2 Human Reproduction

Introduction

Humans are sexually reproducing and viviparous organisms. Their reproductive events include: -
• Formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females.
• Transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female
gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
• This is a followed by formation and development of blastocyst and its attachment to the uterine
wall (implantation), embryonic development (gestation) and delivery of the baby (parturition).
These reproductive events occur after puberty. There are remarkable differences between the
reproductive events in the male and in the female, for example, sperm formation continues
even in old men, but formation of ovum ceases in women around the age of fifty years.

Male Reproductive System

• The male reproductive system is located in the pelvic region.
• It includes pair of testes along with accessory ducts, glands and the external genitalia.
• Both testes are situated out side the abdominal cavity with in a pouch called as scrotum or
scrotal sac so the testes of human males are extra-abdominal.
• The temperature of scrotum is 2–2.5°C lesser than body temperature. It is necessary for
spermatogenesis.

Fig. Diagrammatic view of male reproductive system

(part of testis is open to show inner details)
Internal Structure of Testis:

• Each testis is oval in shape with a length about 4 to 5 cm and a width of about 2 to 3 cm.
• Testis is covered by three coats. Outer most is tunica vaginalis. Middle coat is tunica albuginea
& inner most is tunica vasculosa.

Human Reproduction 1
• The Tunica albuginea is a dense, white fibrous coat covering the testis all around. The posterior
border tunica albuginea is thickened to form vertical septum called the Mediastinum testis.
• Tunica vasculosa is the inner most vascular coat of the testis lining testicular lobules.
• Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.
• Each lobule has 1 to 3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules, in which sperms are produced.
• Total number of seminiferous tubules in each testis is about 750 to 1000.

Internal structure of Seminiferous Tubule:

Fig. Sectional view of seminiferous tubule

• While inner surface of seminiferous tubule cuboidal is lined by germinal epithelium.
• In germinal epithelium two types of cells present (i) male germ cells (spermatogonia) (ii) Sertoil
cells.
• Spermatogonia give rise to spermatozoa which are released into the lumen of the tubule. In
between spermatogenic cells, Sertoil or sustentacular or nurse cells are present which provide
nourishment to developing spermatozoa.
• The regions outside the semniferous tubules called interstitial spaces, contain small blood
vessels and groups of cells called Interstitial cells or Leydig cells, are located in the connective
tissue around the seminiferous tubules. They constitute the endocrine tissue of the testis.
Leydig cells synthesis and secrete testicular hormones called Androgens into the blood. Other
immonologically competent cells are also present.
• These vasa efferentia come out from upper dorsal surface of testis & open into epididymis. This
epididymis is responsible for functional maturation of sperm. It is located along the posterier
surface of each testis.

2 Human Reproduction
• Vas deferens runs upward & enter into abdominal cavity. Both vas deferens coil around the
ureter of their respective sides and then dilate to form ampulla. Ampulla of each side receives
the duct of seminal vesicle of that side and forms ejaculatory duct and opens into prostatic
urethra.
• The male accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, Epididymis and vas deferens.
Urethra:
• The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the penis to its external
opening called urethral meatus.
• Male urethra provides a common pathway for the flow of urine and semen. It is much longer in
male than in female.

Parts of Urethra:
1. Prostatic Urethra
2. Membraneous Urethra
3. Penial Urethra

Path of Sperm through the Male Body:

Fig. Diagrammatic sectional view of male pelvis showing reproductive system

Penis:
• The Penis is the male external genitalia or copulatory organ of man.
• Terminal part of penis is bulging, it is called as Glans penis. This glans penis is covered by a
movable skin called as prepuce or foreskin.
• It is made up of special tissue that helps in erection of the penis to facilitate insemination.
• Penis is composed of three longitudinal cylindrical cords of erectile tissue. These cords are the
right & left corpora cavernosa & a median corpus spongiosum. The two corpora cavernosa do
not reach the end of the penis. Each of them terminates under cover of the glans penis. The
corpus spongiosum continues further, its terminal part is expanded to form a conical
enlargement called the glans penis. Urethra runs through this cord. External opening of penis
is called penile/urethral meatus.

Human Reproduction 3
• Erection of Penis: Erection of penis is purely vascular phenomenon and is controlled by A.N.S.
It occurs due to increase of blood supply, due to dilation of penile arteries causing enlargement
and hardening of penis. During this time the muscles of Penis are relaxed.
Accessory Reproductive Glands:
The substances secreted by the accessary reproductive glands help in reproduction, these are –
1. Seminal vesicle: These are paired, tubular, coiled glands situated behind the bladder. Internally,
it is lined by glandular epithelium which secretes seminal fluid, which is lubricating, transparent
& jelly like substance, which makes 60–70% part of semen. It is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3).
Fructose is found in seminal fluid, it act as fuel to sperm.
2. Prostate gland: This gland is unpaired and located below the urinary bladder. It secretes
prostatic fluid which is milky, thick, sticky or jelly like. It makes about 30% part of semen and
helps in sperm activation.
In the secretion of prostate-gland Calcium and clotting enzyme are present. The secretion of the
prostate gland combines with the secretion of seminal vesicle and so the semen gets coagulated. In
the coagulated semen, the mobility of sperms is reduced and so their energy is conserved.
3. Cowper's glands: It is a pair of glands found on lateral side of urethra. It is also called as
bulbourethral gland. It secretes transparent, slimy, jelly like fluid Mucus. It is slightly alkaline
(pH is 7.2). This destroys the acidity of the urethra and cleans it for the movement of sperms.
The secretions of bulbourethral glands also helps in the lubrication of the penis.
• Secretious of Seminal vesicle Prostate Gland, Vas Deferens & Epididymis have essential role in
maturation & Motility of sperm
Semen – Semen = Sperm + Accessory reproductive gland fluid (Seminal Plasma)
Volume = 3 to 4 ml.
pH = 7.3 - 7.5 (Slightly alkaline)
Oligospermia < 20 million/ml.
Azospermia – either absence or near absence of sperms.
Male human ejaculates about 200 to 300 million sperms during a coitus of which, for normal
fertility, at least 60 percent sperms must have normal shape and size and for at least 40 per
cent of them must show vigorous motility.
• Secretions of these glands constitute the seminal plasma which is rich in fructose, calcium and
certain enzymes.

Concept Builder

1. The male sex accessory ducts do not include –

(1) Rete testis (2) Vasa efferentia (3) Epididymis (4) Ureter
2. Which of the following structure is paired –
(1) Ejaculatory duct (2) Prostate (3) Urethral meatus (4) Urethra
3. Epididymis is located in ____ of testis.
(1) Anterior surface (2) Posterior surface (3) Lateral surface (4) Anterolateral surface
4. Function of bulbourethral gland secretion is –
(1) Nourishes sperms (2) Form major part of semen
(3) lubrication of Penis (4) Enhancing the motility of sperms
5. Tubuli recti of semniferous tubules open into –
(1) Epididymis (2) Vasa efferentia (3) Vasa deferentia (4) Rete testis
Concept Builder (Answer-Key)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 4 1 2 3 4

4 Human Reproduction
Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a duct system consisting of a pair of
fallopian tubes (oviducts), a uterus, cervix and vagina. A pair of mammary glands are accessory genital
glands.

Fig. Sectional view of the female reproductive system

Ovaries:
• The ovary is the primary female sex organ. It produces ova and secretes the female sex
hormones, estrogens and progesterone which are responsible for the development of secondary
female sex characters and cause marked cyclic changes in the uterine endometrium. The human
ovaries are small about 2 to 4 cm in length and is connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by
ligaments.
• Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium which encloses the ovarian stroma. The stroma is
divided into two zones – a peripheral cortex and an inner medulla.
Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts):
• These are one pair of long (10 to 12 cm), ciliated muscular and tubular structures which extend
from the periphery of each ovary to the uterus.
• Each oviducts is differentiated into three parts:
(i) Infundibulum: The part of oviduct closer to the ovary is the funnel shaped infundibulum.
The edges of infundibulum possess finger-like projections called fimbriae. Fimbriae help in
the collection of the ovum after ovulation. Infundibulum opens into the abdominal cavity by
an apperture called ostium.
(ii) Ampulla: The infundibulum leads to a wider part of the oviduct called ampulla.
(iii) Isthmus: It is the last and narrow part having narrow lumen that links to the uterus.
• This tube is involved in conducting of ovum or zygote towards the uterus by peristalsis and
ciliary action. It is also the site of fertilization. (Fertilization occurs in ampulla).

Uterus (Hystera/Womb):
• It is a large hollow, muscular, highly vascular and inverted pear shaped structure present in the
pelvis between the urinary bladder and rectum.
• It has the following three parts: -
(i) Fundus: It is upper, dome-shaped part above the opening of fallopian tubes.
(ii) Corpus/Body: It is the middle and main part of uterus.
(iii) Cervix: It is lower, narrow part which opens in body of uterus by internal os and in vagina
through external os. The cavity of cervix is called cervical canal which along with vagina
forms the birth canal.

Human Reproduction 5
• Wall of uterus: The wall of uterus is formed of three layers: -
(i) Outer peritoneal layer, perimetrium.
(ii) Middle muscular myometrium of smooth muscle fibres.
(iii) Inner highly vascular and glandular endometrium.
• The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle while myometrium exhibits
strong contractions during delivery of the baby.
• Implantation of embryo occurs in uterine fundus.
• It is the site of foetal growth during pregnancy. It also takes part in placenta formation and
expulsion of the baby during parturition.

Fig. Diagrammatic sectional view of female pelvis showing reproductive system

Vagina:
• It is a long fibro-muscular tube. It extends backward in front of rectum and anal canal from
cervix to the vestibule. It is a highly vascular tube lined internally by mucus membrane which
is raised into transverse folds called vaginal rugae. It is lined with stratified squamous
epithelium (Non Keratinised).
• Vagina acts both as copulation canal (as it receives the sperms from penis during copulation)
and as birth canal along with cervix (during parturition).
External Genitalia/Vulva :
External genitalia of female include mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris.
1. Mons pubis: It is a cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hairs in adult female.
2. Labia Majora: Fleshy folds of tissue, which extend down from the mons pubis and surround
the vaginal opening. It is homologous to the scrotum.
3. Labia Minora: Paired folds of tissue under the labia majora.
4. Clitoris: A tiny finger-like structure which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora
above the urethral opening. Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male.
5. Hymen: The opening of the vagina is often covered partially by a membrane called hymen.
The hymen is often ruptured during the first coitus (intercourrse). However, it can also be
broken by a sudden fall or jolt, insertion of a vaginal tampon, active participation in some
sports like horseback riding, cycling etc. In some women the hymen perists even after coitus,
in fact, the presence or absence of hymen is not reliable indicator of verginity or sexual
experience.
Bartholin Glands:/Greater Vestibular gland
• It is similar/Homologous to Cowper’s gland of male.
• 1 pair Bartholin gland is found on lateral side of vagina and bartholin duct opens into vaginal
vestibule.

6 Human Reproduction
Mammary Glands

Fig. A diagrammatic sectional view of Mammary gland

• There are a pair of rounded prominences present over the pectoralis major muscles on the
front wall of the thorax. These remain in rudimentary form in male. In females, these remain
undeveloped till puberty. At puberty, these start developing under the influence of oestrogen
and progesterone hormones. In the external side, each breast has a projection, the ‘nipple’
surrounded by rounded hyperpigmented are called areola and appear deep pink or light brown.
Note:
• Each breast contain glandular tissue and variable amount of fat. The glandular tissue comprises
about 15-20 lobes in each breast. Each lobule is composed of grapelike clusters of milk secreting
cell termed alveoli. The cells of alveoli secretes milk which is stored in the cavity of alveoli.
When milk is produced it passes from the alveoli in the mammary tubules and then into the
mammary ducts. Near the nipple, mammary ducts expand to form mammary ampulla (=
lactiferous sinuses) where some milk may be stored before going to lactiferous ducts. Each
lactiferous duct typically carries milk from one of the lobes to exterior.
Mammary alveoli → Mammary Tubule → Mammary Duct → Mammary Ampulla → Lactiferous Duct

Concept Builder

1. Bartholin's glands are situated –

(1) On medial side of vagina (2) On lateral side of vagina
(3) On lateral side of clitoris (4) On medial side of labia majora
2. The female external genitalia include –
(i) Ovary (ii) Mammary gland (iii) Mons pubis
(iv) Clitoris (v) Labia majora
(1) (i) & (ii) (2) (ii) & (iii) (3) (iii), (iv) & (v) (4) (ii), (iii) & (v)
3. Lower narrow end of uterus is called –
(1) Urethra (2) Cervix (3) Clitoris (4) Vulva
4. Ovaries connected to the pelvic wall & uterus by –
(1) Ligaments (2) Connective layer (3) Epithelium layer (4) Muscular filament
5. The wall of the uterus is made of _____ layer –
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 4

Concept Builder (Answer-Key)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 2 3 2 1 1

Human Reproduction 7
Gametogenesis
• Formation of gametes is called gametogenesis. The primary sex organs the testis in males and
the ovaries in the females produce gametes sperm and ovum respectively.
• GnRH, FSH, LH regulates gametogenesis.
• Gametogenesis is divided in three stages:
(i) Multiplication phase (ii) Growth phase (iii) Maturation phase.

• As there are two types of gametes, the spermatozoa and ova, gametogenesis can be studied
under two broad headings: spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the formation
of spermatozoa, whereas oogenesis is the formation of ova.
• Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and oogenesis occurs in the
follicles of ovary. Formation of gametes starts at puberty.

(a) (b)
Fig. Schematic representation of (a) Spermatogenesis; (b) Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis
• In testis, the immature male germ cells (spermatogonia) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
that begins at puberty.
• Mammalian testes contain seminiferous tubules and wall of seminiferous tubule is composed
of germinal epithelium. It contains some special types of cells called primordial germ cells and
these cells start spermatogenesis. On the basis of origin, primordial germ cells are extra
embryonic mesodermal. Besides these cells, germinal epithelium contains some large sized cell
called sertoli cells. Occurrence of sertoli cells is the unique feature of mammalian testis. Sertoli
cells provide nutrition to developing sperm. Sperms are embedded in cytoplasm of sertoli cells
and absorb nutrition. After maturation sperms comes out from sertoli cells and librate in
seminiferous tubules.

• After spermatogenesis the sperms heads become embedded in the sertoli cells and are finally
released from the seminiferous tubules by the process called spermiation-
• Liberation of sperms from testes is called semination.
• Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ejaculation .
• Mammalian sperms are transferred to vagina of female by the process called insemination.

8 Human Reproduction
• Sertoli cells form 'blood testes barrier' and protect the sperm from immune system of the body
because antibody may attack on haploid cells and destroy them. (Sperms are haploid and other
cells of body are diploid).
• Spermatozoa are formed in the wall of the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The various cell-
stages in spermatogenesis are as follows ( the number of chromosomes at each stage is given
in brackets)
A. The spermatogonia (type A) or germ cells (44+X+Y) divide mitotically, to give rise to more
spermatogonia of type A (spermatogenic lineage) and also spermatogonia of type B. Each
spermatogonia is diploid and contain 46
chromosomes. Type A act as stem cells.
B. The spermatogonia (type B) (44 + X + Y)
enlarge, to form primary spermatocytes.
C. The primary spermatocytes (44 + X + Y) now
divide by meiosis into two secondary
spermatocytes. This is the first meiotic
division: it reduces the number of
chromosomes to half (reduction division).
Secondary spermatocytes are haploid cells
which have 23 chromosomes.
D. Each secondary spermatocyte has 22 + X or
22 + Y chromosomes. It divides to form two
spermatids. This is the second meiotic
division and this time there is no reduction in
chromosome number
E. Transformation of spermatid into sperm is
termed spermiogenesis.
After spermiogenesis the sperm heads
become embedded in the Sertoli cells, and
are finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process celled spermiation.

Male Reproductive Hormones

FSH = Binds with FSH receptors attached to sertoli cells. FSH causes to grow and secrete various
spermatogenic substances and androgen binding
proteins (ABP).
ABP: Concentrates the testosterone inside seminiferous
tubules.(Androgens)
LH / ICSH: It stimulates the Leydig cells to secrete
testosterone. Inhibin: It is secreted by Sertoli cells in
response to excess spermatogenesis. The inhibin gives a
negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior
pituitary, this results in suppression of synthesis and
release of FSH (so spermatogenesis decreases).
Testosterone: Secreted by Leydig cells. It is essential for
(i) Stimulate spermatogenesis
(ii) Development of secondary sexual characters
(iii) ABP secretion
(iv) It also gives –ve feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in its excess concentration to
suppress GnRH, FSH & LH release.
(v) It is secreted in foetal stage in as low as 30 ng/ml plasma concentration to cause descent of
testis in last trimester of intrauterine life.

