Physics investigato

To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens
(made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.
submitted by:SATvik chatni , XII(pmcp) shri ram global,omr,whitefield, bangalore
SUBMITTED TO:ABHISHEK SIR
 CERTIFICATE

V
This is to certify that Mr Satvik Chatni,student of class
XII,has successfully completed his project in Physics,
titled refractive indices of water and oil under the
guidance of Mr Abhishek as a course requirement of
physics as prescribed by CBSE for the session 2024-
2025.

Signature-
(Examiner)

Signature- Signature-
(Teacher in charge) (Principal)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support,
this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my Physics Teacher
Abhishek, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions
and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
INDEX

 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE / AIM
 APPARATUS / MATERIAL REQUIRED
 DIAGRAM
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 CALCULATIONS
 RESULTS
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCES OF ERRORS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction n of a material is
a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates
through that medium. It is defined as
n=CV
Where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase
velocity of light in the medium. For example, the refractive index of
water is 1.333; meaning that light travels 1.333 times faster in a
vacuum than it does in water.
AIM
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water (b) oil using a plane
mirror, an equi-convex lens, and an adjustable object needle.

APPARATUS

 Convex Lens
 Plane Mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp Stand
 An Optical Needle
 Plumb Line
 Knitting Needle
 Half Meter Scale
 Glass Slab
 Spherometer
DIAGRAM
THEORY

1. If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and liquid
lens and f be the focal length of their combination then:-

1/F =1/f1+1/f2 or f2 =Ff2/f1-F

2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R and R2=∞

then by using lens make’s formula

1/f2=n-1⌊1/R1-1/R2⌋
=n-1⌊1/R1-0⌋

= (n-1)⌊1/R-0⌋

1/f2 = (n-1)/R
n = (R/f2)+1

Where n = Refractive index of the liquid

R = the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.

3. The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by:
R = (L2/6h)+h/2
Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer
and h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when
placed first on the convex lens and then on plane mirror.

PROCEDURE

a. For focal length of convex lens:

1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.

2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and
then a convex lens on the plane mirror.

3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the
stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its
image.

4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by

using a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance
between tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the mean
of the two readings. This means distance will be equal to the focal
length of the convex lens (f1).
 b. For focal length of the combination.

5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the
convex lens over it with its same face above as before. The water
spreads in a form of layer and acts like a Plano-concave lens.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length
of the combination.
7. Record the observation.
8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid (oil).

c. For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:

9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer.

10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the
spherometer on this lens surface.

11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be placed

symmetrically on the lens and adjust the central screw tip to touch
the surface of the lens.
12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the lens and place
on the plane mirror surface and record the reading.

13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three times.

14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the spherometer on a

paper and mark them and their average distance.

l = ( l1+ l2+ l3)/3

OBSERVATIONS

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm

Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
1. AB = 3 cm
2. BC = 3 cm
3. CA = 3 cm
Table for calculation of ‘h’

S.N Initial No. of Final Additional h=n x Mean

o reading complete reading C.S div. pitch “h”
of the rotations of the moved +mx (cm)
C.S. on c.s on L.C
the the glass
convex (n) slab
lens
(a)
1 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.555 0.577
5
2 64 0 4 60 0.6

To measure focal length ‘f’ of convex lens

Distance of needle tip

from
Area between S.No Tip of the Upper Mean Focal
lens and plane upper surface of x= Length
mirror surface of the plane (x1+
the convex mirror(cm) (cm)
x2)/2
lens(cm) X2

X1
Without liquid 1 30.5 31 30.75 f1=
33.85
2 36.7 37.2 36.95
With water 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 f2=34.
7
2 37.5 38.1 37.8
With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=10
2 10.4 10.6 10.5

CALCULATIONS

Mean distance between two legs

l=(AB+BC+CA)/3 = 3 cm

Mean of h = (0.555+0.6) /2 = 0.5775 cm

To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:

R=(l2/6h)+h/2=2.8861 cm

Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil

1)With water between the convex lens and the plane

mirror=1+(R/f2)= 1+2.886134.7=1.0831
2) With oil between the convex lens and the plane Mirror=1+(R/f3)=
1+2.886110=1.2886

Results
The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.0831

The refractive index of oil is µ2 = 1.2886

PRECAUTIONS

1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface.

2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle
while removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer should
be thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction
only.

SOURCES OF ERROR
 1)Liquid may not be quite transparent.
2)The parallax may not be fully removed.
3)The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical on the
surface of the convex lens.
4)The tip of the central screw should not just touch the surface of
lens or mirror.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 HELP FROM INTERNET

 HELP FROM TEACHERS
 NCERT TEXTBOOK
 NCERT Physics Lab Manual
 www.google.com
 www.scribd.com
 www.wikipedia.com