INTRODUCTION

Electric power is supplied for commercial and residential use in three phases with a neutral. Some
of the low power consumption residential connections will have only a single phase with a neutral.
The single-phase AC supply is 220V/230V and the three-phase supply is 380V/400V.
ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Avoid contact with live circuit.
2. Deal with tools carefully.
3. Always handle electrical equipment with proper care.
4. Always use rubber shoes while working on the high-voltage main line.
5. Always disconnect the power source before working on any electrical equipment.
6. Always try to use along single wire otherwise, if we use small wire in pieces, it would be
dangerous and also short circuit could take place.
7. Green wire is ground always, red live wire, and Black neutral wire.
8. All electrical made connections b/w two wires
9. Should be covered with insulation tape, naked Wires connections are very dangerous.
10. All connections should be checked carefully before powering on.
11. We should not be on earth directly without wearing Leather or rubber shoes.
12. Always first aid kit must be present and it should be fully equipped in case of injury.
13. Always check the power cable to be sure. It is not naked (tap/cut wire), lost or damaged.
14. Do not use loose jewelry or rings when working on electrical equipment because these
things are good conductors and accidents can take place.
15. Do not keep open liquids near electrical equipment.
16. Do not touch any electrical equipment unless you know it, is safe to do.
17. Do not be involved in soldering the component without proper training.
18. Do not operate any electrical equipment if you have not been trained, please get help from
your teacher or instructor.
19. Only use dry hands while making a live circuit.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-1
AIM: - Introduction of electrical hand tools, electrical accessories/materials, and Electrical
symbols.

Some of the tools used by an electrician and used in electrical workshops are the following: -
No Name Symbol Remark
1 Screw Driver Used for removing and installing cover
(Flat or plates, outlets, switches, and many other
Philips) devices.

2 Linesman/Co Used for twisting wires together, a center

mbination cutting blade for trimming wire, and a
Pliers grip area between the handles for pulling
wire.

3 Diagonal/Side They are specially designed with a

Cutting Pliers cutting edge that goes down to the tip of
the jaws, allowing you to get into tight
areas to trim wires.

4 Needle/Long- It will be used for bending and twisting

Nose Pliers wires whenever you are making screw-
terminal connections.

5 Tongue-and- This tool is most often used for plumbing

Groove Pliers work, but a pair of tongue-and-groove
pliers also has many uses for electrical
projects. It will see frequent use for
removing knockouts from metal
electrical boxes, tightening cable clamps,
and adjusting expansion-type ceiling fan
boxes.
6 Tape Measure Used for all kinds of field measurements,
such as setting heights for switches and
outlets, centering lighting fixture boxes,
and marking surfaces for cutouts.

7 Claw Claw hammers feature a standard

Hammer hammer on one side of the tool, primarily
used for inserting fixtures like nails, and
a dual steel claw at the other end, which
is designed to enable the easy removal of
the same nails or similar fixtures by
applying a robust grip.
8 Torpedo Used to make sure your work is level and
Level plumb. A great installation starts with
level boxes and straight switch and outlet
receptacles.

9 Flashlight/Tor Electrical repair and improvement work

ch involves a lot of dark places, from attics
and basements, to wall and ceiling
cavities, to the insides of electrical boxes.
A tactical flashlight is needed as much
for safety as it is for convenience.

10 Utility Used for cutting sheathing from non-

Knife/Electric metallic (Romex) cable, to cut off
al Knife electrical tape, and to open cardboard
boxes.

11 Allen Used to tighten hex-head screws, which

Wrench/Key are sometimes found on ceiling fans,
Set (Hex Set) light fixtures, and appliances.

12 Wire Used to cut and strip insulation from

Strippers electrical wires. A wire stripper tool has
a row of gauged holes for stripping wires
of different sizes, and it usually includes
cutting jaws for trimming the wire ends.
13 Fish Tape Used to pull stranded or solid wire
conductors through metal or PVC
conduit.

14 Wire Used to crimp lugs or connection

Crimpers terminals onto wires.

15 Multimeter It is a measuring device used to measure

Voltage, Current, Resistance, etc.

16 Non-Contact Used for a quick safety check to make

Voltage sure there's no voltage in an electrical
Tester wire or device before you start working
on it.
17 Electrical Used to insulate wires or other items that
Tape conduct electricity

18 Hacksaws Used for cutting through metal.

19 Spanners Need to loosen or attach nuts, bolts, or

similar fixings.
 Adjustable spanner which can be
adjusted to fit different sized bolts or
nuts.
 Open-ended spanners have a double
C-shaped clamp in different sizes at
either end and/or circular shape at
 either end, which are useful when
space is limited.