Human Reproduction 9
 Knowledge Booster

Structure of Sperm
• Mature sperm cell consists of a head, a neck, a middle piece and a tail.
• A plasma membrane envelops the whole body of sperm. The sperm head contains a very little
cytoplasm, an elongated haploid nucleus, the anterior portion of which is covered by a cap-like
structure, acrosome. Nuclear part of head of spermatozoa consist of chromatin (mostly DNA)
that is extremely condensed. The acrosome is filled with enzymes that help in fertilisation of
ovum. These enzymes called sperm lysins that dissolve the membranes enveloping the ovum
and help the sperm to enter the ovum. Acrosome is derived from Golgi apparatus. Its membrane
extends down the outer surface of nucleus.
• The short neck, contains two distinct granules- the proximal and distal centrioles. The proximal
centriole plays a crucial role during the first cleavage of the fertilized ovum. The distal centriole
gives rise to the axial filament of the long tail of the sperm.

Fig. Structure of a sperm

10 Human Reproduction
• The middle piece possess spiral sheath of numerous mitochondria (25 to 30 arranged spirally)
called Nebenkern sheath, which produce energy for the movement of tail that facilitates sperm
motility essential for fertilisation, that is why is called as the power house of the sperm.
• At the point where the middle piece joins the tail, this axial filament passes through a ring-like
structure called the annulus or ring centriole.
• The tail is made up of a central axial filament surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm and
cell membrane as external sheath. Tail is the longest part of sperm. Sperm move by the help of
tail.
Oogenesis
• The process of formation of a mature female gamete is called oogenesis. It is initiated during
the embryonic development stage when a couple of million gamete mother cell (oogonia) are
formed with in each foetal ovary, no more oogonia are formed after birth. Scattered ovarian
follicles are embedded in the stroma of cortex.

• Oogenesis process can be divided into three stages:

(A) Multiplication phase (B) Growth phase (C) Maturation phase

(A) Multiplication phase: In this stage primordial germ cells or ovum mother cells repeatedly
divide by mitosis to form large number of diploid oogonia.
This process completes in embryo stage of female in most higher animals.

(B) Growth phase: Like spermatogenesis, in this process oogonia grow in size and form primary
oocytes. The growth phase is the longest phase in oogenesis in oviparous animals. During
growth phase size of egg increases many times. In this phase yolk is formed.

Human Reproduction 11
 (C) Maturation phase: It is the longest phase in human. By the time the foetus is 25 weeks old,
all the oogonia that she will ever produce, are already formed by mitosis. Hundreds of these
diploid cells develop into primary oocytes, begin the first steps of the first meiotic division,
proceed up to diplotene and then stop any further development. The oocytes grows much
larger and completes the meiosis I, forming a large secondary oocyte and a small polar body
that receives very little amount of cytoplasm but one full set of chromosomes.
• In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not undergo meiosis II, whereas
the secondary oocyte proceeds as far as the metaphase stage of meiosis II. However, it then
stops advancing any further, it awaits the arrival of the spermatozoa for completion of second
meiotic division. Entry of the sperm restarts the cell cycle breaking down MPF (M-phase
promoting factor) and turning on the APC (Anaphase promoting complex). Completion of meiosis
II converts the secondary oocyte into a fertilised egg or zygote (and also a second polar body)
• Ova are derived from oogonia present in the cortex of ovary.
• Some important differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis are
(i) Whereas one primary spermatocyte gives rise to four spermatozoa, one primary oocyte
forms only one ovum.
(ii) When the primary spermatocyte divides, its cytoplasm is equally distributed between the
two secondary spermatocytes formed. However, when the primary oocyte divides, almost
all its cytoplasm goes to the daughter cell which forms the secondary oocyte. The other
daughter cell (first polar body), receives half the chromosomes of the primary oocyte, but
almost no cytoplasm.
The first polar body is, therefore, formed merely to get rid of unwanted chromosomes.

Structure of Ovary
• Outer most layer of ovary is called germinal epithelium while the inner layer called Tunica
albuginea is made up of White fibrous connective tissue.
• The inner part of ovary is called as stroma. it is differentiated into 2 parts, outer peripheral part
is cortex & inner part is called medulla. Stroma consists of follicular cells, connective tissues,
blood vessels & lymphatics.
• Numerous oogonia are found in cortical region in intrauterine life. In early stage of intra uterine
life, they proliferate by mitosis, after which meiosis-I starts in them and proceeds upto
prophase-I stage & halts there itself up to puberty (when the ovulation starts). Now the halted
meiosis-I process restart at puberty causing primary oocyte to convert into secondary oocyte
just before ovulation. With this the Ist meiotic division completes and first polar body is formed.
In secondary oocyte immediately begins the second meiotic division but this division stops again
at metaphase stage. It proceeds further only when a sperm penetrates the oocyte.

Fig. Sectional view of ovary

12 Human Reproduction
Formation of ovarian or Graafian follicle:
Ova develop from oogonia present in the cortex of the ovary. The oogonia are surrounded by other cells
that form a stroma for them. These stromal cells form the ovarian or Graafian follicle that surrounds
the ovum and protects it.
The stages in formation of Graafian follicle are as follows:
(1) Firstly some cells of the stroma become flattened and surround a primary oocyte (which
develops from oogonia). These flattened cells ultimately form the ovarian follicle and are
therefore called follicular cells.
(2) The flattened follicular cells now
become columnar. Follicles upto this
stage of development are called
primordial follicle.
(3) A membrane called the zona
pellucida, now appears between the
follicular cells and the oocyte.
(4) The follicular cells proliferate now to
form several layers of cells to form
the membrana granulosa. These cells
are now called granulosa cells.
(5) As the follicle expands, the stromal cells surrounding the membrana granulosa become
condensed to form a covering called the theca Interna. The cells of theca internal (Thecal
cells) afterwards secrete a hormone called oestrogen. Outside the theca interna some
fibrous tissue become condensed to form another covering called the theca Externa. This
is called secondary follicle.
(6) A cavity appears within the membrana granulosa. It is called the antrum. With the
appearance of this cavity, the Tertiary follicle is formed.
• Presence of antrum (Follicular cavity) is character feature of Tertiary follicle.

Human Reproduction 13
(7) The cavity of the Tertiary follicle rapidly increases in size and gets filled with a fluid called
liquor folliculi. Due to increase in the size of the cavity the wall of the follicle (formed by
granulosa cells) becomes relatively thin. The oocyte now lies eccentrically in the follicle,
surrounded by some granulosa cells that are called as cumulus oophoricus. The cells that
attached to the wall of the follicle are called as discus proligerus or Germ hill. The ovarian
follicle is now fully formed and is now called the Graafian follicle.
• The granulosa cells lying in
the close vicinity of the ovum
(secondary oocyte) and zona
pellucida, become elongated
to form the corona radiata.
• After 13 days of menstrual
cycle (on 14th day when cycle
is ideally for 28 days) Graafian
follicle is ruptured & egg is
released.
• After ovulation the ruptured
Graafian follicle is called
corpus luteum. Soon after
ovulation, the granulosa cells
of Graafian follicle proliferate
& these cells look yellow due to accumulation of pigment called Lutein. These cells are called
lutein cells.
• Before ovulation the follicle was avascular but soon after ovulation blood vessels grow & corpus
luteum becomes filled with blood. Central part filled with blood is called corpus
haemorrhagicum. Lutein cells synthesis the progesterone hormone.
• If fertilization occurs in fallopian tube, the corpus luteum then becomes stable for next nine
months. If fertilization does not occur then the corpus luteum starts degenerating after about
9 days of it's formation. The degeneration is completed by 14 days to form corpus albicans,
which gradually disappears.
• Progesterone hormone maintains pregnancy and repairs the wall of uterus to make its surface
adhesive to help in implantation.
• A large number of follicles degenerate from birth to puberty. Degeneration of ovarian follicle is
called follicular atresia and their disposal is done by phagocytes. Therefore, at puberty only
60000 to 80000 primary follicles are left in each ovary. Generally, only one ovum is liberated in
each menstrual cycle, by alternate ovaries. Only about 450 ova are produced by a human female
over the entire span of her reproductive life which lasts till about 40-50 years of age.
• In human female ovulation occurs in presence of FSH & LH. Coitus is not necessary for inducing
ovulation. Such a female is called as spontaneous ovulator. (Induce/Relax ovulator)
• Sometimes, two or more follicles reach maturity in one month or cycle, so more than one oocyte
may be ovulated. This is the commonest cause of multiple births. In such cases the sibling are
fraternal, not identical.

14 Human Reproduction
 Concept Builder

1. Release of sperm from testes is called:

(1) Spermiation (2) Semination (3) Insemination (4) Ejaculation
2. At the end of first meiotic division, male germ cell differentiates into:
(1) Secondary spermatocyte (2) Primary spermatocyte
(3) Spermatogonium (4) Spermatid
3. How many ova are produced by 10 primary oocytes.
(1) 5 (2) 10 (3) 20 (4) 40
4. During which stage of gametogenesis meiosis occurs:
(1) Growth phase (2) Multiplication phase
(3) Maturation phase (4) None of the above
5. How many autosomes does a human primary spermatocyte have:-
(1) 34 (2) 44 (3) 54 (4) 33
Concept Builder (Answer-Key)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 2 1 2 3 2
Menstrual Cycle
• This is exhibited by primate group of animals. In this cycle the female body prepares itself for
a possible pregnancy. If the pregnancy does not occur then the body aborts all preparation done
and restarts the preparation for pregnancy again in a monthly cyclic manner.
• First menstruation begins at puberty and is called menarche.
• Menstrual cycle has three main phases:
(i) Bleeding phase or menstruation phase.
(ii) Proliferative/preovulatory/follicular phase or oestrogenic phase.
(ii) Secretory/post ovulatory/luteal phase or progesteronic phase.
(i) Bleeding Phase / Menstruation phase:
The cycle starts with bleeding phase in its first 3 to 5 days. During this bleeding phase the part
of the layer of endometrium gets shed off. Total loss of blood per day is about 20 ml, so an average
of 40 to 80 ml blood/cycle is lost. This blood can not clot due to presence of Fibrinolytic enzymes.

Human Reproduction 15
(ii) Preovulatory/Proliferative phase / Follicular phase.
• After first four or five days this phase begins. During this phase, Due to release of GnRH, Pituitary
secretes FSH and LH to stimulate the ovarian follicle. The ovarian follicle now begins to develop.
Developing follicle now starts secreting an increasing amount of oestrogen.
• The rising level of oestrogen causes the endometrium to proliferate and thicken. It also causes
increase in the vascularity and glandularity of the endometrium.
• Due to this, the hypothalamus releases more of GnRH. This GnRH induces the pituitary to
release more of FSH. The rising FSH levels now cause:
(i) further growth and development of ovarian follicle to form Graafian follicle
(ii) even further release of oestrogen from the theca interna of this developing follicle.
• As the oestrogen level goes on rising, by the end of 10 day the extreme levels of oestrogen
(which have by then caused maturation of Graafian follicle and growth of endometrium) now
give a positive feedback of high concentration of oestrogen causing a rise in GnRH and LH
secretion but due to release of inhibin by graffian follicle, FSH is not comparatively rised
therefore the LH secretion from the pituitary goes on rising. This abrupt rise (on 11th to 13th
day) in LH concentration in blood is called as LH surge.
• This LH now causes the Graafian follicle to rupture after partial completion of II meiotic division
in oocyte and thus the secondary oocyte (metaphase stage) released. The release of egg
(secondary oocyte) which occurs around 14 day is called as ovulation.
(iii) Post ovulatory/secretory phase/ Luteal Phase:
• Luteal phase last for 14 days. During this phase the level of Estrogen and progesterone will rise
while FSH and LH levels drop.
• If pregnancy does not occur after ovulation, then as the progesterone level rise, its rising levels
inhibits the release of GnRH from hypothalamus by negative feed back. Due to this FSH, LH
secretion by pituitary falls and thereby progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum (which
was due to influence of LH) also now falls.
• As the progesterone level drops, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate and transform in
corpus albicans (which can not secrete progesterone). Due to the lack of progesterone.
(i) The overgrown endometrium now begin to break and separate from the inner uterine wall
causing bleeding.
(ii) The uterine contraction (which was till now inhibited due to presence of progesterone) now
start. Thus the separated endometrium along with blood is now being passed out via vaginal
route. This is again the beginning of next menstrual or bleeding phase.
• The period between ovulation and next menstrual bleeding (post ovulatory period) is always
constant (i.e. 14 days). However, the ovulation date may vary (causing a change in pre ovulatory period).
• In human beings, menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age, termed as menopause. Cyclic
menstruation is an indicator of normal Reproductive phase and extends between menarche and
menopause.
Menstrual Hygiene:
Maintenance of hygiene and sanitation during menstruation is very important. Take bath and clean
yourself regulatory. Use sanitary napkins or clean homemade pads. Change sanitary napkins or
homemade pads after every 4–5 hrs. as per the requirement. Dispose of the used sanitary napkins
properly wrapping it with a used sanitary napkins properly wrapping it with a used paper. Do not throw
the used napkins in the drainpipe of Toilets or in the open area. After handling the napkin wash hands
with soap.

16 Human Reproduction
 Knowledge Booster

Concept Builder

1. Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation –

(1) Progesterone (2) Estrogen (3) FSH (4) FSH – RH

2. Repair of endometrium is undertaken by –

(1) LH (2) FSH (3) Estrogen (4) Prolactin

3. Luteal phase is the other name of:

(1) Follicular phase (2) Proliferative phase
(3) Menstrual flow phase (4) Secretory phase

4. If the menstrual cycle is of 35 days then what is risk period (cycle start on 1 st day):
(1) 9th to 17th days (2) 11th to 18th days
(3) 16th to 24th days (4) 18th to 35th days

5. After ovulation graafian follicle converted into:

(1) Corpus luteum (2) Corpus albicans
(3) Corpus cavernosa (4) Corpus callosum
Concept Builder (Answer-Key)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 1 3 4 3 1

Human Reproduction 17
Fertilization
1. During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis into the vagina of female, called
insemination. Prostaglandins of semen help in the movement of spermatozoa.
2. Sperm swim through the vagina, cervix, uterus and finally reach the ampulla of the fallopian
tubes. The ovum released by the ovary is also transported to the ovum is released in the
secondary oocyte stage (arrested in metaphase-II). Due to ciliary current produced by fimbriae
portion of oviduct, ovum is drawn in through ostium. It reaches ampulla, the site of fertilization,
by the ciliary action of ciliated columnar epithelial lining of oviduct.
3. Fertilisation can only occur if the ovum and the sperms are transported simultaneously to the
ampulla. This is the reason why not all copulations lead to fertilisation and pregnancy.
4. Mammalian sperms acquire activity at two places. First-epididymis and second-female
reproductive tract. Vaginal secretion make the sperm highly active and sperm acquire capacity
of fertilization is called capacitation.
5. The process in which union of male and female gametes (formed by gametogenesis) and fusion
of pronuclei of sperm and ovum takes place thus diploid zygote is formed, is called fertilization.
Fertilization has following processes:- The union of male and female gametes is called
Syngamy, where as intermixing of their cytoplasm is called plasmogamy. The fusion of pronuclei
of sperm and ovum is called karyogamy. The intermingling of their chromosomes is called
amphimixis.

Ovum surrounded by few sperms

6. A number of sperms adhere to the surface of egg (Agglutination). The acrosome starts releasing
its hydrolytic enzymes of sperms lysins which include.
(a) Hyaluronidase: Dissolves the hyaluronic acid responsible for cementing of follicle cells or
granulosa cells.
(b) Zona lysin /Acrosin: Digests the zona pellucida.
7. The entry of sperm into the ovum induces completion of the meiotic division of the secondary
oocyte. Entry of sperm causes breakdown of metaphase promoting factor (MPF) and turns on
anaphase promoting complex (APC). This results in completion of meiosis-II. The second meiotic
division is also unequal and results in the formation of a second polar body and a haploid ovum
(ootid). Soon the haploid nucleus of the sperm and that of ovum fuse together to form a diploid
zygote.

18 Human Reproduction
8. At the point of contact with sperm and plasma-membrane of egg a cone-like structure is
formed called reception cone. After some time reception cone sinks in egg cytoplasm along
with sperm (entry of sperm is a type of phagocytosis).
With the entry of sperm all the cortical granules burst and secrete a membrane around the egg
is called fertilization membrane (cortical reaction). It is secreted on inner surface of primary
egg membrane and perivitelline space become more wide and amount of perivitelline fluid is
also increase. Function of perivitelline fluid and fertilization membrane is to prevent the entry
of sperm in egg. so normally only one sperm enter inside the egg (monospermy). Sometimes
more than one sperm enter inside the egg (polyspermy).

