. Relationship can be only used to main use to sub
visualizing, constructing, and documenting the use case
artifacts of software systems, as well as for 3. Actors should not be able to access the included
business modeling and other non-software systems. or extended use-case
USE CASE DIAGRAM ELEMENTS
1. SYSTEM – is used to define the scope of the use PRACTICE QUESTION FOR FILL IN THE BLANKS:
case and drawn as a rectangle. This is an optional 1. __________ represent people,
element but useful when you’re visualizing large organizations, or other things that interact
systems with the system but are external to the
2. ACTOR – Is any entity that performs a role in one information system.
given system. This could be a person, organization 2. __________ are actions that directly change
or an external system and usually drawn like a the data, such as calculations, data sorting,
skeleton. or following specific business rules.
3. USE CASE – Represents a function or an action 3. __________ are lines with arrows used to
within the system. It’s drawn as an oval and named mark where data flows as external entities
with the function. interact with processes and data stores.
4. COMMUNICATION LINK - Use to show the 4. According to the rule of data flow, data
connection of an actor to a use case by a solid line. cannot flow directly between two
Actors may be connected to use cases by __________; it must flow from an entity to
associations, indicating that the actor and the use a process or from a process to an entity.
case communicate 5. Data cannot flow directly from an
5. RELATIONSHIP – Illustrate relationship between __________ to a data store; it must be
an actor and use case with a simple line. For processed by a __________ before reaching
relationships among use cases, use arrows labeled the data store.
either “<<include>>” or “<<Extend>>” : 6. In a Level 0 Context Diagram, there is no
*WHEN TO USE <<INCLUDE>>* __________, and only one process
1. The Base use case is INCOMPLETE without the represents the entire system.
included use case 7. A Level 1 Overview Diagram can include all
2. The included use case is mandatory process and four elements: __________, __________,
not optional __________, and __________.
*WHEN TO USE <<EXTEND>>* 8. A __________ represents a situation where
1. The extending use case is usually a conditional data appears to come from nowhere, also
process. known as "spontaneous generation."
2. The main use case can work without the
extending use case
9. The term __________ is used when data 20. A __________ occurs when a process
seems to disappear within a process receives insufficient data to produce the
without producing any output. required output.
10. In Agile Development, data flow diagrams 21. In Level 0 Context Diagrams, the entire
help developers visualize __________ as system is represented by a __________
they build on existing work. process and does not display internal
11. During Business Analysis, data flow __________.
diagrams are used to __________ and 22. Data Flow Diagrams are particularly useful
remove inefficiencies from an existing in the __________ phase of Agile
system. Development for visualizing and refining
12. In Software Engineering, data flow diagrams system requirements.
provide structure before __________ 23. In Business Analysis, one primary purpose
begins, helping to map out the system's of using DFDs is to identify and eliminate
architecture. __________ in the system.
13. A Level 2 diagram provides a detailed 24. A Level 2 diagram breaks down processes
__________ of the process and includes into more __________ components,
more specific __________. allowing for greater detail in __________
14. In a Data Flow Diagram, __________ are and data manipulation.
considered to be "outside of the system" 25. Data Flow Diagrams serve as a blueprint for
but still interact with its processes. system architecture in __________ before
15. When a process takes place, a new the actual coding phase begins.
__________ is formed based on the action 26. The primary goal of using a Level 1
or manipulation of data. Overview Diagram is to provide a clearer
16. Data flow lines in a DFD map out the view of how data __________ between
__________ and __________ between entities, data stores, and processes.
entities, processes, and data stores. 27. According to the rules of DFD, data must
17. The rule that states data cannot flow flow from a __________ to a process or vice
directly between two data stores ensures versa, ensuring structured data movement.
that all data must be routed through a 28. During software development, DFDs help
__________. manage __________ and reduce the risk of
18. If a DFD contains a __________, it indicates errors in the later stages of coding.
a logical error where data appears without
a clear source.
19. A __________ is a situation in which input
data flows into a process but no output
data is generated.