20 Chisel Providing a powerful and time-honored

method of breaking through wood, stone,
brick, concrete, and similar materials.

21 HAND SAW Used to cut wooden board and block

casing.

22 TRY To check the right angle of the corner.

SQUARE

23 RASP CUT Used to file wooden things.

FILE

24 Drilling Used to cut holes into or through metal,

Machine wood, or other materials.
Electrical Accessories/Materials in Electrical Workshop

1. Electric Wire 8. push button

2. Switches 9. Buzzers

3. Electrical Sockets 10. Ceiling fans

4. Bulb/lamp 11. Circuit Breaker

5. Bulb/lamp Holder 12. Contactors

6. Power plugs 13. Relays

7. Bell 14. Fuses

Electrical Symbols Used in Electrical Wiring

No. Name Symbol

1 Electric Bulb/Lamp
2 Ac Supply
3 D.C Supply
4 Switch (SPST Toggle Switch)
5 Push Buttons

6 Electric Fan

7 Watt Meter

8 Volt Meter
9 Ampere Meter
10 Two-way switch (SPDT Toggle Switch)

11 Intermediate switch
12 DPST Toggle Switch
13 Earth
14 Connecting wire
15 Wires joined
16 Wires crossing
17 Cells/battery
18 Coil of wires
19 Fuse
20 Bell

21 Buzzer
22 Transformer

23 Circuit Breaker

24 Socket

25 Pull-cord switch

26 Gung Switch
 EXPERIMENT NO.-2

CONDUCTOR SPLICES, JOINING and TERMINATION

AIM: - Introduction of conductor splicing, joining, and terminating.

Conductor splices and connections are an essential part of any electrical circuit.
When conductors join each other or connect to a load, splices or terminals must be
used. The basic requirement of any splice or connection is that it be both
mechanically and electrically as sound as the conductor or device with which it is
used.

TYPES OF SPLICES
There are six commonly used types of splices. Each has advantages and
disadvantages for use.
A. Western Union Splice
 The Western Union splice joins small, solid conductors.

B. Staggering Splices
 If the splices are directly opposite each other, the overall size of the joint
becomes large and bulky.
 A smoother and less bulky joint can be made by staggering the splices.

C. Rattail Joint
A splice that is used in a junction box and for connecting branch circuits is the rattail
joint. Wiring that is installed in buildings is usually placed inside long lengths of steel
or aluminum pipe called a conduit.
 D. Fixture Joint
 The fixture joint is used to connect a small-diameter wire, such as in a lighting
fixture, to a larger-diameter wire used in a branch circuit.

E. Knotted Tap Joint

 It is used to join a branch conductor to a continuous wire called the main wire.

F. Wire Nut and Split Bolt Splices

 The wire nut is a device commonly used to replace the rattail joint splice.
 The wire nut is housed in plastic insulating material.
 To use the wire nut, place the two stripped conductors into the wire nut and twist
the nut.
 JOINING WIRES
The cable joints are used to connect low, medium, or high-voltage cables. The type of cable joint
sizes, shapes, and configurations vary according to the voltage, structure, insulation and the
number of cores of the cable to be jointed.
The joints provide electrical insulation as well as mechanical protection and strength. The
electrical connection is made in various ways and can crimping, or the use of mechanical
connectors, soldering, etc.
Procedures;
1. Remove the insulation of wires at about 10cm.
2. Remove the braid for about 2.5 cm if applicable.
3. Clean each of the stands gently with sandpaper.
4. Separate the strands of each wire by twisting the strand's conductors in opposite directions.
5. Re-twists the strands.
6. Bind the twisted wire with a binding wire if applicable.
7. Cut off the middle strands with the help of pliers.
8. Spread the strands individually.
9. Bring the two wires and end with all strands intersecting.
10. Hold one of the wires in the left hand and wrap one strand of the other wire around the twisted
conductors in the opposite direction.
11. Round off the ends with pliers.
12. The joint is soldered if required.
13. When the joint is made apply insulation on joints.
TYPES OF JOINTS
 Straight through joints
 Branch which can be a T or Y joint
 Pot ends
 Indoor/Outdoor terminations
 Termination of wires
The electrical cable termination is the physical and electrical connection of a cable end that
connects to another cable, or to the terminal of the equipment. The cable terminations are often
designed to enable the physical and electrical interconnecting of two cable ends, or a cable end
and a terminal on the equipment. The electrical connection requirements relate to the voltage
drop, current carrying capacity, compatibility of the materials, etc. The physical requirements
relate to environmental protection as well as mechanical security.
The methods used to terminate the cables vary according to the type of cable, type of connector,
and application.
The common types of terminations are;
 Crimp connection,
 soldered connection,
 compression termination, and
 Wire-wrapping connection, direct connection, loop, or eye connection.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-3
Soldering

AIM: - introducing the practice and mechanism of soldering.

