PP2oG2).toeW dala?

) dsau back down he usi e

Data Tedrdancs
ed inconsisbnc: Mltrle fite fosvmals,
alion inesmti in dihean fis,
wwib new p2am
accossing daa: Nezcdt
a

in
cO aul eadh hw task.
Dala soalin Multthle piles&fomls
beatt broblents,
ftonictt cupdatas: Fatlases my eane dolabe n an
Hlaniesty
Monsistot sta with lastial upals
caniied oull. ézanple ;

anothes should eihes

Marnso fuds from Ce accowt t
COmplet nd faen at a.
PP2G2): Ezplain DML anple.
Dat Manipulalion Language can be deinod as a set y

ntar eleneyls Hhat a sed t mamge e dala in the

atabase, 9t does no deal uite changestdalabase to
utabade okjed X it stuclatre,
he Commonly Rnown DML tomands are INSERT, UPDATE
2 DELETE, SELECT.
SELECT *FROM chudent tb
he aboe omumound dis al lo ecor ds
tbWe stadont db
PPC 2GtT), Dlhw lsteednon-elusteed inder.)
 Clstaherd Trda Non-Vasteed Trdar
t aslb. t slaues
tseq/ul ses ess memasy tseauies mose mamos fos
h epalisns opehation.
thi, indec i he mai n His inder is he et
ata data
A table can haue only ar A table can houe maltiple
stehed indor on-clustosed indar.
P C 2 ,Dehie tobns Ebnts & Blchs?e
Osaele tnta ahe seth lgtcallcorligueus blcks
alocatid n on Oncle database. Erdons ae unils
datsibition mad up dala bkoks,
database space
n the Oxade datakke ahchiteduse, e hisst set codiguous
blcksstset u ailomatteall ukan a dalabase egmenl is
ceated i called henitrak ctoit A e nital etot
as ban flod, he Orade databate shtaate aWocales moe
tnti t e segpmeit automaticall,hese ahe enown a s
2 t otlonl
A bock a catiguous set g bih o bftes hat
fsms idantifriable wntt
an data, t he smalleit
amoul dala Hhat a picgam Can /uest, Multbiple
olcks in dolaobe Comphise erbnl. an

PP G2): Ezplain tyhes sqmvto

hehe asefaus s senrls sed ih oacle datakas;
 Dab Sagmonbs Theh a ige data tegmat t hold athe
dala eleh
euohy ho-custobed table in an Oacle dalabase. his
data Sa9mnt u CSealod whan You cseat an objed uih
The CREATE
TABLESNAPSHOT LoG commnd.
ndSeqmenls 2uwhu indrin an 06qcle dalabase has a
igle inda hold all it data Osacle
ALSfhe indr Segmant for te indar ukon teu b6ue the
CREATE INDEX Command.
KoWback Scgmanls. rll back segrmant te poim
thedota hase that reord he actis tranadions ib the
Tunsaction should solld back.
ler poxa Sgment Te SELECT stalunnti neod a
Temprsakl slooge. Whon 9/uwbies e i e d , oacle naecds
ahla t do sosting due t whed
oltha opebalion
tenposahy soyages aie
useful.
PPG2(vi) Explain dotame schemas? (2)
A database 3chema vephescn
the gical corizusaron
al art velalioml data base. 3t can eist
a

bpth as a yual sepresenlatioh a 6ot a

omula)
Rnowh a
legsity tonstainls Tat gown datababe, a

ahe main kinds

Those uo
data base SChema
1. A
. pcal databahe schema Conveys he
logical
CensTyaunlshal alply The dlaecl dat st
 taLles.
ma dine inlegsity constscuns, Views

a.Aysical databoe Schena lays odt how dala

Slosed pkysioally m a stosae4ystm io tems
e& irodices.
pzo
O20i): Dhe he typts use paiuilages?)
he main types use pisrlages ae as folWous;

Sytm_ oges : t g s a wsw the abi

a ponliculas acton, 06 t pehhvom ah actic On an

Schima objed aptrouloe 1Ype.

Fo etaple, he sysn hisrloqe CREATE TABLE pehnil
Ceat abWes n te sehoma associaled wh
that wseh
Oejd bilees st uas a
wse He abilty oom a

ota.lor aditn O a spociic huna ohjeat, Diyheurt oajety

phureges ake auatable fos deorit ssohema.
cbjedti, Te pivrlese 3olect ous rom EMPLOYEES
ble t dolato sows om he DEPARTMENS able ah

Pp2 G2tt: Wsit down he baa Rales?

Adatabose ole a coWodcon a any numba
ebmsion pvilages ot ca eassitgrad tor
wes. BorohGYokes a a low
Polas Conlinue uwe in datababe eulh alb use
wse
 0_dabteddopper
Roles Saye DBA fne
Datam
m e olas ohe biesont behoe uses aucouns ahe
eale

C 2 . Wht a Ho comboneb physica

&gical database?
Compoend physical daabose akl:
)Cntsel ies
Data fila )Rado Log kils
Conpanerb gin! databae asl
CGr Exlant ()Blcks
C)Tablespaws CGO Segmons
indatos ue in Oacle
?
PPG2lx) Esploain
Trdzes a ad t seatch e ous in the okacde table
indzc bat_pst tHesoloct qjueu has
q/uitckly,a
Tende hole tableeluin he Saws, uih ndet
the yows can e vtsieued qpuickly.
Thele ahe 6 daebent typesindocus in 0acle
B-Tae ) Bzboap
(a)B-Tre (2)Complasec
) Funtien -Based (6) Rwese Key(RK)
nder ognized ta (TOT)
ndes (balacodl Tree ae e met Comumoh 1ype
B-toe
dec, st stered The ROWID &he kay value in
Treestuclne,
 n
Compheed B-Tee, dblicaa occuences t hfhoe Same
ale oe
elininated,tus ecucing te amon stsage
spate, ind oeq/ulses.
Bitma
ap ineler, cxeilusa birnt mea
sve that ma in indee a lues,
he indc he indac blcks, is msans
vea/ue toss hat
space than
han BBsee
undtiop-Based
that
indoce
a indces cae abd on
se inder
inder
aa
ution i Colunns
Whon
When using usually applied on
ny bJarches gulor B-Tee ei'ndac
a

e indec uil
&palops
paoomane deqsaclatuon, &whal euels,
us
thus
giou Co Pave
habe

eNehsin9
Hhe
the RKI
sawe te
Salwe he
cauwsin
causing
the h daa. btas eack
eac m
o blem
blom by
by
counn
Colum kay
Ind Ovqanizer inder
in dining
equiui sed ables Cortaiy
contai HRhe
ew dala. ocatio the
ableSow, thus alWou ocation the PowsDE
ng disect acces PowxD
disect access T
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