General Stages of Embryonic Development

1. Cleavage – The mitotic division starts as the zygote moves through the isthmus of the oviduct
called cleavage towards the uterus and forms 2, 4, 8, 16, daughter cells called blastomeres. The
embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is called a morula.
2. Morula - As a result of segmentation or cleavage activities, unicellular zygote changes into a
solid ball like multicellular structure. In the later stage of cleavage, clusters of sticky, cohering,
protruding (outside) blastomeres are produced, which look like mulberry. This 8-16 celled stage
is termed as morula stage.
3. Blastocyst Formation- Blastula of Eutherian & Metatherian mammals is called Blastocyst,
because blastula is in the form of a cyst.
• The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called trophoblast and
an inner group of cells attached to trophoblast called the inner cell mass (embryonal knob).
The trophoblast layer then gets attached to the endometrium and the inner cell mass gets
differentiated as the embryo.
• After attachment, the uterine cells divide rapidly and covers the blastocyst. As a result, the
blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium of the uterus. This is called implantation
and it leads to pregnancy.
• In human, the site of implantation is generally mid-dorsal/fundus part of uterus.
• Implantation of blastocyst takes about 7-8 days after fertilization in human and by 12th day
it is completely buried in the wall of the uterus.
• After implantation, the wall of uterus is called as decidua, instead of endometrium.
Decidua also comes out from uterus at the time of parturition.

Fig. Transport of ovum, fertilization and passage of growing embryo through fallopian tube

Human Reproduction 19
Summary of developmental stages in human

• The first sign of growing foetus may be noticed by listening to the heart sound carefully
through the stethoscope.
• After one month of pregnancy, the embryo's heart is formed.
• By the end of the second month of pregnancy the foetus develops limbs and digits.
• By the end of 12 weeks (First trimester), most of the major organ system are formed. for
example, the limbs and external genital organs are well developed
• The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on the head are usually observed
during the fifth month.
• By the end of 24 weeks (Second trimester), the body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids
separate and eye lashes are formed.
• By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.

Extra Embryonic Membranes and Placenta

Fig. Formation of extraembryonic membranes in human

1. Amnion: With a gradual increase in size the amnion covers the embryo from all sides. After
about eight weeks of fertilization, amnion is completely incorporated into connecting stalk,
which finally forms the umbilical cord. Embryo, in this stage, is called as foetus remains
hanging in amniotic fluid.
2. Chorion: After implantation of blastocyst, the trophoblast gives out several finger like
processes, the chorionic villi which get embedded into uterine endometrium Mesoderm also
contributes in the formation of these villi. After a period of four month these villi disappear
from all parts except the connecting stalk where they grow rapidly and participate in the
formation of placenta.
3. Yolk sac: Initially the size of yolk sac is larger as compared to that of the embryo. About
eight weeks after fertilization, the yolk is reduced in size and changes into a tubular
structure. Ultimately a placenta is developed with the incorporation of yolk sac and
mesodermal connecting stalk with the amnion and chorion.
4. Allantois: The mesoderm of allantois forms many small blood vessels in this region. These vessels
connect the embryo with placenta and ensure nutritional and respiratory supply to embryo. In
human, allantois does not function to store the excretory wastes as it does in reptiles and birds.

20 Human Reproduction
Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

Placenta
• After implantation, finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called chorionic villi which
are surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood. The chorionic villi and uterine tissue
become interdigitated with each other and jointly form a structural and functional unit between
developing embryo (foetus) and maternal body called placenta.
• Placenta is found in all viviparous animals. Exept sub-class-prototheria;
• The placenta facilitate the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and also removal of
carbon dioxide and excretory/waste materials produced by the embryo.
• The placenta is connected to the embryo through an umbilical cord which helps in the transport
of substances to and from the embryo.
• Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones like human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), estrogens, progestogens, etc. In the later
phase of pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin is also secreted by the placenta.
• HCG, HPL and relaxin are produced in women only during pregnancy.
• In addition, during pregnancy the levels of other hormones like estrogens, progestogens,
cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine, etc., are increased several folds in the maternal blood. Increased
production of these hormones is essential for supporting the fetal growth, metabolic changes
in the mother and maintenance of pregnancy.

Fig. The human foetus within the uterus

Parturition
• The average duration of human pregnancy is about 9 months which is called the gestation
period.
• Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy causes expulsion/delivery of the
foetus. This process of delivery of the foetus (childbirth) is called parturition.
• Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism.
• The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed foetus and the placenta which
induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex.

Human Reproduction 21
• This triggers release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary. Oxytocin acts on the uterine
muscle and causes stronger uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates further secretion of
oxytocin. The stimulatory reflex between the uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion
continues resulting in stronger and stronger contractions. The labour pain during child birth, is
due to this hormone. Oxytocin is the main parturition hormone. Oxytocin stimulates milk let
down by milk ejection reflex.
• Relaxin hormone is secreted by the placenta and the ovary of pregnant female. This hormone
relaxes the public symphysis i.e. the joint between the pelvic girdles. So more space is available
to the foetus to move out.
• Soon after the infant is delivered, the placenta is also expelled out of the uterus.

Lactation
• The mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation during pregnancy and starts
producing milk towards the end of pregnancy by the process called lactation. This helps the
mother in feeding the newborn.
• The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called colostrum which contains
several antibodies absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies. Breast-
feeding during the initial period of infant growth is recommended by doctors for bringing up a
healthy baby.
Special Points
Gynaecomastia – Development of breast in the male.
Amenorrhoea – Absence of menstruation cycle.
Hysterectomy – Surgical removal of uterus.
Oopherectomy – Removal of ovaries.

Concept Builder

1. The average duration of human pregnancy is about –

(1) 10 weeks (2) 28 weeks (3) 32 weeks (4) 9 months
2. Mammary glands of the female undergo differentiation during pregnancy & starts producing milk –
(1) At the end of pregnancy (2) At the end of 1st trimester
(3) During pregnancy (4) Before pregnancy
3. Breast feeding during initial period is –
(1) Good for healthy baby
(2) Recommended by doctors
(3) Essential to develop resistance to the new born babies
(4) All of these
4. The role of placenta is –
(1) To convey nerve impulses (2) To act as storage organ
(3) To protect mother from shocks (4) To provide nutrition for developing embryo
5. Placenta produce which hormone
(1) ACTH (2) Progesterone (3) GH (4) Gastrin

Concept Builder (Answer-Key)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. 4 1 4 4 2

22 Human Reproduction
 Exercise - I
Male Reproductive System 9. Temperature in scrotum necessary for
sperm formation should be:
1. Cauda epididymis leads to:
(1) Rete testis (2) Vas efferens (1) 2°C above than body temperature
(3) Vas deferens (4) Ejaculatory duct (2) 2-2.5°C below than body
temperature
2. The urethra originates from the …a…
(3) 8°C above than body temperature
and extends through the …b… to its
(4) 8°C below than body temperature
external opening called …C…
(1) a–ureters, b–urinary bladder, c– 10. Epididymis is:
urethral sphincter (1) Network of sinuses between
(2) a–urinary bladder, b–testis, c– seminiferous tubules and vasa efferentia
urethral meatus (2) Intermidiate structure between rete
(3) a–penis, b–urinary bladder, c– testis and vasa effferentia
urethral meatus (3) A long coiled tube between vasa
(4) a–urinary bladder, b–penis, c– efferentia and vas deferens
urethral meatus (4) Connection between vas deferens
3. In male, the acidity in the urethra is and seminal vesicle
neutralized by the secretions of:
11. Each testis has how many testicular
(1) Cowper's gland (2) Bartholin glands
(3) Perineal glands (4) Leydig cells lobules:
(1) 100 (2) 150 (3) 250 (4) 750
4. Seminal plasma contains the secretions of:
(1) Follicles, uterus and prostate gland 12. Which of the following duct stores
(2) Prostate, Cowper's and Bartholin's gland sperm?
(3) Seminal vesicle, uterus and prostate (1) Vasa efferentia (2) Rete testis
gland (3) Epididymis (4) Vas deferens
(4) Seminal vesicle, prostate and
13. Spermatogenesis start at puberty due to
Cowper's gland
significant increase in the secretion of:
5. Which one is unpaired gland in male (1) GnRH (2) Estrogen
reproductive system ?
(3) Oxytocin (4) Progesterone
(1) Seminal vesicle (2) Cowper's gland
(3) Prostate gland (4) Lacrimal gland 14. For normal fertility, how many
percentage of sperm must have normal
6. Sugar fructose is present in the
shape and size:
secretion of:
(1) 50% (2) 25% (3) 40% (4) 60%
(1) Seminal vesicle (2) Perineal gland
(3) Cowper's gland (4) Bartholin's gland 15. What does '?' represent?
7. What would happen if vas deferens of
man are cut?
(1) Semen is not formed
(2) Spermatogenesis does not occur
(3) Semen is without sperms
(4) Sperm are non motile
8. Leydig cells are found in:
(1) Seminiferous tubules (1) Ureter
(2) Testis (2) Ejaculatory duct
(3) Ovary (3) Bulbourethral gland
(4) Epididymis (4) Urethra

Human Reproduction 23
16. Luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on ____ 24. Accessory glands of male reproductive
cells and stimulates synthesis and system are:
secretion of ____. (1) Prostate and seminal vesicles
(1) Leydig cells, FSH (2) Prostate, Bartholin’s and seminal
(2) Interstitial cells, androgens vesicles
(3) Leydig cells, GnRH (3) Seminal vesicles and Bartholin’s
(4) None of these (4) Prostate, Cowper’s and seminal
vesicles
17. Common duct formed by the union of
vas deferens & duct of seminal vesicle is – 25. If Cowper’s gland is removed, then which
(1) Urethra of the following would be affected?
(2) Ureter (1) Sexual attraction
(3) Ejaculatory duct (2) Capacitation of sperms
(4) Spermatic duct (3) Copulation and fertilization
(4) Hardness of penis
18. Sperms are stored & nourished inside –
26. Function of prostate glands is:
(1) Cowper's gland
(1) Storage of semen
(2) Epididymis
(2) Provide motility to sperms
(3) Seminiferous tubules
(3) Formation of sperm
(4) Vasa efferentia
(4) Release of hormones
19. Role of leydig cells of testis is –
27. Which one of the following is not a male
(1) Provide nourishment to sperms
accessory gland ?
(2) Provide motility to sperms
(1) Seminal vesicle
(3) Bring about maturation of sperms
(2) Ampulla
(4) Synthesis of testosterone hormone
(3) Prostate
20. Vas deferens arises from – (4) Bulbourethral gland
(1) Cauda epididymis
28. The head of the epididymis at the head
(2) Caput epididymis of the testis is called:
(3) Corpus epididymis (1) Cauda epididymis
(4) Rete testis (2) Vas deferens
21. Which one of the following is not an (3) Caput epididymis
accessory male duct in context of male (4) Gubernaculum
reproductive system? Gonads - Testes
(1) Rete testis (2) Testes
29. The tunica albuginea is a covering
(3) Epididymis (4) Vas deferens
around the:
22. In male, penis is covered by a loose fold (1) Testes (2) Kidneys
of skin called as: - (3) Uterus (4) Epididymis
(1) Foreskin
30. Testosterone is a/an:
(2) Urethral meatus
(1) Steroid (2) Protein
(3) External genitalia
(3) Octapeptide (4) Glycoprotein
(4) Fimbriae
31. The primary regulator of Leydig cell
23. Which is not a secondary sex organ ?
secretion is:
(1) Vagina (1) FSH releasing factor
(2) Penis (2) Androgen-binding protein
(3) Prostate gland (3) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(4) Mammary gland (4) Follicle stimulating hormone

24 Human Reproduction
32. Testosterone is secreted by: 41. Spermatogenesis and sperm differentiation
(1) Leydigs cells (2) Sertoli cells are under the control of:
(3) Pituitary gland (4) Testis (1) FSH
(2) TSH
33. Which of the following group of (3) Progesterone
hormones are produced in women only (4) Parathyroid Harmone
during pregnancy ?
42. Testes descend into scrotum in
(1) hCG, hPL relaxin
mammals for:
(2) Estrogen, progesterone, hCG
(1) Spermatogenesis
(3) Cortison, prolactin, thyroxine
(2) Fertilization
(4) Prolactin, progesterone, hCG (3) Development of sex organs
34. Scrotal sacs of man are connected with (4) Development of visceral organs
the abdominal cavity by: 43. Which cells are found in between
(1) Inguinal canal (2) Haversian canal spermatogonia?
(3) Vagina cavity (4) Spermatic canal (1) Germinal cells (2) Epithelial cells
(3) Sertoli cells (4) Lymphatic space
35. Partitions of testis develop from: -
(1) Tunica vasculosa 44. Formation of sperms occurs in: -
(2) Tunica albuginea (1) Rete testis
(3) Tunica vaginalis (2) Seminiferous tubules
(4) Rete testis (3) Both (1) & (2)
(4) Mediastinum testis
36. Two types of cells present in the lining
45. The fusion of male and female gametes
of seminiferous tubules are __ and ___.
is known as
(1) Leydig cells, sertoli cells. (1) Insemination (2) Fertilization
(2) Male germ cells, sertoli cells. (3) Implantation (4) Parturition
(3) Spermatogonium, spermatids.
46. Which is not correct about sertoli cells ?
(4) Primary oocyte, leydig cells.
(1) It is situated in between the
37. Increased secretion of which hormone germinal epithelial cell
start the process of sperm formation at (2) It is related with the nutrition of
the time of puberty? sperm
(1) GH (2) TSH (3) It forms blood testis barrier
(3) PRL (4) GnRH (4) It secretes testosterone

38. Sertoli cells are found in: 47. Synthesis of testosterone by Leydig cells
(1) Testis of mammal is stimulated by:
(2) Ovary of mammal (1) GH (2) TSH (3) FSH (4) ICSH
(3) Testis of Ascaris 48. The cells which secrete androgens are
(4) Pancreas of frog (1) Spermatozoa
(2) Interstitial cells
39. Which of the following controls the
(3) Sertoli cells
function of Sertoli cells ?
(4) Germ cells
(1) FSH (2) ICSH
(3) Oestrogen (4) Testosterone 49. If A stands for seminal vesicles, B stands
for bulbourethral glands, C stands for
40. Which of the following releases inhibin prostate gland, then which of the
to control spermatogenesis ? following is true?
(1) Rete testis (1) A and C occurs in pair
(2) Follicular cells (2) A and B occur in pair
(3) Leydig's cells (3) B and C occur in pair
(4) Sertoli cells (4) None of these

Human Reproduction 25
 Female Reproductive System 57. The fimbriae help in:
(1) Collection of the ovum after ovulation
50. Egg is liberated from ovary in
(2) Maintain the shape of ovary
(1) Secondary oocyte stage
(3) Provide the path to sperm during
(2) Primary oocyte stage
fertilization
(3) Oogonial stage
(4) Release of ovum from ovary.
(4) Mature ovum stage
Female External Genitalia
Figure given for question 51 to 52.
58. Identify the odd one from the following:
(1) Labia minora (2) Fimbriae
(3) Infundibulum (4) Isthmus
59. Endometrium is lining of:
(1) Testis (2) Urinary bladder
(3) Uterus (4) Ureter
60. Which of the following is not related to
vulva ?
51. In the figure, identify the structure 'F' (1) Mons-pubis (2) Clitoris
which consists of 'G' and 'H'. (3) Labia majora (4) Cervix
(1) Ovary (2) Fallopian tube
(3) Uterus (4) Cervix 61. When both ovary are removed from
human then which hormone is
52. What does 'D' represent in the figure? decreases in blood ?
(1) Pericardium (2) Perimetrium (1) Oxytocin
(3) Peritoneum (4) Epimetrium (2) Prolactin
53. What is indicated by 'B' in the figure? (3) Estrogen
(1) Villi (2) Endothelium (4) Gonadotrophic releasing factor
(3) Endometrium (4) Epithelium 62. Womb is the another name of:
54. It is a middle thick layer of smooth (1) Vagina (2) Cervix
muscle, which exhibits strong (3) Oviduct (4) Uterus
contraction during delivery of the baby – 63. Identify the structure belongs to female
(1) Endometrium (2) Myometrium external genitalia:
(3) Epimetrium (4) Perimetrium (1) Labia minora (2) Fimbriae
55. Correct sequence of different layers of (3) Infundibulum (4) Isthmus
uterine wall is (respectively from outside 64. Which part of vulva is considered
to inside) :- equivalent or homologous to the male
(1) Perimetrium → Endometrium → penis –
Myometrium (1) Clitoris (2) Hymen
(2) Myometrium → Perimetrium → (3) Labia minora (4) Mons pubis
Endometrium
(3) Endometrium → Myometrium → 65. Secondary sex organ is:
Endometrium (1) Testis (2) Ovary
(4) Perimetrium → Myometrium → (3) Beard (4) Vasa deferens
Endometrium Female Accessory Glands
Fallopian Tube 66. During puberty stage, which sex
56. The part of fallopian tube closer to hormone stimulate the enlargement of
ovary: breast –
(1) Ampulla (2) Isthmus (1) FSH & LH (2) Estrogen
(3) Infundibulum (4) Fundus (3) Testosterone (4) Androgens