A process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and
flowing a filtered metal (solder) into the joint.
Soldering Iron
 It is a hand tool used in soldering.
 It supplies heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the joint between two work
pieces.

Soldering Iron
Solder
 Solder is an alloy of tin and lead.
 The solder used for electronics is frequently called 60/40 solder because
it is made of 63% tin and 37% lead. 60/40 solder melts at 361 0F.
Solder Process
 STEP 1: Heat both items at the same time by applying the soldering iron to the copper
pad and the component lead.

 STEP 2: Continue heating and apply a few millimeters of solder. Remove the iron and
allow the solder joint to cool naturally.

 STEP 3: It only takes a second or two to make the perfect joint, which should appear
shiny.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-4
One Lamp Controlled by One Switch

Aim: To wire up a circuit in a conduit system with one lamp controlled by one switch.

TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

1. Steel ruler 1No
2. Combination Plier 1No
3. Electricians Knife 1No
4. Screw driver 1No
5. Ball peen hammer 1No
6. Neon tester 1No
7. Wire stripper 1No
8. Firmer chisel 1No

PROCEDURE: -
1. Draw the layout and wiring diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per the connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.
RESULT: -
Wired up a circuit in conduit system one lamp controlled by one switch
 EXPERIMENT NO.-5
Two Lamp Controlled by Two Switch with Socket Outlet

Aim: To wire up a circuit in the conduit system two lamps and a socket outlet each controlled
independently.

TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

1. Steel ruler 1No
2. Combination Plier 1No
3. Electricians Knife 1No
4. Screw driver 1No
5. Ball peen hammer 1No
6. Neon tester 1No
7. Wire stripper 1No
8. Firmer chisel 1No
Layout Diagram Wiring Diagram

PROCEDURE: -
1. Draw the layout and wiring diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per the connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

RESULT: - Wired up a circuit in the conduit system two lamps and a socket to let each controlled
independently
 EXPERIMENT NO.-6

One Lamp Controlled by Two Switches

Aim: To wire up a circuit in the conduit system one lamp controlled by two switches (staircase
wiring) in different places.

TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

1. Steel ruler 1No
2. Combination Plier 1No
3. Electricians Knife 1No
4. Screw driver 1No
5. Ball peen hammer 1No
6. Neon tester 1No
7. Wire stripper 1No
8. Firmer chisel 1No
Layout Diagram Wiring Diagram
PROCEDURE: -
1. Draw the layout and wiring diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per the connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

RESULT: -
Wired up a circuit in the conduit system one lamp controlled by two switches (staircase wiring) in
different places.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-7
Two Lamps Controlled by Two Switches

Aim: - To wire up a circuit in a conduit system of two lamps controlled by two switches (one-way
and two-way wiring).

TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

1. Steel ruler 1No
2. Combination Plier 1No
3. Electricians Knife 1No
4. Screw driver 1No
5. Ball peen hammer 1No
6. Neon tester 1No
7. Wire stripper 1No
8. Firmer chisel 1No
Layout Diagram Wiring Diagram
PROCEDURE: -
1. Draw the layout and wiring diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per the connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

RESULT: -
Wired up a circuit in conduit system two lamps controlled by two switches (one way and two-way
wiring.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-8

INTERMEDIATE SWITCH WIRING

Aim: - To wire up a circuit in a conduit system by putting one lamp from multiple places using an
intermediate switch (more than two places).

TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

1. Steel ruler 1No
2. Combination Plier 1No
3. Electricians Knife 1No
4. Screw driver 1No
5. Ball peen hammer 1No
6. Neon tester 1No
7. Wire stripper 1No
8. Firmer chisel 1No
Layout Diagram Wiring Diagram

PROCEDURE: -
1. Draw the layout and wiring diagram.
2. Collect the required wiring materials.
3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per the connection diagram.
4. Check the circuit for continuity.
5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.
6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.
RESULT: - Wired up a circuit in the conduit system by putting one lamp from multiple places
using an intermediate switch (more than two places).