1. What is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, and it serves as the foundational
structure of websites. It allows web designers and developers to create content that is
displayed consistently across various operating systems and devices. Notably, HTML is
not just limited to static web pages; it also plays a role in interactive elements, including
games.

Three Key Functions of HTML:

1. Content Structure: Defines headings, paragraphs, links, images, and other

elements to organize information.
2. Hyperlinking: Provides the ability to link to other documents or web pages,
enabling navigation.
3. Embedding Multimedia: Supports various media types, allowing the integration of
images, audio, and video into web pages.

2. What is HTML Used For?

HTML is primarily utilized for creating and structuring web pages. It ensures that content
is accessible and displayed correctly across diverse platforms. As a dominant web
language, HTML is pivotal in the development of millions of websites, serving as the
backbone for web content.

3. Difference between HTML and Python

HTML is classified as a markup language primarily focused on structuring content for

the web, while Python is a programming language designed for a broader range of
applications, including web development, software engineering, and data analysis.

Key Differences:
 1. Syntax: HTML relies on tags and elements to organize content, whereas Python
uses indentation and keyword syntax that is more aligned with natural language.
2. Functionality: HTML is used primarily for presenting information, while Python
can execute complex computations and logic.

4. Concept of Logical Programming

Logical programming is a programming paradigm centered around creating programs

that follow a defined sequence of events or conditions. It emphasizes systematic
thinking and design using methods such as flowcharts and pseudocode.

Benefits of Logical Programming:

1. Ensures Completeness: Programs follow a logical flow for efficiency and

accuracy.
2. Organization: Encourages structured program development.
3. Problem Solving: Uses logical sequences to ensure outputs are valid and
meaningful.

5. Conditional Statements in Computer Programming

A conditional statement is a programming structure that allows the execution of specific

code blocks based on whether a condition is true or false. Common forms include if,
else if, and else statements.

Purpose:

1. Decision-making: Enables programs to respond differently depending on user

input or other variables.

6. Concept of Abstraction
Abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science that involves simplifying
complex systems by focusing on high-level functionalities rather than intricate details. It
is particularly relevant in object-oriented programming languages such as C++ and
Java.

Benefits of Abstraction:

1. Data Hiding: Conceals unnecessary details from users for better usability.
2. Simplification: Reduces complexity by focusing on essential features.
3. Reusability: Code modules can be leveraged across different projects, promoting
efficiency.

7. The Binary Number System

The binary number system is a base-2 numerical system that uses only two symbols: 0
and 1. Each digit in this system is a bit, and eight bits combined form a byte,
representing a single character.

Usage:

Binary is fundamental to computing, as it is used for data storage, processing, and

representing instructions within computer processors.

8. Difference between Binary and Hexadecimal Number

Systems

The binary system employs only two digits (0 and 1), while the hexadecimal system is
base-16 and includes digits from 0 through 9 and letters A through F (where A
represents 10, B represents 11, etc.).

Key Usage:

1. Binary: Closely aligned with the on/off states of electrical signals in computers.
 2. Hexadecimal: Provides a more human-readable form of binary code, facilitating
easier interpretation and debugging.

9. Concept of Collaboration

Collaboration in computer science refers to the process of working together with others
to achieve common goals or solve problems.

Importance:

Collaboration enhances problem-solving by incorporating diverse perspectives,

generating multiple solutions, and distributing workload efficiently within teams.

10. Application of Code Modules in Programming

Code modules are important for organizing and managing code effectively.

Key Applications:

1. Organization: Groups related functions and variables together, making

maintenance easier.
2. Reusability: Promotes the DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle by allowing
components to be reused across projects.
3. Testing: Modules can be independently tested to ensure reliability before
integrating them into larger systems.

11. Difference Between Hardware and Software

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system, including internal

parts like the CPU and external devices like keyboards and monitors. In contrast,
software consists of programs and operating systems that instruct the hardware on
executing specific tasks.
Key Distinctions:

1. Function: Hardware performs physical operations, while software provides the

necessary instructions for those operations.

12. Types of Hardware

Two primary types of hardware include:

1. Internal Hardware: Located inside the computer, such as the CPU, motherboard,
and memory modules.
2. External Hardware: Components outside of the computer system, including
peripherals like mice, keyboards, and monitors.

13. What is Memory?

Memory refers to electronic components that are used to store data and instructions
temporarily or permanently within a computer system.

Usage:

Memory is crucial for processing data as it holds the instructions needed by the CPU to
perform tasks.

14. Types of Memory Covered in Class

Several types of memory include:

1. Volatile Memory: Requires power to maintain data (e.g., RAM).

2. Nonvolatile Memory: Retains data even without power (e.g., ROM, Flash
memory).
3. Random Access Memory (RAM): Provides temporary storage for active tasks.
4. Read-only Memory (ROM): Contains permanent instructions.
 5. Flash Memory: Used for data storage in devices like USB drives.

15. Purpose of Commenting Code

Commenting code is essential for making programs more understandable, especially as

they grow in complexity. Comments serve as explanations for sections of code,
enriching context for future reference.

Benefits:

1. Enhances Readability: Assist other developers (or future you) in understanding

code quickly.
2. Ignored by Compilers: Comments do not affect program execution but provide
crucial insights.

16. Types of Code Comments

Two common types of comments in programming:

1. Single-line Comments: Short comments that explain a single line of code,

typically marked with // in languages like JavaScript.
2. Multi-line Comments: Longer comments that can span several lines and are
enclosed within /* ... */, used for more extensive explanations.

17. ASCII Code

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding

standard used for representing text in computers. It includes a set of characters that
facilitate electronic communication.

18. Difference between Algorithms and Flowcharts

An algorithm is a systematic procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing a task
through logical steps. In contrast, a flowchart is a visual representation of an algorithm,
illustrating processes through shapes that denote actions, decisions, and flow.

Comparison:

1. Algorithm: Step-by-step written instructions.

2. Flowchart: Diagrammatic representation of these instructions.

19. Basic Flowchart Shapes

Key shapes covered in class include:

1. Oval: Represents the start and end points of processes.

2. Parallelogram: Indicates input and output of data.
3. Rectangle: Represents a processing step.
4. Diamond: Denotes a decision point where a yes/no question is posed.

20. Difference Between Bits and Bytes

A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing, representing a binary value (0 or 1). A
byte comprises eight bits, commonly used to represent a single character in
programming.

21. Collaboration Skills

The four core collaboration skills discussed in class include:

1. Communication: The ability to convey ideas effectively to team members.

2. Consensus Building: Facilitating agreement on decisions and approaches
through teamwork.
3. Conflict Resolution: Addressing and solving disagreements constructively.
4. Negotiation: Seeking beneficial solutions and compromises within a group
setting.