26 Human Reproduction
67. In mammals the female secondary Spermatogenesis
sexual characters are developed mainly
73. For normal fertility:
by the hormone
(1) At least 60% sperm must show
(1) Relaxin (2) Estrogens
vigrous motility
(3) Progesterone (4) Gonadotropins (2) At least 40% sperm must have
Mammary Gland normal shape and size
(3) At least 30% sperm must have
68. Which gland of female undergo normal activity and function
differentiation during pregnancy ? (4) At least 40% sperm must show
(1) Thyroid (2) Mammary vigrous motility or 60% sperm must
(3) Pituitary (4) Thymus have normal shape and size
69. Several mammary ducts join to form 74. Correct order of spermatogenesis is:
(1) Mammary lobe (1) Primary Spermatocytes → Spermatogonia
(2) Alveoli → Spermatid → Sperm
(3) Mammary ampulla (2) Spermatogonia → Spermatid →
(4) Lactiferous duct
Spermatocytes → Sperm
Figure given for question 70 to 71. (3) Spermatid → Spermatogonia →
Spermatocytes → Sperm
(4) Spermatogonia → Primary Spermatocytes
→ Secondary Spermatocytes → Spermatid
→ Sperm
75. ‘Spermiogenesis’ is a process in which: -
(1) Spermatocytes give rise to
spermatozoa
(2) Spermatogonium produces a spermatid
(3) Spermatids are changed into
70. What is indicated by 'A' in the figure?
spermatozoa
(1) Nipple
(4) Dormant spermatozoa become
(2) Areola
active just before ejaculation
(3) Laticiferous duct
(4) Breast 76. During spermatogenesis how many
sperms are formed from a single primary
71. What does 'B' represent in the figure?
spermatocyte:
(1) Laticiferous duct
(1) 1 (2) 2
(2) Ampulla (3) 4 (4) 8
(3) Mammary duct
(4) Areola 77. How many secondary spermatocytes
will form 400 spermatozoa?
72. The mammary glands are paired (1) 100 (2) 400
structure (breasts) that contain (3) 40 (4) 200
glandular tissue and variable amount of 78. Identify the stage of sperm formation
fat. The glandular tissue of breast is during which the cytoplasmic volume of
divided into spermatid reduces:
(1) 10–12 mammary lobes (1) Spermiogenesis
(2) 12–16 mammary tubules (2) Spermatidogenesis
(3) 15–20 mammary alveoli (3) Spermatocytogenesis
(4) 15–20 mammary lobes (4) Spermiation

Human Reproduction 27
79. A complicated process of growth & 85. Which of the following is haploid ?
change converts the spermatid into a:- (1) Primary spermatocytes & primary
(1) Spermatogonia Oocytes
(2) Primary spermatocyte (2) Secondary spermatocytes & secondary
(3) Secondary spermatocyte Oocytes
(4) Functional sperm or spermatozoa (3) Spermatogonia and Oogonia
(4) Spermatogonia and secondary
80. Ejaculation of human male contains
oocyte
about 200 – 300 million sperms, of
which for normal fertility ____ % sperms 86. How many sperm and ova will be formed
must have normal shape and size and at from 50 secondary oocytes and 50
least ____% must show energetic secondary spermatocytes ?
motility. (1) 50 ova & 200 sperm
(1) 40, 60 (2) 50, 50 (2) 50 ova & 100 sperm
(3) 60, 40 (4) 30, 70 (3) 100 ova & 200 sperm
(4) 100 ova & 400 sperm
81. Which is unique in the process of
oogenesis as compare to process of 87. The process of spermatogenesis and
spermatogenesis – oogenesis in most vertebrates are under
(1) Polar body formation the influence of which hormone:
(2) Meiotic division (1) Oxytocin (2) FSH
(3) Equal cytoplasmic division (3) ACTH (4) LH
(4) Mitotic division
Structure of Sperm
82. Which of the following is diploid ?
88. Which piece of a sperm is called power
(1) Secondary spermatocytes, oogonia
house ?
(2) Spermatozoa & ova
(1) Head piece (2) Neck piece
(3) Spermatogonia, Oogonia, Primary
(3) Middle piece (4) Tail piece
spermatocyte
(4) Secondary oocytes, Primary
Figure given for question 89 & 90.
Spermatocyte

83. Spermatogenesis starts at the age of

puberty due to significant increase in the
secretion of
(1) Somatostatin from hypothalamus
(2) GnRH from hypothalamus
(3) GnRH from anterior pituitary gland
(4) GnRH from posterior pituitary gland

84. In spermatogenesis, reduction division

of chromosomes occurs during
89. What does 'C' represent in the figure?
conversion of
(1) Middle piece (2) Mitochondria
(1) Primary spermatocytes to secondary
(3) Neck (4) Tali
spermatocytes
(2) Spermatogonia to primary 90. What is indicated by 'D' in the figure?
spermatocytes (1) Plasma membrane
(3) Spermatids to sperms (2) Nuclear membrane
(4) Secondary spermatocytes to (3) Acrosome
spermatids (4) Hyaluronidase

28 Human Reproduction
91. Acrosome formation in spermatogenesis 99. Eggs librated from ovary in human is:
occurs in which stage? (1) Secondary oocyte stage
(1) Spermiogenesis (2) Primary oocyte stage
(2) First meiotic division (3) Oogonial stage
(3) Growth phase (4) Mature ovum stage
(4) Spermiogenesis 100. Number of eggs released in the life time
92. The head of a mature sperm is mainly of a woman is approximately :
composed of: (1) 4,00,000 (2) 450
(1) Elongated nucleus and acrosomal (3) 4000 (4) 1,60,000
material 101. At what stage of life is oogenesis
(2) Mitochondria, cytoplasm & nucleus initiated in a human female ?
(3) Two centriole & the axial filament (1) At puberty
(4) All of the above (2) During menarch
93. The acrosome plays a role in: (3) During menopause
(4) During embryonic development
(1) Fusion of nuclei of gametes
(2) Motility of sperm 102. How many ova are formed in oogenesis -
(3) Penetration of sperm in to ovum (1) Only one (2) Two
(4) All of the above (3) Three (4) Four

94. Part of sperm involved in penetrating Ovaries

egg membrane is: 103. The ovaries are located one on each side
(1) Tail (2) Acrosome of the lower abdomen and is connected
(3) Middle Piece (4) Centriole to the pelvic wall and uterus by
Oogenesis (1) Ligaments
(2) Tendons
95. Cytoplasm of ovum does not contain:
(3) Loose connective tissue
(1) Ribosomes (2) Mitochondria (4) Dense irregular connective tissue
(3) Goldi bodies (4) Centrosomes
104. Abdominal ostium is the aperture
96. The minute cells which separate from present in: -
the developing ova during their (1) Oviduct
maturation are called (2) Fimbriated fallopian funnel
(1) Primary Oogonia (3) Ovary
(2) Secondary Oogonia (4) Cloaca
(3) Polar bodies
105. The mitotic division start as the zygote
(4) Primary spermatogonia
moves through the ______ of the oviduct
97. Polar body is produced during the called cleavage towards the uterus.
formation of: (1) Isthmus (2) Ampulla
(1) Sperm (2) Secondary oocyte (3) Fimbriae (4) Infundibulum
(3) Oogonium (4) Spermatocytes
106. Expanded proximal part of oviduct in
98. A human female has the maximum female is:
number of primary oocytes in her (1) Uterus (2) Ampulla
ovaries: (3) Isthmus (4) Infundibulum
(1) At menopause 107. Which temporary endocrine gland forms
(2) At Puberty in ovary after ovulation ?
(3) At Birth (1) Corpus callosum (2) Corpus albicans
(4) Early in her fertile years (3) Corpus luteum (4) Corpus striata

Human Reproduction 29
108. Corpus luteum secretes: 116. What does 'B' represent in the figure?
(1) LH (2) Oxytocin (1) Ovum (2) Oogonium
(3) Progesterone (4) FSH (3) Mature follicle (4) Zona pellucida
109. Corpus luteum is: Menstrual Cycle
(1) Excretory (2) Endocrine
117. When do both LH & LSH attain a peak
(3) Digestive (4) Reproductive
level in a menstrual cycle.
110. A glycoprotein non-cellular membrane (1) In last week of the cycle
which normally surrounds the ovum of a (2) In mid of the cycle
mammal: (3) During Initial days of cycle
(1) Corona radiata (4) On 4th day of cycle
(2) Jelly envelope
118. The wall of the uterus has three layers
(3) Zona pellucida
of tissue. The layer which undergoes
(4) Granulosa membrane
cyclical change during menstrual cycle
111. Fertilization occurs in :– is:
(1) Oocyte (2) Uterus (1) Perimentrium (2) Myometrium
(3) Ovary (4) Oviduct (3) Endometrium (4) Both (2) & (3)

112. The ovarian stroma is divided into zones 119. First menstruation begins at puberty
(1) Peripheral medulla and inner cortex and is called:
(2) Peripheral epithelia and inner (1) Menses (2) Menopause
endothelia (3) Menarche (4) Implantation
(3) Peripheral cortex and inner medulla 120. In Human, duration of menstrual cycle is:
(4) Peripheral endothelia and inner
(1) 21 days (2) 28 days
epithelia
(3) 38 days (4) 40 days
113. The primary and secondary follicle are 121. Stages in menstrual cycle are:
surrounded by cells known as (1) Recovery and proliferative phase
(1) Granulosa (2) Mucosa (2) Proliferative and secretory phase
(3) Serosa (4) Granuloma (3) Proliferative, secretory and
114. The tertiary follicle in ovary is menstrual phase
characterized by the presence of (4) Recovery phase, secretory phase and
(1) Fundus (2) Antrum phase of menstrual flow
(3) Vacuole (4) Cavity 122. Cessation of menstrual cycle is called:
Figure given for question 115 to 116. (1) Ovulation (2) Menopause
(3) Menarche (4) Menses
123. Phase of menstrual cycle in human that
lasts for 7-8 days is:
(1) Follicular phase (2) Ovulatory phase
(3) Luteal phase (4) Menstruation
124. Progesterone level falls leading to:
(1) Gestation (2) Menopause
115. What does 'A' represent in the figure? (3) Lactation (4) Mensturation
(1) Antrum 125. If menstual cycle is 30 days & bleeding
(2) Corpus luteum start on Ist day then ovulation occur on:
(3) Corpora cavernosa (1) 14th day (2) 18th day
(4) Ovum (3) 30th day (4) 16th day

30 Human Reproduction
126. Which of the following hormone initiates 135. Which of the facts is true about
a metabolic rise that results into the menstruation?
rupture of graafian follicle? (1) It occurs only when the released
(1) Prolactin (2) HCG ovum is not fertilized.
(3) FSH (4) LH (2) It occurs due to the breakdown of
127. Level of estrogen and progesterone are endometrial lining.
minimum at the time of: (3) Menstrual flow lasts for 3 to 5 days.
(1) Follicular phase (2) Ovulation (4) All the above
(3) Secretory phase (4) Menses
136. In 28-day human ovarian cycle,
128. In which phase of menstrual cycle Graafian ovulation occurs on
follicle is transformed into corpus luteum?
(1) Day (2) Day 5
(1) Proliferative phase
(3) Day 14 (4) Day 28
(2) Luteal phase
(3) Growth phase 137. Events of menstrual cycle are the cyclic
(4) Follicular phase changes in the –
129. Ovulation is: (1) Myometrium (2) Perimetrium
(1) Releasing of secondary oocyte from ovary (3) Endometrium (4) Epimetrium
(2) Releasing of primary oocyte from ovary 138. In menstrual cycle on which day
(3) Releasing of polar body
progestrone level rises –
(4) Releasing of graffian follicle
(1) 1st to 5th day (2) 6th to 14th day
130. In which phase of menstrual cycle Graffian (3) 13th to 14th day (4) 15th to 28th day
follicle transform as the corpus luteum.
(1) Luteal (2) Proliferation 139. Period of the cycle is know as the
(3) Follicular (4) Growth proliferative phase is:-
(1) 1st to 5th day (2) 6th to 13th day
131. Which hormones is essential for
(3) 15th to 28th day (4) 14thto 15th day
maintenance of the endometrium?
(1) FSH (2) LH 140. In what stage of menstrual cycle does
(3) Progesterone (4) Testosterone the corpus luteum form:-
132. Which of the following is an indicator of (1) Proliferative phase
normal reproductive phase and extends (2) Follicular phase
between menarche and menopause? (3) Menses
(1) Menstruation cycle (4) Luteal phase
(2) Estrous cycle
141. How many polar bodies are produced
(3) Ovulation
during the entire process of oogenesis in
(4) Implantation
virgin human female?
133. Lack of menstruation may be indicative of (1) Three (2) Two
(1) Pregnancy
(3) Four (4) One
(2) Routine work stress
(3) Poor health 142. Which of the following is an indicator of
(4) All of these normal reproductive phase and extends
134. In females, gonadotropins attain a peak between menarche and menopause.
level at about ____ day of the menstrual (1) Menstruation cycle
cycle. (2) Estrous cycle
(1) 15th (2) 14th (3) Ovulation
(3) 28th (4) 29th (4) Implantation

Human Reproduction 31
 Fertilization 151. Implantation leads to
(1) Formation of trophoblast in blastocyst
143. Site of fertilization in mammal is:
(2) Formation of inner cell mass in blastocyst
(1) Ovary (2) Uterus
(3) Pregnancy
(3) Vagina (4) Fallopian tube (4) All the above
144. Acrosome reaction in sperm is triggeres: 152. If fertilization does not occur corpus
(1) Capacitation luteum ____.
(2) Release of zona lysin (1) Proliferates (2) Degenerates
(3) Influx of Na+ (3) Regenerates (4) Divides
(4) Release of fertilizin.
Figure given for question 153 to 154.
145. Which of the following enzyme helps
sperm to penetrate zona pellucida ?
(1) Hyaluronidase
(2) Neuraminidase
(3) Acrosin/zonalysin
(4) Corona penetrating enzyme

146. Intermixing of cytoplasm of sperm and

egg is known as: – 153. What is indicated by 'B' in the figure?
(1) Syngamy (2) Karyogamy (1) Ovum
(3) Amphimixis (4) Plasmogamy (2) Cells of corona radiata
(3) Perivitelline space
147. The fertilized egg in human female is
(4) Zona pellucida
implanted in the uterus after:
(1) One month of fertilization 154. What does 'A' represent in the figure?
(2) Two months of fertilization (1) Cells of corona radiata
(3) Three weeks of fertilization (2) Sperm
(4) About seven days of fertilization (3) Perivitelline space
(4) Zona pellucida
148. Fertilization takes place at:
(1) Cervix Cleavage
(2) Ampullary region of fallopian tube 155. What does '?' represent in this figure?
(3) Infundibulum region of fallopian tube
(4) Uterus

149. During fertilization, a sperm comes in

contact with which layer of the ovum.
(1) Jelly coat
(2) Zona pellucida
(3) Vitelline membrane
(4) Perivitelline space

150. The transfer of sperms into the female

genital tract is called
(1) Insemination (1) Blastocyst
(2) Gametogenesis (2) Blastocyst implantation
(3) Fertilization (3) Morula
(4) Gestation (4) Cells

32 Human Reproduction
156. After formation of zygote, it cleaves into 166. Stage of embryonic development in
2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called which differentiation of cell occurs:
(1) Blastocyst (2) Morula (1) Blastula (2) Morula
(3) Trophoblast (4) Blastomere (3) Gastrula (4) Neurula

Gastrulation 167. During pregnancy, the urine of female

would contain:
157. Development of foetus takes place in:
(1) LH (2) Progesterone
(1) Vagina (2) Uterus (3) FSH (4) hCG
(3) Ovary (4) Oviduct
168. Which germ layer develops first during
158. Stem cells are found in: - embryonic development ?
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm (1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
(3) Inner cell mass (4) Mesoderm (3) Endoderm (4) Both (2) and (3)
159. Pregnancy hormone is: 169. In human embryo the extra embryonic
(1) Estrogen (2) Progesterone membrane are formed by:
(3) Oxytocin (4) FSH (1) Inner cell mass (2) Trophoblast
(3) Formative cells (4) Follicles cells
160. Stage of embryo development at which
implantation occurs in human female is: 170. If pergnancy does not occur, the corpus
(1) Morula (2) Zygote luteum will disintegrate & turn into:-
(3) Blastocyst (4) Gastrula (1) Corpus callosum
(2) Corpus albicans
161. Which hormone is secreted in women
(3) Corpus cavernosa
only during the pregnancy?
(4) Corpus Epididymis
(1) Progesterone (2) hPL
(3) Estrogen (4) Thyroxin 171. Villi of human placenta develop from:
(1) Chorion (2) Allantois
162. Three germ layers are formed during (3) Yolk sac (4) Amnion
which stage of Embryonic development:
(1) Morula (2) Blastrula 172. Correct sequence in development is:
(3) Gastrula (4) In any two stages (1) Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage
→ Morula → Blastula → Gastrula
163. The first movements of the foetus and (2) Fertilization → Zygote → Blastula
apperance of hair on the head are → Morula → Cleavage → Gastrula
usually observed during the: (3) Fertilization → Cleavage → Morula
(1) 3rd month (2) 4th month → Zygote → Blastula → Gastrula
(3) 5th month (4) 8th month (4) Cleavage → Zygote → Fertilization
164. Which of the following hormones level is → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula
increased during pregnancy in the Placenta
maternal blood ?
173. Function of placenta is:
(a) FSH (b) Progesterone
(1) Supply of O2 to embryo
(c) Thyroxin (d) Cortisol
(2) Removal of CO2 produced by the embryo
(e) LH (f) Estrogen
(3) Produces several hormones
(1) a, b, e, f (2) a, b, c, d, e
(4) All of above
(3) c, d, a (4) b, d, c, f
174. Placenta contains:
165. Cells formed as a result of cleavage are (1) Only chorionic villi
called as :– (2) Only uterine tissue
(1) Megameres (2) Micromeres (3) Chorionic villi + uterine tissue
(3) Blastocyst (4) Blastomeres (4) Trophoblast + chorionic villi

