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MDM4U

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32 views2 pages

MDM4U

Appreciate work done in book by the author

Uploaded by

punita0369
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 MDM4U

Organization of Data For Analysis

Types of Data

MINDS ON

Record Your
Thoughts
For each of the following graphs,
describe one conclusion that you
could take from it:

1) Out of the people who reported


incidents of racial profiling in Ontario
in the last 12 months, the following is
found:

2) The times it takes for surveyed


students to get to school is recorded
and summarized as follows:

3) For each of the students surveyed


amount the time it takes to get to
school, they were asked how many
absences they had:

4) 3 Coins are flipped multiple times


and the number of heads were
recorded each time and
summarized:

ACTION

Statistics can be categorized into many


different types. Those types of data will
tell you if you can organize it into
percentages, rank the data and calculate
an average, or draw a line of best fit and
predict future outcomes. The first major
distinction you will make is if the data is
categorical or numerical.

Categorical Data
What is the colour of your eyes? What
gender do you self-identify with? How
would you rate your perceived mental
health? These are all examples of
categorical data.

Definition: Categorical data is data that


does not take a numerical value, but
instead has values that are qualitative or
are categories.

We can display categorical data in a bar


graph or a circle graph.

Ordinal vs. Nominal


There are two types of categorical data,
ordinal and nominal.

Ordinal Data
Definition: Ordinal data is categorical
data that can be ranked in a logical way.

Ordinal Data Examples


1. To what extent do you agree with
the following statement: School
spirit is present in your school.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Somewhat Agree
Somewhat Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

The data that this would


collect is referred to as ordinal
data as it makes sense for us
to rank it when displaying the
data. It is useful to convert
ordinal data into a number,
and perform calculations to
summarize the data.

Nominal Data
Definition: Nominal data is categorical
data that has no apparent order to the
data.

Nominal Data
Examples

1. What is your favourite sports


team? This would also collect
nominal data. Alphabetical order
would not be used as a
justification to consider data
ordinal.

Displaying Categorical
Data
Categorical data, both nominal and
ordinal can be displayed in either a bar
graph or a circle graph. If ordinal data is
displayed in a bar graph, the bars should
be in the order that makes sense with
respect to the data.

Record Some
Examples
1. Find an example of nominal
categorical data by doing an
internet search for circle graphs
and justify why the data is
considered nominal.

2. Find an example of ordinal


categorical data by doing an
internet search for bar graphs
and justify why the data is
considered nominal.

Numerical Data
How many days a week do you work?
How long does it take you to get to
school? The data collected by both of
these questions would be numerical data.
There are two types of numerical
data: continuous and discrete.

Continuous vs. Discrete


The difference between the two is
whether or not they are obtained by
measuring or counting.

Continuous Data
Definition: Continuous data is data
that is obtained by measuring. You can
measure data in different ways, including
time and distance. Because there is
always a data point that can exist
between two data points and the
possibility of infinite data points,
measured data is continuous and
organized into intervals.

Example
How long does it take you to get to
school? Your answer here could be
20 minutes for example. Say the
intervals the data was being organized
into were: 15-20 minutes, 20-25
minutes and 25-30 minutes. What
interval would your time go into? You
would have to look at the accuracy of
your time. As a continuous data point,
20 minutes is either higher than 20
(20.000000001 for example) or lower
than 20 (19.999999999 for example).
So you would always be able to
decide which interval you belong to.

Discrete Data
Definition: Discrete data is data that is
obtained by counting. This type of data
was what you focused on in the first half
of this course. Discrete data points,
unlike continuous ones, do not have
points between points. There are a finite
number of possibilities.

Examples
1. How many heads do you get
when you flip a coin 3 times? The
only possibilities are 0,1,2 and 3.
There are no values between
these.

2. What percent did you score on


your G1 driver's test? Here, even
though the numbers can be
decimals, they were obtained by
counting the score. Making the
score a percent does not change
it from a discrete data point to a
continuous one. Even if the
instructor used half or quarter
points, it is not possible to score
every value on the number line
(even decimals) between 0 and
40.