Human Reproduction 33
175. Placenta also acts as a/an tissue. 185. After implantation the finger-like
(1) Endocrine (2) Exocrine projections on the trophoblast are
(3) Paracrine (4) Mepacrine surrounded by
176. Which of the following hormone is (1) Uterine tissue (2) Maternal blood
released by placenta? (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Either (1) and (2)
(1) FSH (2) hCG
186. The second trimester of human
(3) Relaxin (4) LH
pregnancy is characterized by
Parturition (1) Appearance of heart and aorta
(2) Appearance of external genital organs
177. Which hormone acts on uterine
myometrium during parturition? (3) Appearance of fine hair, eye-lashes
(1) LH (2) Estrogen on the eye-lids
(3) Relaxin (4) Oxytocin (4) Appearance of limbs and digits

178. The expulsion of completely developed Parturition

foetus from the uterus is known as:
187. Birth canal is formed by
(1) Ovulation (2) Oviposition
(1) Cervical canal + Uterus
(3) Gestation (4) Parturition
(2) Cervical canal + Vagina
179. Which of these in not an important (3) Cervical canal + Isthmus
component of initiation of parturition in
(4) Cervical canal + Fallopian tube
humans ?
(1) Synthesis of prostaglandins 188. Parturition is induced by:
(2) Release of oxytocin (1) A complex neuroendocrine mechanism
(3) Release of prolactin (2) A simple neuroendo crine mechanism
(4) Increase in estrogen and (3) A neuro exocrine mechanism
progesterone ratio (4) A physio-chemical mechanism
180. The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is
189. Which hormon acts on the uterus during
called:
parturition ?
(1) Morula (2) Blastula
(3) Gastrula (4) Foetus (1) Oxytocin (2) LH
(3) Estrogen (4) Relaxin
181. The average duration of human
pregnancy is about nine months which is 190. During parturition, the mild uterine
called: contractions which lead to expulsion of
(1) Gestation period (2) Parturition the foetus is known as
(3) Lactation (4) Implantation (1) Foetal ejection release
182. The outer layer of blastocyst is known as (2) Foetal ejection reflex
(1) Zona pellucida (2) Trophoblast (3) Foetal uterine reflex
(3) Blastomere (4) Corona radiata (4) Foetal placental reflex
183. Stem cells which have the potential to 191. Which hormone is responsible for severe
produce all types of cells, tissues and uterine contractions during parturition?
organs are present in (1) Oestrogen (2) Oxytocin
(1) Ectoderm (2) Inner cell mass (3) Progesterone (4) Relaxin
(3) Trophoblast (4) Endoderm
Lactation
184. After implantation the finger-like
projection which appears on the 192. The milk produced during the initial days
trophoblast are known as of lactation is called
(1) Intestinal villi (2) Ampullary villi (1) Menstrum (2) Colostrum
(3) Chorionic villi (4) Amniotic villi
(3) Gynostrum (4) None of these

34 Human Reproduction
 Exercise - II
1. Read the following statement carefully 6. Given below is a diagrammatic sketch of
and choose the incorrect statements: a portion of human male reproductive
(1) The secretions of prostate glands
system. Select the correct set of names
also helps in the lubrication of the
penis. of the parts labelled A, B, C, D.
(2) The stroma of ovary divided into two
zones – a peripheral cortex and an
inner medulla.
(3) In between seminiferous tubules
leydig cells and some immunologically
competent cells are present.
(4) By the end of the second month of
pregnancy, the foetus develops
limbs and digits.

2. The __________ lead to vas deferens that

ascends to the ______ and loops over
the __________. (1) A: Vas deferens, B: Seminal vesicle, C:
(1) prostate, stomach, urinary bladder. Prostate, D: Bulbourethral gland
(2) epididymis, abdomen, urinary
(2) A: Vas deferens, B: Seminal vesicle,
bladder.
C: Bulbourethral gland, D: Prostate
(3) vas efferentia, abdomen, ureter.
(4) urinary bladder, ejaculatory duct, (3) A: Ureter, B: Seminal vesicle, C:
abdomen. Prostate, D: Bulbourethral gland

3. Seminiferous tubules is known for (4) A: Ureter, B: Prostate, C: Seminal

(1) Spermatogenesis vesicle, D: Bulbourethral gland
(2) Fertilization
(3) Ovulation 7. Which of the following is true regarding
(4) Insemination
the male reproductive system?
4. "Spermiogenesis" is a process in which: (1) Sperms are diploid.
(1) Spermatids change into spermatozoa
(2) It includes testes, accessory ducts
(2) Spermatogonia produce a spermatid
(3) Spermatocytes give rise to spermatozoa and glands, and oviducts.

(4) Dormant spermatozoa become active (3) The scrotum keeps the testes
just before ejaculation. warmer, thus helping it to promote
5. The ploidy of spermatogonia, primary the sperm formation.
spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte
(4) Sertoli cells are found in
and spermatid is
seminiferous tubules and provide
(1) 2n, 2n, 2n, n (2) n, 2n, 2n, n
(3) n, 2n, n, n (4) 2n, 2n, n, n nutrition to germ cells

Human Reproduction 35
8. Given below is the diagrammatic 10. The figure given below shows the
structure of sperm. Identify the correct
sectional view of seminiferous tubule
feature corresponding to the marked
with their parts marked as A, B, C, and structure A, B, C and D.

D. Select the option which shows the

correct identification of the structure

with its characteristics.

(1) A – Head: Its anterior portion is

covered by a structure filled with
enzymes that help in the fusion of
male and female gametes.
(1) A: Spermatozoa, secretes testicular (2) B – Middle piece: It contains a
haploid nucleus.
hormones that control spermatogenesis.
(3) C – Neck: It possesses few ribosomes
(2) B: Spermatogonium, it is also called which produces energy for the
process of fertilization.
male germ cells which undergo
(4) D – Tail: It releases energy source for
meiotic division to from spermatozoa. swimming of sperm.
(3) C: Interstitial cells, present in the 11. The hymen can be torn by
a. First coitus (intercourse)
interstitial spaces and store and
b. Sudden fall or jolt
transport the sperms from the testis c. Insertion of vaginal tampon
d. Active participation in cycling and
to the outside through the urethra.
horseback riding
(4) D: Sertoli cells, it maintains low (1) a, b and c (2) b, c and d
(3) a, b and d (4) a, b, c and d
temperature of the testis
12. After the transformation of spermatids
9. The cellular layer that disintegrate and into sperm, their heads become embedded
in a cell called “X” and are finally released
regenerate again and again in human is:- from the “Y” by the process called “Z”.
(1) Endothelium of blood vessels Identify X, Y and Z.
X Y z
(2) Germinal epithelium of ovary (1) Spermatogonium Epididymis Insemination
(2) Leydig Vas deferens Parturition
(3) Tunica propria of seminiferous
Seminiferous
(3) Sertoli Spermiation
tubules tubule
Seminiferous
(4) Spermatocyte Spermiogenesis
(4) Endometrium of uterus tubule

36 Human Reproduction
13. Given below is a statement with some 15. Which is correct for colostrum ?
blanks. Fill up the blanks correctly - (1) It contains severel antibodies
The male reproductive system consists of (2) It produced during the last days of
two testes. Each testis contains thin folded lactation
tubes called the __A__ which meiosis takes (3) It is a pheromone
place to produce the male gametes, the
(4) It is white in colour
sperms. These sperms move to the ___B__.
(a highly coiled tube formed from the merging 16. If the epididymis is being removed, then
of the seminiferous tubules), and then to what will happen ?
the ___C___ or sperm duct. The two vasa (1) Short life span of sperm
deferentia merge to form the urethra, (2) Early cross the pathway
which travels to the outside of the body through
(3) Sperm will be incapable for fertilization
the penis The cells located between the
(4) Functional maturation is early
seminiferous tubules are called __D__. cells
and they are responsible for the formation 17. Bartholin’s glands occur in: –
of the male hormone, ___E___. (1) Females and produce oestrogen for
(1) A - Seminiferous tubules; regulating secondary sexual characters
B - epididymis; C - vas deferens;
(2) Males and form liquid part of semen
D - interstitial cells; E - testosterone
(3) Females and help in vestibular lubrication
(2) A - Seminiferous tubules;
B - epididymis; C - ejaculatory duct; (4) Males and produce alkaline fluid for
D - interstitial cells; E - testosterone neutralising urethral acidity.
(3) A - Seminiferous tubules; 18. Abnormal conditioning when the mammary
B - epididymis; C - vas deferens;
glands of man become female like is
D - interstitial cells;
called:
E - progesterone
(4) A - Uriniferous tubules; (1) Feminization
B - epididymis; C - vas deferens; (2) Gonochorism
D - interstitial cells; E – testosterone (3) Gynacomastism
(4) Gynoecism
14. Identify the structure marked as “X” and
its function in the given figure of male 19. Correctly matched pairs are:
reproductive system. 1. Clitoris - Erectile body in female
homologous to penis of male
2. Sexual intercourse - coitus
3. Colostrum - Secretion found in
seminal fluid
4. Areola - Pigmented circular area
around the nipple.
Answer codes:
(1) 1 and 2 are correct
(2) 2 and 4 are correct
(1) Rete testis: It helps seminiferous (3) 1 and 3 are correct
tubule to open into vas efferentia. (4) 1, 2 and 4 are correct
(2) Bulbourethral gland: It secretes
alkaline mucus for lubricating the 20. First meiotic division during Oogenesis
reproductive tract. occurs in:
(3) Vas efferentia: They have contractile (1) Oogonia
mechanism that aids in the emission (2) Second polar body
of seminal fluid. (3) Primary oocytes
(4) Seminal vesicle: It synthesizes and (4) Secondary oocytes
secrete testicular hormone

Human Reproduction 37
21. Oocyte is liberated from ovary under the 25. Read the following statements (i to v)
influence of LH, after completing: and answer the following question.
(1) Meiosis I and after liberating second (i) This structure is also called womb.
(ii) Its shape is like an inverted pear.
polar bodies
(iii) The process of fertilization takes
(2) Meiosis I and before liberating
place in this structure.
second polar bodies (iv) The wall of this structure has three
(3) Meiosis II and liberating second polar layers of tissue.
bodies (v) It secretes several steroid hormones.
(4) Meiosis II after release of first polar Identify the correct characteristics
feature regarding uterus from the above
body
statements.
22. Which of the following statements is (1) (i) and (iv)
wrong? (2) (iii) and (v)
(3) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(1) Mammary lobes contain clusters
(4) All the five statements
called as alveoli.
(2) The last part of the oviduct is called 26. Which of the following statements
regarding mammary gland is incorrect?
as ampulla.
(1) They are paired glandular structure
(3) Stroma of ovary is divided into two
that lies over the pectoral muscles.
zone (2) Each gland has 100 – 500 lobulated
(4) Uterus is also called as womb. milk glands each having a number of
lobules containing number of alveoli.
23. The only statement correct about (3) The cells of alveoli secrete milk
hymen is which is stored in the cavity of the
(1) It is an opening of cervix. alveoli.
(2) It is a reliable indicator of virginity. (4) Each milk gland or lobules has
(3) It is always torn after first coitus. lactiferous ducts that drain into
openings in the nipple
(4) It can be broken by a sudden fall or
jolt, insertion of vaginal tampon, 27. Select the correct statements regarding
cycling, etc. oogenesis.
(i) It is initiated during the embryonic
24. Which fact about the mammary glands development stage when millions of
in humans is false? oogonia are formed within each
ovary.
(1) A non-functional mammary gland is
(ii) Graafian follicle releases primary
the characteristic of all male
oocyte from the ovary by ovulation.
mammals. (iii) At puberty only 60,000 – 80,000
(2) Mammary glands are paired primary follicles are left in each
structures. ovary.
(3) It is a glandular tissue containing (iv) Secondary oocyte within tertiary
fixed amount of fat. follicles grows in size and completes
its second meiotic division.
(4) Glandular tissue of each breast is
(1) (i), (ii) and (iii)
divided into 15 to 20 mammary lobes (2) (i) and (iii)
containing clusters of cells called (3) (ii) and (iv)
alveoli. (4) All the four statements

38 Human Reproduction
28. Which of the following statement 30. Refer the figure of mammary gland with
regarding female reproductive system is
few structures marked as A, B, C and D.
(are) correct?
(i) Myometrium undergoes strong Which structure contains clusters of
contraction at the time of delivery of milk secreting cells?
baby.
(ii) Ovary is secondary female sex organ
which produces female gamete and
steroid hormones.
(iii) Ovarian stroma is divided into two
zones: inner cortex and outer medulla.
(iv) Infundibulum possess finger like
projections which help in collection
of ovum after the release of
secondary oocyte.
(v) A functional mammary gland is the
characteristics of all the mammals
(including male and female). (1) A (2) B
(1) (i) and (iv) (3) C (4) D
(2) (i), (ii), (iii) and (v)
(3) (iii), (iv) and (v)
31. Study the statement given below and answer
(4) All the five statements
the question. “Vigorous contraction of
29. The given figure shows the diagrammatic
sectional view of female reproductive the ‘X’ at the end of the ‘Y’ causes
system with few structures marked as expulsion of the foetus.” Identify X and Y.
A, B, C, D, E and F.
(1) X -Vagina ; Y - Fertilization
(2) X - Uterus ; Y - Pregnancy
(3) X - Placenta ; Y - Implantation
(4) X - Embryo ; Y – Ovulation

32. “A” cells start division and enter in “B”

stage of meiotic division and get
Which of the following options shows temporarily “C” at this stage, called “D”.
the correct labeling of A–F?
Identify A, B, C and D.
(1) A→ Myometrium, B→ Isthmus,
C→ Endometrium, D→ Perimetrium, (1) A: Oogonia; B: Metaphase I;
E→ Ampulla, F→ Infundibulum C: Arrested; D: Primary oocyte.
(2) A→ Infundibulum, B→ Perimetrium,
(2) A: Oogonia; B: Anaphase I;
C→ Endometrium, D→ Myometrium,
E→ Ampulla, F→ Isthmus C: Released; D: Secondary oocyte.
(3) A→ Endometrium, B→ Myometrium,
(3) A: Oogonia; B: Prophase I;
C→ Perimetrium, D→ Isthmus,
E→ Ampulla, F→ Infundibulum C: Arrested; D: Primary oocyte.
(4) A→ Perimetrium, B→ Endometrium, (4) A: Oogonia; B: Telophase I;
C→ Isthmus, D→ Infundibulum,
C: Released; D: Secondary oocyte.
E→ Ampulla, F→ Myometrium

Human Reproduction 39
33. Fill up the blanks - (1) A-mons pubis, B - labia majora,
A functional mammary gland is characteristic C - labia minora, D - hymen,
of all female __A__. The mammary glands E - clitoris
are paired structures (breasts) that contain (2) A - mons pubis, B - labia minora,
glandular tissue and variable amount of fat. C - labia majora, D - hymen,
The glandular tissue of each breast is divided E - clitoris
into 15-20 mammary lobes containing (3) A- mons pubis, B - labia majora,
clusters of cells called __B__. The cells C - labia minora, D - clitoris,
of ___C___ secrete milk, which is stored E - hymen
in the cavities (lumens) of alveoli. The (4) A- mons pubis, B - labia minora,
alveoli open into mammary tubules. The C - labia majora, D - clitoris,
tubules of each lobe join to form a __D__
E – hymen
duct. Several __E__ ducts join to form a
wider mammary ampulla which is 35. The given figure shows the diagrammatic
connected to ___F___ duct through sectional view of female reproductive
which milk is sucked out. system with few structures marked as
(1) A - vertebrates, B - alveoli, A, B, C, and D. Select the option which
C - alveoli, D - mammary, shows the correct identification of the
E - mammary, F - lactiferous. structure with its characteristics.
(2) A - mammals, B - lactogen,
C - alveoli, D - mammary,
E - mammary, F - lactiferous.
(3) A - mammals, B - alveoli, C - alveoli,
D - mammary, E - mammary,
F - lactiferous.
(4) A - mammals, B - alveoli, C - alveoli,
D - mammary, E - lactiferous,
F - mammary. (1) A: Infundibulum, funnel shaped structure
surrounded by finger like projection.
34. Fill up the blanks - (2) B: Ampulla, wider part of oviduct
The female external genitalia include where fertilization occurs.
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, (3) C: Isthmus, it has a narrow lumen
hymen and clitoris. ___A___ is a cushion and joins with uterus.
of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic
(4) D: Fimbriae, it collects ovum before
hair. The _B__ are fleshy folds of tissue,
ovulation.
which extend down from the mons
pubis and surround the vaginal opening. 36. Which statement is not correct ?
The __C_ are paired folds of tissue under (1) In the absence of fertilization, the
the labia majora. The opening of the corpus luteum degenerates
vagina is often covered partially by a (2) During pregnancy all events of
membrane called __D__. The __E___ is a menstrual cycle stop
tiny finger-like structure which lies at (3) The secretion of LH & FSH decreases
the upper junction of the two labia gradually during the follicular phase
minora above the urethral opening. The (4) The menstrual flow results due to
__D__ is often torn during the first coitus breakdown of endometrial lining
(intercourse). However, it can also be
broken by a sudden fall or jolt, insertion 37. Primary sex organ differ from the secondary
of a vaginal tampon, active participation sex organs in all the following except:
in some sports like horseback riding, (1) They produce gametes
cycling, etc. In some women the __D__ (2) They secrete sex hormones
persists even after coitus. In fact, the (3) They are concerned with the conduction
presence or absence of __D__ is not a of gametes
reliable indicator of virginity or sexual (4) Testes in male and ovaries in female are
experience. the examples of primary sex organs

40 Human Reproduction
38. The organ which produces gametes are 42. Which one holds corona radiata cells
called ..A.. and which neither produces together ?
gametes nor hormones are called ..B.. . (1) Lipoprotein
Here A and B represent. (2) Liposaccharide
(1) A – primary sex organs;
(3) Oligosaccharide
B – Secondary Sex organs
(4) Mucopolysaccharide
(2) A – Secondary sex organs;
B – Primary Sex organs 43. Which is the correct sequence of layers
(3) A – Tertiary sex organs; in the mammalian egg from outside to
B – Secondary Sex organs inside?
(4) A – Secondary sex organs;
(1) Zona pellucida, corona radiata,
B – Tertiary Sex organs
plasma membrane
39. In gametogenesis, reduction division (2) Corona radiata, zona pellucida,
take place during: plasma membrane
(1) Multiplication phase (3) Plasma membrane, zona pellucida,
(2) Growth phase
corona radiata
(3) First maturation division
(4) Corona radiata, Plasma membrane,
(4) Second maturation
Zona pellucida,
40. Which one of the following is incorrect ?
(1) Fertilization follows capacitation 44. The figure given below shows the
(2) Cleavage of fertilized ovum results in sectional view of ovary. Select the
blastula option which gives correct identification
(3) Fusion of sperm and ovum occurs in of marked structure (A to D) and its
fallopian tube feature
(4) Cleavage leads to increase in the
mass of protoplasm
41. The figure given below shows a
flowchart on spermatogenesis. Identify
the correct label marked as A, B, C and D

(1) A: Primary follicle, it is also called

gamete mother cell.
(2) B: Corpus luteum, it cannot be
formed and added after birth.
(3) C: Graafian follicle, mature follicle
which ruptures to release secondary
oocyte.
(4) D: Tertiary follicle, a large number of
this follicle degenerates during the
(1) A: Ist meiotic division; B: 2nd meiotic
division; C: Differentiation; D: 23. phase from birth to puberty.
(2) A: 2nd meiotic division; 45. Which hormone level reaches peak
B: Differentiation; C: Ist meiotic
during the luteal phase of menstrual
division; D: 46.
cycle?
(3) A: Differentiation; B: 2nd meiotic
division; C: Ist meiotic division; D: 46. (1) Luteinising hormone
(4) A: Mitosis differentiation; B: Ist (2) Progesterone
meiotic division; C: 2nd meiotic (3) FSH
division; D: 23. (4) Estrogen

Human Reproduction 41
46. Some important events in the human 50. The ____ lead to vas deferens that ascends
female reproductive cycle are given to the ____ and loops over the ______.
below. Arrange the events in a proper (1) Prostate, stomach, urinary bladder.
sequence: (2) Epididymis, abdomen, urinary bladder.
A - Secretion of FSH, (3) Vas efferentia, abdomen, ureter.
B - Growth of corpus luteum, (4) Urinary bladder, ejaculatory duct,
C - Growth of the follicle and oogenesis, abdomen
D - Ovulation, 51. A sac shaped like an upside down pear
E - Sudden increase in the levels of LH with a thick lining and muscles in the
(1) ADCEB (2) BACDE pelvic area where a fertilized egg or
(3) ACEDB (4) CADBE zygote comes to grow into a baby is
47. Which one of the following statements called _______.
is incorrect about menstrual cycle ? (1) Oviduct (2) Uterus
(3) Vagina (4) Vulva
(1) The first menstruation begins at the
puberty and is called menarche. 52. The sperm and the egg make different
(2) Lack of menstruation may also occur contributions to zygote. Which of the
due to some factors like stress, poor following statements about their
health. contributions are true?
(3) Corpus luteum secretes large (i) Sperm contributes most of the
amounts of progesterone which is mitochondria.
essential for maintenance of (ii) Egg contributes most of the cytoplasm.
endometrium (iii) Both sperm and egg contribute
(4) In absence of fertilisation, corpus haploid nucleus.
luteum degenerates in luteal phase (iv) Both sperm and egg contribute
and new folicles starts developing centrioles.
immediately due to progesterone. (1) (i) and (ii) (2) (ii) and (iii)
(3) (iiii) and (iv) (4) All of these
48. Ovulation in the human female normally
takes place during the menstrual cycle: 53. Read the following statements (i to v)
(1) At the end of the proliferative phase and answer the following question.
(2) At the mid secretory phase (i) Each testes has highly coiled 250
compartments called seminiferous
(3) Just before the end of the
tubules.
seecretory phase
(ii) Erection of the penis due to presence
(4) At the beginning off the proliferative
of special tissues facilitates insemination.
phase
(iii) Immunologically competent cells are
49. The cause of sudden increase of the LH also present in the interstitial spaces
hormone in the middle of the cycle of seminiferous tubules.
(about 14th day) is: (iv) Testes lie outside the abdominal
(1) Negative feedfack of progesterone cavity in a thin pouch like skin called
on the hypothalamus scrotum.
(2) Negative feedback of estrogen on (v) Bulbourethral gland is a single
the anterior lobe of pituitary accessory gland.
(3) Positive feedback of FSH on the How many of the above statements are
overy incorrect?
(4) Positive feedback of estrogen on the (1) (i), (ii) and (iii) (2) (iii) and (v)
anterior lobe of pituitary (3) (i) and (v) (4) (ii), (iv) and (v)

42 Human Reproduction
54. Fertilization is: 59. What happens during fertilization in
(1) Union of diploid spermatozoa with humans after many sperms reach close
diploid ovum to form diploid zygote
to the ovum?
(2) Union of haploid sperm with haploid
(1) Cells of corona radiata trap all the
ovum to form haploid zygote
(3) Union of haploid sperm with haploid sperms except one
ovum to form diploid zygote (2) Only the closest sperm to the ovum
(4) Union of diploid sperm with haploid penetrates the zona pellucida.
ovum to form triploid zygote
(3) Secretions of acrosome helps one sperm
55. Why do all copulations not lead to fertilisation enter cytoplasm of ovum through zona
and pregnancy ? The root cause is .......
pellucida and plasma membrane.
(1) Due to numerous sperms and one ovum
(4) All sperms except the one nearest to
(2) Due to less progesterone
(3) Ovum and sperms are not the ovum lose their tails.
transported simultaneously to the
60. Study the following statements and
ampullary region.
(4) Due to non-formation of corpus luteum answer the question.
In a process called ‘A’, ‘B’ division starts
56. A sac shaped like an upside down pear
with a thick lining and muscles in the pelvic as the zygote moves through the ‘C’ of
area where a fertilized egg or zygote comes the ‘D’ towards the ‘E’.
to grow into a baby is called _______. Identify A, B, C, D and E.
(1) Oviduct
(1) A → Blastulation, B → Meiotic,
(2) Uterus
(3) Vagina C → Ampulla, D → Fallopian tube,
(4) Vulva E → Uterus
(2) A → Parturition, B → Meiotic,
57. Once a sperm fuses with an ovum, the
remaining sperms cannot fertilize ovum. C → Infundibulum, D → Uterus,
What changes are responsible for such E → Vagina
phenomenon? (3) A → Implantation, B → Mitotic,
(1) Selective permeation through ovum.
C → Fimbriae, D → Ovary, E → Cervix
(2) Specific spatial arrangement of
corona radiata cells. (4) A → Cleavage, B → Mitotic,
(3) Change in the membrane zona C → Isthmus, D → Oviduct, E → Uterus
pellucida.
(4) Ovum releases toxic substances 61. If testes of a male are not transferred
thereby killing other sperms. from abdominal cavity to scrotal sac
then:
58. After entry of sperm into cytoplasm of
ovum which of the following event takes (1) Person dies
place? (2) Absence of male characters
(1) Mitotic division of secondary oocyte (3) Development of male reproductive
(2) Meiotic division of primary oocyte
system will not occur
(3) Mitotic division of secondary oocyte
(4) Meiotic division of secondary oocyte (4) Sperms will not form

Human Reproduction 43
62. After one month of pregrancy, the 65. Which of the following human
embryo’s ..A.. is formed. By the end of developmental stage becomes
the ..B.. month of pregnancy , the foetus embedded in the uterine endometrium
develops limbs and digits. By the end of by a process called implantation and
leads to pregnancy?
..C.. most of the major organ systems
are formed for example, the limbs and
external genital organs are well-
developed. By the end of ..D.. the body (1) (2)
is covered with fine hair, eyelids
separate, and eyelashes are formed.
Here A to D refers to
(1) A–heart, B–second, C–first trimester,
D–second trimester (3) (4)

(2) A–heart, B–second, C–first month,

D–second month
66. The given figure represent a stage of
(3) A–heart, B–second, C–first week,
embryonic development. Identify the
D– second week
stage with its feature.
(4) A–heart, B–fourth, C–first trimester,
D–second trimester

63. Find out the incorrect match w.r.t.

development in humans:
(1) By the end of 24 weeks – Eye lids
separate and eyelashes are formed
(2) By the end of 8 weeks – Appearance
of hair on head and first movement
(1) Blastocysts, ready to fertilize with
of foetus
sperm.
(3) By the end of 12 weeks – Limbs and (2) Secondary oocyte, implants on
external genital organs are well endometrial layer of uterus.
developed (3) Morula, formed by mitotic division of
(4) By the end of 4 weeks – Heart is zygote.
formed (4) Ovary, produce female gamete and
secretes hormones like estrogen etc
64. Which of the following is required for the
increased production of estrogen, 67. Placenta acts as an endocrine tissue and
progestogens, cortisol, prolactin and produces several hormones like:
A. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
thyroxine etc. in the maternal blood?
B. Human placental lactogen (hPL)
(i) Metabolic changes in the mother.
C. Estrogens
(ii) Maintenance of pregnancy.
D. Progesterone
(iii) Supporting the foetal growth E. FSH
(iv) Destruction of Graafian follicle F. LH
(1) (iii) and (iv) (1) A, B, E & F
(2) (i), (iv) and (v) (2) B only
(3) (i), (ii) and (iii) (3) A, B & C
(4) All the four statements. (4) A, B, C & D

44 Human Reproduction
68. Placenta is the region where: 71. Which of the following statements
(1) Foetus is attached to mother by regarding parturition is incorrect?
spermatic cord (1) Prolactin induces uterine
(2) Foetus is provided with mother's contraction.
blood (2) It is induced by neuroendocrine
(3) Foetus receives nourishment from mechanism.
(3) Uterine contraction leads to
mother's blood
expulsion of baby through the birth
(4) Foetus is covered by membranes.
canal.
69. Read the following statements (i to v) (4) Oxytocin plays an important role in
and answer the question. the contraction of uterus
(i) It produces several hormones like
72. Given below are ten statements (A to J),
hCG, hPL, estrogens, progestogens etc.
each with one blank. Select the option
(ii) It differentiates into three embryonic which correctly fill up the blanks in all
membranes–ectoderm, endoderm and statements -
mesoderm. Statements :
(iii) It undergoes mitotic division. A. Humans reproduce ______________
(iv) It is the organ, formed in the lining (asexually/sexually)
of the uterus by the union of the B. Humans are ____________ (oviparous,
uterine mucous membrane with the viviparous, ovoviviparous)
membranes of the foetus. C. Fertilisation is __________ in humans
(v) It develops at a point of implantation (external/internal)
and providing oxygen and nutrients D. Male and female gametes are
for the foetus and transfer of waste ____________ (diploid/haploid)
products from the foetal to the E. Zygote is_________ (diploid/haploid)

maternal blood circulation. A B C D E

(1) Asexually Viviparous External Diploid Haploid
Identify the correct characteristics
(2) Sexually Viviparous External Haploid Diploid
feature regarding placenta from the
(3) Asexually Viviparous Internal Haploid Diploid
above statements.
(4) Sexually Viviparous Internal Haploid Diploid
(1) (iii) and (v)
(2) (i), (iv) and (v) 73. The first sign of growing foetus may be
(3) (i), (ii) and (iv) noticed by:
(4) all the four statements. (1) Listening to the heart sound
carefully through the stethoscope
70. In parturition process, which of the (2) Apperance of hair
following does not happen: (3) Apperance of head
(1) Oxytocin Hormone is secreted by (4) Apperance of eye lids
posterior pituitory
74. Placenta does not perform which of the
(2) Relaxin hormone responsible for
following function?
narrowing of pelvic cavity
(1) Supply of O2
(3) Progesterone hormone secretion is (2) Supply of excretory materials
stopped (3) Supply of nutrients
(4) Vigorous contractions of the uterus (4) Removal of CO2

Human Reproduction 45
75. The given figure shows the human
foetus within the uterus. Identify the
marked label (A to D) through which
placenta is connected to the embryo.

Which of the following options shows

the correct labeling?
(1) A→Umbilical cord with its veins, B→
Chorionic villi, C→Antrum, D→Plug of
mucus in cervix
(2) A→Umbilical cord with its vessels,
B→Fimbriae, C→ Oocyte, D→Plug of
mucus in vagina
(3) A→Umbilical cord with its vessels,
B→Placental villi C→Yolk sac,
D→Plug of mucus in cervix
(4) A→Umbilical cord with its veins,
B→Placental villi C→Trophoblast,
D→Plug of mucus in vagina

46 Human Reproduction
 Exercise - III
1. Match the following: 3. Match the hormones in Column I with
their functions in Column II. Choose the
Set I Set II answer, which given the correct
A. Inguinal 1. Network of channels combination of the two columns.
canal after seminiferous
Column I Column II
tubules
Perpare endometrium wall
B. Rete 2. Androgen A. FSH 1.
for implantation
testis
Develops female
C. Leydig 3. For descending of
B. LH 2. secondary sexual
cells testis
characters
D. Prepuce 4. Dorsal bundles of
spongy tissues C. Progesterone3. Contraction of uterine wall
E. Corpora 5. Terminal skin of penis
Development of corpus
cavernosa D. Oestrogen 4.
luteum
Maturation of Graafian
(1) A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 5, E = 4 5.
follicle
(2) A = 3, B = 1, C = 4, D = 2, E = 5
A B C D
(3) A = 2, B = 4, C = 3, D = 5, E = 1 (1) 5 4 1 2
(4) A = 3, B = 1, C = 2, D = 5, E = 4 (2) 4 5 2 1
(3) 4 3 2 5
(4) 5 1 2 4
2. Given below are two statements:
Statement-I : Parturition is induced by a 4. Given below are two statements:
complex neuroendocrine mechanism. Statement-I : The blastomeres in the
blastocyst are arranged into an inner
Statement-II : The signals for parturition
layer called trophoblast and an outer
originate from the fully developed
group of cells attached to trophoblast
foetus and placenta. called the inner cell mass.
In the light of the above statements, Statement-II : The embryo with 8 to 16
choose the most appropriate answer blastomerres is called blastula.
In the light of the above statements,
from the options given below:
choose the most appropriate answer
(1) Both Statement-I and II both are
from the options given below:
incorrect. (1) Both Statement-I and II both are
(2) Statement-I is correct but statement- incorrect.
II is incorrect. (2) Statement-I is correct but statement-
II is incorrect.
(3) Statement-I is incorrect and
(3) Statement-I is incorrect and
Statement-II is correct.
Statement-II is correct.
(4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II (4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
are correct. are correct.