Displaying Numerical Data


Numerical data is typically displayed with
a bar graph or a histogram. There is a
constant debate as to the difference
between the two and which to use.
Categorical data can be displayed as a
bar graph but not a histogram.
Continuous data can be displayed in a
histogram but not a bar graph. Discrete
data can use both a bar graph and a
histogram. Do you see the confusion?

The simplest way of thinking about this is


histograms are used for continuous data
and bar graphs are used for discrete
data.

In Unit 3 of this course, you displayed


probability distributions in a bar graph. It
is possible to display them in histograms,
although we did not do this. You can also
display discrete data as a frequency (total
number of each outcome) and as a
percentage. Each of these displays will
look very similar and result in the same
conclusion.

Example
The following outcomes are the
number of heads when flipping 3
coins. Display as a frequency bar
graph, frequency histogram,
probability bar graph, and a probability
histogram: 3, 2, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 1

Frequency Bar Graph

Probability Bar Graph

Probability Histogram
Frequency Histogram

Note: The following video will


demonstrate how to create these
graphs in a spreadsheet. Editing was
done in Paint to put the labels on the
frequency histogram in the center and
to put the lines on the probability
histogram.

Creating Graphs in Spre…

Record Your
Observations
What do you notice about the 4
graphs above? Would any of them
give a different conclusion?

Conclusion

It is useful to say that the probability


histogram, where each of the bars have a
width of 1, demonstrates the probability
as the area of each of the bars. This is a
much more useful concept when we
come to probability histograms for
continuous data later in the course.

Histograms are much more useful, when


displaying continuous data.

Example
The following are times that students
commute to school. To put an
emphasis on the fact that the data is
continuous, the data is recorded to 3
decimal places and represents the
number of minutes: 23.405, 24.774,
27.344, 21.412, 12.280, 26.799,
16.309, 15.857, 22.287, 2.521,
17.651, 13.518, 30.282, 18.478,
22.705, 19.999, 30.605, 20.835.

The following video demonstrates how


it was created:

Histogram
Share

Conclusion

Record Some
Examples
1. Find an example of discrete
numerical data by doing an
internet search for bar graphs.
Share the graph and justify why
the data is considered discrete.
State one conclusion from the
graph.

2. Find an example of continuous


numerical data by doing an
internet search for histograms.
Share the graph and justify why
the data is considered
continuous. State one
conclusion from the graph.

Microdata vs.
Aggregate Data
One final difference in data can be seen
in the last example.

Definition: The individual data points


given are called microdata. Microdata is
incredibly useful because you can go
back and make calculations on all of the
individual data.

If you had a chart of data already


organized into intervals, without the
original data set, this is an example
of aggregate data.

Definition: aggregate data is data that


has been summarized in some way
where you can't know what the original
microdata was.
The data from the histogram above,
could be written in a table:

And if the original data was not given or


lost, it would be referred to as aggregate
data.

One final distinction when analysing data


is not so much in the data type, but when
displaying numerical data.

One Variable Data


Sets vs. Two Variable
Data Sets
If you look at the bar graphs, histograms,
and circle graphs, they all look at one
variable at a time and display the number
of times or percentage of times an
individual point or interval is counted.
These are displays for a one variable
data set. We have ways to summarize
one variable data sets as well. Average
is one of those ways, and additional ways
will be explored in the next unit.

If you want to compare two numerical


variables to each other, you don't use
histograms and bar graphs, you use
scatterplots.

From before, we had the one variable of


commuting times to school. Now, say we
collected the student absences for each
student as well. This becomes the
second variable:

The scatter plot would be as follows:

Scatterplot

Conclusion

As the time it takes to get tp school


increases, so does the number of
absences.

There will be a focus on the displays and


analysis of one and two variable data
sets in the next unit.

CONSOLIDATION

Application and
Thinking
Use Stats Canada to find a data set
to display. Create a graph and make
one conclusion based on the graph.
Watch the following video for some
assistance.

StatsCanada to Sprea…

Save the data and the graph.

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