Human Reproduction 47
5. Match the following and choose the 7. Match the following correctly.
correct options: Column–I Column–II
1. Gestation A. Fusion of male
Set-I Set-II and female
Embedding of gametes
A. Trophoblast (i) blastocyst in the 2. Parturition B. Formation of
endometrium gametes
Group of the cells that 3. Gametogenesis C. Attachment to
B. Cleavage (ii) would differentiated as the uterine wall
embryo 4. Implantation D. Delivery of the
baby
Inner cell Outer layer of blastocyst E. Embryonic
C. (iii)
mass attached to the endometerium development

D. Implantation (iv) Mitotic division of zygote (1) 1 : A, 2 : C, 3 : C, 4 : D

(2) 1 : E, 2 : D, 3 : A, 4 : C
(1) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv (3) 1 : E, 2 : D, 3 : B, 4 : C
(2) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i (4) 1 : C, 2 : D, 3 : A, 4 : C

(3) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii 8. Given below are two statements:
Statement-I : In adults, each testis is
(4) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
oval in shape, with a length of about 2
to 3 cm and a width of about 4 to 5 cm.
6. Given below are two statements: Statement-II : Each testis has about 250
Statement-I : LH act on leydig cells and compartment called testicular lobules.
In the light of the above statements,
stimulates synthesis and secretion of
choose the most appropriate answer
androgens. from the options given below:
Statement-II : FSH acts on the sertoli (1) Both Statement-I and II both are
incorrect.
cells and stimulates secretion of some
(2) Statement-I is correct but statement-
factors which help in the process of II is incorrect.
spermiogenesis. (3) Statement-I is incorrect and
Statement-II is correct.
In the light of the above statements, (4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
choose the most appropriate answer are correct.
from the options given below: 9. Match the following correctly.
(1) Both Statement-I and II both are Column I Column II
I. Proliferative (A) Testosterone
incorrect.
phase
(2) Statement-I is correct but statement- II. Leydig’s cell (B) Estrogen
II is incorrect. III. Spermiogenesis (C) Progesterone
IV. Secretory phase (D) Spermatid
(3) Statement-I is incorrect and
Statement-II is correct. (1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C
(2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A
(4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
(3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A
are correct. (4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B

48 Human Reproduction
10. Given below are two statements: one is 13. Match the following correctly.
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is Column I Column II
labelled as Reason (R). I. Morula (A) Fertilization
Assertion (A): The presence or absence
Membrane
of hymen is not a reliable indicator of
II. Polyspermy (B) Solid ball of cells
virginity of sexual experience.
Reason (R): Hymen can also be broken III. Implantation (C) Mammary gland
by a sudden fall or jolt, insertion of a IV. Prolactin (D) Endometrium
vaginal tampon, active participation in (1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C
some sports like horseback riding, (2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A
cycling etc. In some women the hymen (3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A
persists even after coitus. (4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B
In the light of the above statements,
choose the most appropriate answer 14. Given below are two statements: one is
from the options given below : labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) labelled as Reason (R).
is not the correct explanation of (A). Assertion (A) : During fertilisation, a
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) sperm comes in contact with zona
is the correct explanation of (A).
pellucida layer of the ovum and induces
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
changes in the membrane that block the
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct.
entry of additional sperms.
11. Match the following correctly. Reason (R) : The mitotic division starts
Column I Column II as the zygote moves through the
I. Acrosome (A) Rudimentary
isthmus of the oviduct called cleavage
erectile tissue
towards the uterus and forms 2, 4, 8, 16
II. Endometrium (B) Uterus
daughter cells called blastomeres.
III. Polar body (C) Oogenesis
In the light of the above statements,
IV. Clitoris (D) Spermatozoan
(1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C choose the most appropriate answer
(2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A from the options given below :
(3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A (1) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R)
(4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B is not the correct explanation of (A).
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R)
12. Given below are two statements: one is
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is is the correct explanation of (A).
labelled as Reason (R). (3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
Assertion (A) : Placenta acts as an (4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct.
endocrine tissue.
15. Match the following correctly.
Reason (R) : Placenta produces several
hormones like hCG, hPL, estrogen, Column I Column II
progestogens etc. I. Semen (A) Clitoris
In the light of the above statements, II. Birth canal (B) Testicular lobules
choose the most appropriate answer III. Penis (C) Vagina
from the options given below : IV. Seminiferous (D) Prostate gland
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R)
tubule
is not the correct explanation of (A).
(1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R)
is the correct explanation of (A). (2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct. (3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct. (4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B

Human Reproduction 49
16. Given below are two statements: one is 19. Match the following correctly.
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is Column I Column II
labelled as Reason (R). I. Acrosome (A) Ovary
Assertion (A) : The menstrual flow results II. Leydig’s cells or (B) Vagina
due to breakdown of endometrial lining of interstitial cells
the uterus and its blood vessels which forms III. Graafian follicles (C) Sperm
liquid that comes out through vagina. IV. Hymen (D) Testis
Reason (R) : The ovulatory phase is followed
(1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C
by the follicular phase during which the
(2) I–C, II–D, III–A, IV–B
remaining part of the graafian follicle
(3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A
transform as the corpus luteum.
(4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B
In the light of the above statements,
choose the most appropriate answer 20. Given below are two statements:
from the options given below : Statement-I : The milk producing during
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) the initial few days of lactation is called
is not the correct explanation of (A). colostrum.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) Statement-II : The mammary glands of
is the correct explanation of (A). the female undergo differentiation
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct. during pregnancy and starts producing
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct. milk towards the end of pregnancy by
17. Match the following correctly. the process called lactation.
Column I Column II In the light of the above statements,
I. Hyaluronidase (A) Graafian follicle choose the most appropriate answer
II. Corpus luteum (B) Mammary gland from the options given below:
III. Colostrum (C) Progesterone (1) Both Statement-I and II both are
IV. Antrum (D) Acrosomal reaction incorrect.
(2) Statement-I is correct but statement-
(1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C
(2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A II is incorrect.
(3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A (3) Statement-I is incorrect and
(4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B Statement-II is correct.
(4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
18. Given below are two statements: one is are correct.
labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
labelled as Reason (R). 21. Match the following correctly.
Assertion (A) : The male accessary glands Column I Column II
include paired seminal vesicles, a prostate I. Endometrium (A) Copulation chamber
and paired bulbourethral glands. in female
Reason (R) : Secretion of these glands II. Menopause (B) Site of implantation
constitute the seminal plasma which is rich of zygote
in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes. III. Fallopian (C) Cessation of
In the light of the above statements, tube menstrual cycle
choose the most appropriate answer in female
from the options given below : IV. Vagina (D) Site of fertilization
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) in female
is not the correct explanation of (A).
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) (1) I–B, II–C, III–D, IV–A
is the correct explanation of (A). (2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct. (3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct. (4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B

50 Human Reproduction
22. Given below are two statements: 25. Match the following correctly.
Statement-I : hCG, hPL and relaxin are
produced in women only during pregnancy. Column I Column II
Statement-II : By end of about 12 weeks, I. Urethra (A) Interstitial
the body of foetus is covered with hairs, cells
eye-lids separate, and eye lashes are II. Androgen/ (B) Corpus
formed.
Testosterone Luteum
In the light of the above statements,
III. Lutein cells (C) Passage for
choose the most appropriate answer
urine
from the options given below:
and sperms
(1) Both Statement-I and II both are
IV. Ovary (D) Oogenesis
incorrect.
(2) Statement-I is correct but statement- (1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C
II is incorrect. (2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A
(3) Statement-I is incorrect and (3) I–C, II–A, III–B, IV–D
Statement-II is correct. (4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B
(4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
26. Given below are two statements:
are correct.
Statement-I : The edge of the
23. Match the following correctly. infundibulum posses finger like
Column I Column II projections called fimbriae, which helps
I. Inguinal (A) Homologous to in collection of ovum after ovulation.
canal penis Statement-II : Uterus is supported by
II. Clitoris (B) Testis tendons attached to the pelvic wall.
III. Seminiferous (C) Connection of In the light of the above statements,
tubules scrotum with choose the most appropriate answer
abdomen from the options given below:
IV. Polar body (D) Oogenesis (1) Both Statement-I and II both are
(1) I–B, II–A, III–D, IV–C incorrect.
(2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A (2) Statement-I is correct but statement-
(3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A II is incorrect.
(4) I–C, II–A, III–B, IV–D (3) Statement-I is incorrect and
24. Given below are two statements: Statement-II is correct.
Statement-I : Cyclic menstruation is an (4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II
indicator of normal reproductive phase are correct.
which extends between menarche and
27. Match the following correctly.
menopause.
Statement-II : The first menstruation beings Column I Column II
at puberty and is called menarche. I. Testis (A) Calcium and
In the light of the above statements, certain enzyme
choose the most appropriate answer II. Vulva (B) Oogenesis
from the options given below: III. Prostatic (C) Contain in
(1) Both Statement-I and II both are
fluid scrotum
incorrect.
IV. Production (D) Labia majora
(2) Statement-I is correct but statement-
of ova
II is incorrect.
(1) I–C, II–D, III–A, IV–B
(3) Statement-I is incorrect and
Statement-II is correct. (2) I–D, II–B, III–C, IV–A
(4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II (3) I–D, II–C, III–B, IV–A
are correct. (4) I–D, II–C, III–A, IV–B

Human Reproduction 51
28. Statement I: All copulations not lead to 30. Statement I: Ovulation occurs on the 14th
fertilization and pregnancy. day of menstrual cycle in a human female.
Statement II: Fertilization can only occur if Statement II: The high level of estrogen
the ovum and sperms are transported is controlled 2 or 3 days before this
simultaneously to the ampullary region. event due to negative feed back.
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II (1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True & the Statement-II is a correct are True & the Statement-II is a correct
explanation of the Statement-I. explanation of the Statement-I.
(2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II (2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True but Statement-II. is not a
are True but Statement-II. is not a
correct explanation of the Statement-I.
correct explanation of the Statement-I.
(3) If Statement-I is True but the
(3) If Statement-I is True but the
Statement-II is False.
Statement-II is False.
(4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
(4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are False.
are False.
31. Match the following correctly.
29. In the given columns, column–I contain
Column I Column II
structures of female reproductive
(Structure of Male (Features)
system and column–II contain its Reproductive
feature. Select the correct match from System)
the option given below:
A. Seminiferous I. Network of
Column–I Column–II tubule seminiferous tubule
(Structure of female (Features) B. Rete testis II. Secondary sexual
reproductive system) characters
A. Ampulla I. It undergoes cyclical C. Leydig cells III. Meiosis and sperm
changes during formation occurs
menstrual cycle. D. Prepuce IV. Place of
B. Labia majora II. It helps in collection implantation
of ovum after V. Terminal skin of
ovulation. penis
C. Oviduct III. Wider part of (1) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – V
fallopian tube where (2) A – III; B – I; C – II; D – V
fusion of male and (3) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II
female gametes (4) A – II; B – IV; C – III; D – V
takes place.
32. Statement I: After fertilization corpus
D. Fimbriae IV. Larger hairy folds
luteum is stable till parturition.
which extend down
Statement II: After 3 months of
from the mons
intrauterine life, it dominantly secretes
pubis and surrounds
progesterone.
the vaginal opening.
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
E. Endometrium V. Also called fallopian
are True & the Statement-II is a correct
tubes, which extend
explanation of the Statement-I.
from the periphery
(2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
of each ovary to the
are True but Statement-II. is not a
womb.
correct explanation of the Statement-I.
(1) A–I; B–II; C–III; D–V; E–IV (3) If Statement-I is True but the
(2) A–III; B–I; C–II; D–V; E–IV Statement-II is False.
(3) A–III; B–IV; C–V; D–II; E–I (4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
(4) A–III; B–IV; C–V; D–II; E–I are False.

52 Human Reproduction
33. In the given columns, column-I contain 34. Statement I: All eutherian are placental
various phases of menstrual cycle and mammals.
column -II contain its features. Select
Statement II: All placental mammals
the correct match from the options
have menstrual cycle.
given below.
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
Column-I Column-II are True & the Statement-II is a correct
Phases of (Features) explanation of the Statement-I.
Menstrual cycle)
(2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
A. Menstrual I. Breakdown of
are True but Statement-II. is not a
phase endometrial lining
of uterus along correct explanation of the Statement-I.
with its blood (3) If Statement-I is True but the
vessels which Statement-II is False.
form liquid that
(4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
comes out of
are False.
vagina
B. Luteal II. A temporary
35. In the given columns, column-I contain
phase endocrine gland is
features of developing child and
formed and
secretes a column-II contain the time of their
hormone which occurrence. Select the correct match.
maintains Column-I Column–II
endometrium and
(Features of (Time of there
implantation of
developing child) occurrence)
fertilized ovum
and other events A. Heart sound I. By the end of the
of pregnancy. second month of
C. Follicular III. Secretion of pregnancy
phase luteinizing B. Foetus develops II. During the fifth
hormone at its limbs and digit month
maximum level
C. Formation of III. First sign of
and induces
major organ growing foetus
breakdown of
mature follicle to system
release the female D. First movement IV. By the end of 12
gamete of foetus and weeks
D. Ovulatory IV. Formation of appearance of
phase mature Graafian
hair and head
follicle and
E. Body covered with V. By the end of 24
regeneration of
endometrium of hair, eyelid separate, weeks
uterus. eyelashes are formed
(1) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV; E – V
(1) A – IV; B – II; C – III; D – I (2) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II; E – V
(2) A – III; B – I; C – II; D – IV
(3) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – V; E – IV
(3) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II
(4) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – III (4) A – III; B – IV; C – II; D – V; E – I

Human Reproduction 53
36. Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen 39. Match the column-I with column-II and
is contributed by :– select the correct option.
(I) Seminal Vesicle (II) Prostate Gland Column–I Column–II
(III) Urethra (IV) Cowper's Gland A. Fertilization I. Mitotic division
(1) I and II (2) II, III & IV B. Implantation II. Embryo with 8 to 16
(3) I, II and IV (4) I & IV blastomeres
C. Cleavage III. Ampullary region
37. Match the hormones given in column-I D. Morula IV. Inner cell mass
with their functions given in column-II E. Blastocysts V. Embedding of
and select the correct option. blastocysts in the
endometrium
Column–I Column–II
(Hormones) (Functions) (1) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – V; E – III
(2) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II; E – V
A. Luteinizing I. Develop corpus
(3) A – III; B – V; C – I; D – IV; E – II
hormone Luteum (4) A – III; B – V; C – I; D – II; E – IV
B. Progesterone II. Essential for
40. Statement I: Foetal ejection reflex
maintenance of triggers release of oxytocin from the
uterine layer maternal pituitary.
(called endometrium) Statement II: Signals for parturition
C. Estrogen III. Develops female originate from fully developed foetus
alone.
secondary sexual
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
characters are True & the Statement-II is a correct
D. Follicle IV. Maturation of explanation of the Statement-I.
stimulating Graafian follicle (2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
hormone are True but Statement-II. is not a
correct explanation of the Statement-I.
E. Oxytocin V. Causes uterine
(3) If Statement-I is True but the
contraction. Statement-II is False.
(1) A – I; B – V; C – III; D – II; E – IV (4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are False.
(2) A – III; B – I; C – II; D – IV; E – V
(3) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV; E – V 41. Match the columns:
(4) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – V; E – IV Column I Column II
a. Parturition p. Attachment of zygote
38. Statement I: Breast-feeding during the to endometrium
initial period of infant growth is b. Gestation q. Release of egg from
recommended by doctors. Graafian follicle
Statement II: The milk produced during c. Ovulation r. Delivery of baby form
initial few days contains several uterus
d. Implantation s. Duration between
antibodies.
fertilization and birth
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II e. Conception t. Formation of zygote
are True & the Statement-II is a correct by fusion of egg and
explanation of the Statement-I. sperm
(2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II u. Stoppage of
are True but Statement-II. is not a ovulation and
menstruation
correct explanation of the Statement-I.
a b c d e
(3) If Statement-I is True but the (1) q s p t r
Statement-II is False. (2) r r p t r
(4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II (3) r q s p t
are False. (4) r s q p t

54 Human Reproduction
42. Statement I: The levels of hormone like 44. Statement I: The changes in the ovarian
cycle as well as uterine cycle are
estrogens, progestogens, cortisol,
induced by changes in the level of
Prolactin, thyroxin etc. are increased pituitary and ovrian hormones.
several folds in the maternal blood Statement II: The secretion of LH & FSH
increases gradually during the follicular
during pregnancy.
phase and estrogen also secreated by
Statement II: Increased level of these developing follicle.
hormones is essential for supporting the (1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True & the Statement-II is a correct
foetal growth and maintenance of pregnancy. explanation of the Statement-I.
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II (2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True but Statement-II. is not a
are True & the Statement-II is a correct
correct explanation of the Statement-I.
explanation of the Statement-I. (3) If Statement-I is True but the
(2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II Statement-II is False.
(4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True but Statement-II. is not a
are False.
correct explanation of the Statement-I.
45. Match the columns and find the correct
(3) If Statement-I is True but the combination:
Statement-II is False. Column I Column II
a. Hypothalamus 1. Sperm lysins
(4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
b. Acrosome 2. Estrogen
are False. c. Graafian follicle 3. Oxytocin
d. Leydig cells 4. GnRH
43. Match the following columns and select e. Parturition 5. Testosterone
the correction option :– a b c d e
(1) 2 1 4 3 5
Column-I Column-II (2) 4 1 2 5 3
(3) 2 1 5 4 3
(a) Ovary (i) Human (4) 4 1 2 3 5
chorionic 46. Statement I: During follicular phase, the
Gonadotropin primary follicles in the ovary grow to
become a fully mature Graafian follicle.
(b) Placenta (ii) Estrogen &
Statement II: Endometrium of uterus
Progesterone regenerates during follicular phase due
(c) Corpus (iii) Androgens to increasing level of progesterone.
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
luteum
are True & the Statement-II is a correct
(d) Leydig (iv) Progesterone explanation of the Statement-I.
cells only (2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True but Statement-II. is not a
(1) (a)–(iv), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)-(i) correct explanation of the Statement-I.
(3) If Statement-I is True but the
(2) (a)–(i), (b)–(ii), (c)–(iii), (d)–(iv)
Statement-II is False.
(3) (a)–(i), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(iv) (4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
(4) (a)–(ii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iv), (d)–(iii) are False.

Human Reproduction 55
47. Match the columns: 49. Statement I: Corpus albicans is an inactive
Column I Column II structure which is found in the ovary.
a. Oxytocin p. Stimulates ovulation Statement II: Corpus albicans secretes
b. Prolactin q. Implantation and the progesterone hormone after
maintenance ovulation.
c. Luteinising r. Lactation after (1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
hormone child birth are True & the Statement-II is a correct
d. Progesterone s. Uterine contraction explanation of the Statement-I.
during labour (2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
t. Reabsorption of are True but Statement-II. is not a
water by nephrons correct explanation of the Statement-I.
a b c d (3) If Statement-I is True but the
(1) s r p q Statement-II is False.
(2) s r p s (4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
(3) s q r t are False.
(4) t p s r 50. Statement I: Corpus luteum is present in
48. Statement I: Cervix contains most weak proliferative phase of menstrual cycle.
sphincter muscle in the body. Statement II: High concentration of
Statement II: Cervix open into Fallopian progesterone is present in proliferative
tube by osexternal phase.
(1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II (1) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True & the Statement-II is a correct are True & the Statement-II is a correct
explanation of the Statement-I. explanation of the Statement-I.
(2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II (2) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are True but Statement-II. is not a are True but Statement-II. is not a
correct explanation of the Statement-I. correct explanation of the Statement-I.
(3) If Statement-I is True but the (3) If Statement-I is True but the
Statement-II is False. Statement-II is False.
(4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II (4) If both Statement-I & Statement-II
are False. are False.

56 Human Reproduction
 Exercise – IV (Previous Year Questions)
(AIPMT 2014) (Re-AIPMT 2015)

1. The shared terminal duct of the 7. Ectopic pregnancies are referred to as:
reproductive and urinary system in the (1) Pregnancies terminated due to
human male is: hormonal imbalance
(1) Urethra (2) Ureter (2) Pregnancies with genetic abnormality
(3) Vas deferens (4) Vasa efferentia (3) Implantation of embryo at site other
2. Select the correct option describing than uterus
gonadotropin activity in a normal (4) Implantation of defective embryo in
pregnant female: the uterus
(1) High level of FSH and LH stimulates 8. Which of the following events is not
the thickening of endometrium. associated with ovulation in human
(2) High level of FSH and LH facilitate
female?
implantation of the embryo.
(1) LH surge
(3) High level of hCG stimulates the
(2) Decrease in estradiol
synthesis of estrogen and
(3) Full development of Graafian follicle
progesterone.
(4) Release of secondary oocyte
(4) High level of hCG stimulates the
thickening of endometrium. 9. In human females, meiosis-II is not
completed until:
(AIPMT 2015)
(1) Birth
3. Hysterectomy is surgical removal of: (2) Puberty
(1) Mammary glands (3) Fertilization
(2) Uterus (4) Uterine implantation
(3) Prostate glands
(4) Vas-deference 10. Which of the following layers in an antral
follicle is acellular?
4. Which of these is not an important (1) Zona pellucida (2) Granulosa
component of initiation of parturition in
(3) Theca (4) Stroma
humans ?
(1) Release of prolactin (NEET 2016)
(2) Increase in estrogen and
11. Fertilization in humans is practically
progesterone ratio
feasible only if:
(3) Synthesis of prostaglandins
(1) The sperms are transported into
(4) Release of oxytocin
vagina just after the release of ovum
5. Capacitation refers to changes in the: in fallopian tube
(1) Sperm after fertilization (2) The ovum and sperms are
(2) Sperm before fertilization transported simultaneously to
(3) Ovum before fertilization ampullary isthmic junction of the
(4) Ovum after fertilization fallopian tube
6. Which of the following cells during (3) The ovum and sperms are transported
gametogenesis is normally diploid ? simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic
(1) Secondary spermatocyte junction of the cervix.
(2) Primary polar body (4) The sperms are transported into
(3) Spermatid cervix within 48 hrs of release of
(4) Spermatogonia ovum in uterus.

Human Reproduction 57
12. Select the incorrect statement: 17. Identify the correct statement on
(1) FSH stimulates the sertoli cells 'inhibin':-
which help in spermiogenesis (1) Inhibits the secretion of LH, FSH and
Prolactin.
(2) LH triggers ovulation in ovary
(2) Is produced by granulose cells in
(3) LH and FSH decrease gradually
ovary and inhibits the secretion of FSH.
during the follicular phase (3) Is produced by granulose cells in
(4) LH triggers secretion of androgens ovary and inhibits the secretion of LH.
from the Leydig cells (4) Is produced by nurse cells in testes
and inhibits the secretion of LH.
13. Which of the following is incorrect
(NEET 2017)
regarding vasectomy ?
(1) Vasa deferentia is cut and tied 18. Capacitation occurs in:
(1) Rete testis
(2) Irreversible sterility
(2) Epididymis
(3) No sperm occurs in seminal fluid (3) Vas deferens
(4) No sperm occurs in epididymis (4) Female Reproductive tract
14. Which of the following dipicts the correct 19. GnRH, a hypothalamic hormone, needed
pathway of transport of sperms ? in reproduction, acts on:
(1) Anterior pituitary gland and
(1) Rete testis → Vas deferens →
stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.
Efferent ductules → Epididymis (2) Posterior pituitary gland and
(2) Efferent ductules → Rete testis → stimulates secretion of oxytocin and FSH.
Vas deferens → Epididymis (3) Posterior pituitary gland and
(3) Rete testis → Efferent ductules → stimulates secretion of LH and relaxin.
(4) Anterior pituitary gland and
Epididymis → Vas deferens
stimulates secretion of LH and
(4) Rete testis → Epididymis → Efferent oxytocin.
ductules → Vas deferens
(NEET 2018)
15. Match Column-I with Column-II and 20. Hormones secreted by the placenta to
maintain pregnancy are:
select the correct option using the
(1) hCG, hPL, progestogens, prolactin
codes given below:
(2) hCG, hPL, estrogens, relaxin, oxytocin
Column I Column II (3) hCG, hPL, progestogens, estrogens
a Mons pubis i Embryo formation (4) hCG, progestogens, estrogens,
b Antrum ii Sperm glucocorticoids
Female external 21. The difference between spermiogenesis
c Trophectoderm iii and spermiation is:
genitalia
(1) In spermiogenesis spermatids are
d Nebenkern iv Graffian follicle formed, while in spermiation
Codes: spermatozoa are formed.
a b c d (2) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are
(1) iii i iv ii formed, while in spermiation
(2) i iv iii ii spermatids are formed.
(3) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa from
(3) iii iv ii i
sertoli cells are released into the
(4) iii iv i ii cavity of seminiferous tubules, while
16. Several hormones like hCG, hPL, in spermiation spermatozon are
formed.
estrogen, progesterone are produced by:
(4) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are
(1) Fallopian tube formed, while in spermiation
(2) Pituitary spermatozoa are released from
(3) Ovary sertoli cells into the cavity of
(4) Placenta seminiferous tubules.

58 Human Reproduction
22. Match the items given in Column I with (NEET(UG) 2019 (Odisha))
those in column II and select the correct
25. No new follicles develop in the luteal
option given below: phase of the mensturual cycle because:
Column-I Column-II (1) Follicles do not remain in the ovary
Breakdown of after ovlation
a. Proliferative Phase i. endometrial (2) FSH levels are high in the luteal
lining phase
b. Secretory Phase ii. Follicular Phase (3) LH levels are high in the luteal phase
c. Menstruation iii. Luteal Phase (4) Both FSH and LH levels are low in
a b c the luteal phase
(1) iii i ii
(NEET 2020)
(2) iii ii i
(3) ii iii i 26. Which of the following hormone levels
will cause release of ovum (ovulation)
(4) i iii ii
from the graffian follicle ?
(NEET 2019) (1) High concentration of Progesterone
(2) Low concentration of LH
23. Select the correct sequence for
(3) Low concentration of FSH
transport of sperm cells in male (4) High concentration of Estrogen
reproductive system.
27. Meiotic division of the secondary oocyte
(1) Seminiferous tubules → Vasa
is completed:
efferetia Epididymis → Inguinal
(1) At the time of copulation
canal → Urethra (2) After zygote formation
(2) Testis → Epididymis → Vasa (3) At the time of fusion of a sperm with
efferentia → Vas deferens → an ovum
Ejaculatory duct → Inguinal canal → (4) Prior to ovulation

Urethra → Urethral meatus 28. Match the following columns and select
(3) Testis → Epididymis → Vasa the correct option.
efferentia → Rete testis → Inguinal Column-I Column-II
canal → Urethra (a) Placenta (i) Androgens
(4) Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis (b) Zona pellucida (ii) Human Choronic
Gonadotropin
→ Vasa efferentia → Epididymis →
(hCG)
Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct →
(c) Bulbo-urethral (iii) Layer of the
Urethra → Urethral meatus glands ovum

24. Extrusion of second polar body from egg

(d) Leydig cells (iv) Lubrication of the
nucleus occurs:
Penis
(1) Before entry of sperm into ovum
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(2) Simultaneously with first cleavage
(1) (i) (iv) (iii) (iv)
(3) After entry of sperm but before
(2) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
fertilization (3) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(4) After fertilization (4) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)

Human Reproduction 59
 (NEET 2020 (Covid-19)) 34. Which of the following secretes the
29. In human beings, at the end of 12 weeks hormone, relaxin, during the later phase
(first trimester) of pregnancy, the of pregnancy?
following is observed: - (1) Graafian follicle (2) Corpus luteum
(1) Eyelids and eyelashes are formed (3) Foetus (4) Uterus
(2) Most of the major organ systems are (NEET 2022)
formed 35. At which stage of life the oogenesis
(3) The head is covered with fine hair process is initiated?
(4) Movement of the foetus (1) Puberty
(2) Embryonic development stage
30. Select the correct option of haploid cells (3) Birth
from the following groups: – (4) Adult
(1) Primary oocyte, Secondary oocyte,
Spermatid 36. Which of the following statements are
true for spermatogenesis but do not
(2) Secondary spermatocyte, First polar
hold true for Oogenesis?
body, Ovum
(a) It results in the formation of haploid
(3) Spermatogonia, Primary spermatocyte,
gametes
Spermatid (b) Differentiation of gamete occurs
(4) Primary spermatocyte, Secondary after the completion of meiosis
spermatocyte, Second polar body (c) Meiosis occurs continuously in a
31. Match the following columns and select mitotically dividing stem cell
population
the correct option: –
(d) It is controlled by the Luteinising
Column - I Column - II
hormone (LH) and Follicle
Human chorionic Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secreted
(a) Ovary (i)
Gonadotropin by the anterior pituitary
Estrogen & (e) It is initiated at puberty
(b) Placenta (ii)
Progesterone Choose the most appropriate answer
(c) Corpus luteum (iii) Androgens from the options given below:
(d) Leyding cells (iv) Progesterone Only (1) (c) and (e) only
(2) (b) and (c) only
(1) (a)–(iv), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(i)
(3) (b), (d) and (e) only
(2) (a)–(i), (b)–(ii), (c)–(iii), (d)–(iv)
(4) (b), (c) and (e) only
(3) (a)–(i), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(iv)
(4) (a)–(ii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iv), (d)–(iii) 37. Given below are two statements :
Statement I :
(NEET 2021) The release of sperms into the
seminiferous tubules is called
32. Receptors for sperm binding in
spermiation.
mammals are present on:
Statement II : Spermiogenesis is the
(1) Corona radiata
process of formation of sperms from
(2) Vitelline membrane spermatogonia.
(3) Perivitelline space In the light of the above statements,
(4) Zona pellucida choose the most appropriate answer
33. Which of these is not an important from the options given below :
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II
component of initiation of parturition in
are correct
humans?
(2) Both Statement I and Statement II
(1) Increase in estrogen and
are incorrect
progesterone ratio (3) Statement I is correct but
(2) Synthesis of prostaglandins Statement II is incorrect
(3) Release of Oxytocin (4) Statement I is incorrect but
(4) Release of Prolactin Statement II is correct

60 Human Reproduction
 (Re-NEET 2022) [NEET 2023]

38. Arrange the components of mammary 41. Which of the following statements are
gland. (from proximal to distal) correct regarding female reproductive
(a) Mammary duct cycle?
(b) Lactiferous duct A. In non-primate mammals cyclical
(c) Alveoli
changes during reproduction are
(d) Mammary ampulla
called oestrus cycle.
(e) Mammary tubules
B. First menstrual cycle begins at
Choose the most appropriate answer
puberty and is called menopause.
from the options given below :
C. Lack of menstruation may be
(1) (c) → (a) → (d) → (e) → (b)
indicative of pregnancy.
(2) (b) → (c) → (e) → (d) → (a)
D. Cyclic menstruation extends
(3) (c) → (e) → (a) → (d) → (b)
between menarche and menopause.
(4) (e) → (c) → (d) → (b) → (a)
Choose the most appropriate answer
39. How many secondary spermatocytes are
from the options given below:
required to form 400 million spermatozoa ?
(1) A and B only
(1) 50 million
(2) A, B and C only
(2) 100 million
(3) A, C and D only
(3) 200 million
(4) A and D only
(4) 400 million

40. Given below are two statements : one is 42. Given below are two statements : one is

labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Assertion A and the other is
labelled as Reason (R). labelled as Reason R?
Assertion (A) : Assertion A: Endometrium is necessary
During pregnancy the level of thyroxine for implantation of blastocyst.
is increased in the maternal blood. Reason R: In the absence of fertilization,
Reason (R) :
the corpus luteum degenerates that
Pregnancy is characterised by metabolic
causes disintegration of endometrium.
changes in the mother.
In the light of the above statements,
In the light of the above statements,
choose the correct answer from the
choose the most appropriate answer
option given below:
from the options given below :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) (1) Both A and R are true but R is not the

is the correct explanation of (A) correct explanation of A.

(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) (2) A is true but R is false.
is not the correct explanation of (A) (3) A is false but R is true.
(3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct (4) Both A and R are true and R is the
(4) (A) is not correct but (R) is corrects correct explanation of A.

Human Reproduction 61
43. Given below are two statements?
Statement I: Vas deferens receives a
duct from seminal vesicle and opens
into urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
Statements II: The cavity of the cervix is
called cervical canal which along with
vagina forms birth canal.
In the light of the above statements,
choose the correct answer from the
options given below:
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II
are false.
(2) Statement I is correct but Statement
II is false.
(3) Statement I incorrect but Statement
II is true.
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II
are true.

[NEET 2023] MANIPUR

44. Given below are two statements

regarding oogenesis:
Statement I: The primary follicles get
surrounded by more layers of granulosa
cells, a theca and shows fluid filled
cavity antrum. Now it is called
secondary follicle.
Statement II: Graffian follicle ruptures
to release the secondary oocyte from
the ovary by the process called
ovulation.
In the light of the above statements,
choose the correct answer from the
options given below:
(1) Statement I is correct but Statement
II is false.
(2) Statement I is incorrect but
Statement II is true
(3) Both Statement I and Statement II
are true
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II
are false.

62 Human Reproduction
 ANSWER KEY

Human Reproduction
Exercise - I

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 4 1 4 3 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 1 4 3 2 3 2 4 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 1 4 4 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 1 3 2 2 4 4 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 1 3 4
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 3 4 1 1 4 2 2 2 3 1 2 4 4 4 2 3 4 1 4 3
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 3 2 3 1 2
Que. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 4 1 1 2 1 4 3 3 2 3 4 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2
Que. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans. 3 2 1 4 4 4 4 2 1 1 3 1 4 2 4 3 3 4 2 4
Que. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160
Ans. 4 1 4 2 3 4 4 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 2 3
Que. 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
Ans. 2 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 4 3 1 2 4 4 3 1
Que. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192
Ans. 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 2

Exercise - II

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 2 1 1 4 1 4 2 4 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 4 4 2 3 2 3 4 1 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 4
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans. 4 1 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 1 4 1 2 3

Exercise – III

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 4 1 1 2 4 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 2 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 2 4 4 3 2 1 1 4 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 1 4 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. 4 1 4 1 2 3 1 4 3 4

Human Reproduction 63
 Exercise – IV (Previous Year Questions)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 2 1 2 4 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 2 4 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 3 3 3 1
Que. 41 42 43 44
Ans. 3 1 4 2

64 Human Reproduction