SELECTED TEXTS FOR PREMIÈRE

THE COMMONWEALTH
Formerly known as the "British Commonwealth of nations", the institution was made up of only
countries which represented the expansion of the British Empire namely Canada, South Africa,
Australia and the United Kingdom itself. In those early years, members had to pay allegiance to the
British Crown, that is, to the king or the queen. However, on 26 April 1949, leaders of the
organization adopted a declaration called London Declaration" which changed the conditions of
membership in the Commonwealth and opened the door to other nations. Today, the
Commonwealth is a voluntary association of independent countries that support one another and
work together towards shared goals in common language, democracy, peace, good governance, and
prosperity. It values and promotes the principles of egalitarianism, multilateralism and the rule of
law. It also seeks to strengthen cultural ties among its members. In Africa, Ghana was the first
independent nation to join the organisation. Although the Commonwealth is mostly composed of
English-speaking countries, it is equally open to non-English speaking countries, With the latest
admission of Gabon and Togo in June 2022, the Commonwealth has in total 56 member states. The
Head of the organisation is His Majesty King Charles II, son and successor of Queen Elizabeth II.
However, his role is just a symbolic one. The Commonwealth takes important decisions and conducts
its activities through Its Secretariat at Marlborough House in London. Conferences are often held to
discuss issues of Common concern and find solutions to them. During international meetings, the
institution is Represented by a leader called The Chair-in-Office ». The role of the Chair-in-Office is
rotated Between leaders of the member states every two years. The Commonwealth promotes
economic partnership between member states and offers them free Trade opportunities and other
financial advantages. Commonwealth experts help countries Improve their trade competitiveness by
developing their export capabilities. Besides, Commonwealth members are eligible for employment
in all non-reserved civil service posts in The UK including the army. The Commonwealth also creates
education opportunities for students. Through scholarship programs. Every four year, the
Commonwealth organizes games that gather Athletes from different nations, cultures, religions and
races in a spirit of friendship and humanity.

QUESTIONS

1-What is the Commonwealth today ?

2- Give some benefits of the Commonwealth.
3- Two African countries joined the Commonwealth in June. Name them.
4-The Head of the organization is an African President. True/False.
5- Your country has recently joined the Commonwealth. What do you think about it ?

REVIEW OF TENSES
Turn these sentences as indicated in brackets.
1. Two countries (to join) the Commonwealth. (Present perfect and simple future)
2. The executive (to bring) new ideas to this organization. (Simple present and past perfect)
3. The Commonwealth (to hold) a conference in London. (Present and past progressive)
4. Commonwealth members (to meet) in Birmingham. (Simple past and past conditional)
Homework Page 8
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
Politics is about running the affairs of a country through forms of government also called political
Regimes. A political regime defines the kind of power leaders and ruling bodies have in a country. It
also provides laws to guide the use of that power. The main political regimes are democracy,
Dictatorship, monarchy, oligarchy, and theocracy. Across the world, democracy stands as the Most
preferred form of government. It is the government of the people by the people and for the People.
It implies the existence of independent institutions, a parliamentary system, fair elections, And
power term limitation and freedom of expression in a country. In democratic nations, elected leaders
are accountable to the people. The actions of the Government are supposed to be in accordance
with the laws of the constitution. Thus, violations Of power generally call for intervention of the
judiciary system and sometimes protests from citizens. Although, democracy is often associated to
republics or presidential systems, it also Prevails in some monarchies including the United Kingdom,
Spain, Netherlands, Morocco, etc. These countries are considered democratic because the king or
the queen is not an absolute Monarch and does not have any executive power. In such countries,
citizens exercise their power Indirectly through representatives at the parliament where the actions
of the govemment are Decided. This is why the United Kingdom is referred to as a parliamentary
monarchy. Contrary to democratic regimes, in dictatorial regimes, the leader possesses absolute
power. This System is also called an autocracy. The government applies various strategies to ensure
the Dictator remains in power. In dictatorship, unaccountability, concentration of powers and rigged
Elections are the order of the day. Citizens do not enjoy much freedom as they are likely to be
Persecuted or arrested if their opinions are different from the prevailing regime. A few years ago,
Many dictatorships were characterized by tyranny and a one-party system. That is, no political
Parties could exist nor compete with the ruling party. Oligarchy and theocracy are other forms of
political regimes which do not give much power to Citizens. Oligarchy is a system in which a small
group of rich and privileged people controls and Cxercises power over all the country. Some critics
often argue that the Russian federation is an Oligarchy. As for theocracy, it is a form of government
in which God, or a deity is recognized as The supreme ruler. The God’s or deity’s laws are interpreted
by religious authorities or a clergy. The Vatican City State is an example of a theocratic government.
As much as democracy is widely recognized as the best form of government, it is also obvious That
for many people, delivering development, peace and freedom matters more than any political
Regime. No matter the political regime, principles of human rights, freedom of speech, security And
peace should be the focus of any form of government.

VOCABULARY
Find in the text words or phrases that best match these definitions
1. Cruel and oppressive government or ruling. (Paragraph 3)
2. A political leader who uses his monopoly of powers across a territory. (Paragraph 3)
3. A legislative and representative body that makes and amends laws. (Paragraph 2)
4. A country or territory having a king or queen as its ruler or sovereign. (Paragraph 2)
5. Elections in which fake results and votes are declared. (Paragraph 3)
Homework /Page 10

WOMEN AT THE WORKPLACE

For a long time, people believed a woman’s work was limited to childbearing, motherhood. Caring for
her husband, children and nothing more. Some professions and careers were associated To solely a
particular gender causing them to be qualified either as male-dominated or female Dominated. As a
result, women were not free to carry out certain activities. However, over the Years, women have
increasingly become more involved in the workplace and in different sectors of activities. Nowadays,
in Africa and other parts of the world, women’s access to employment is becoming a Reality. More
and more women are getting educated. Thus, they take trainings, and engage in paid Jobs. Some
decades ago, it was not the case, girls were denied access to education and skills Acquisition. With
the degrees and qualifications acquired, many women now can achieve their Career aspirations.
Today, we have female docto rs, engineers, teachers, lawyers etc. Sometimes, they work better than
their male colleagues. Moreover, economic hardships and gender cquity Ideas have led some men to
allow their wives to apply for jobs to increase family revenue. However, despite effots to emancipate
women, they continue to undergo some inequalities. Concerning wages, some women earn less than
their male colleagues with the same education And experience. They do not receive lower salaries
because they are less qualified but simply out Of discrimination. In addition, since men are more
associated with science, mathematics and Technology, female students do not feel capable nor
encouraged to pursue careers related to these Fields. For example, the pilot of a plane is often exp
ected to be a man whereas women, Airhostesses. Similarly, it is more common to see a male
technician or computer scientist in a Company while females are secretaries or receptionists.
Furthermore, women are still Underrepresented in decision-making positions. Other barriers to
women emancipation and Fulfilment include sexual harassment, domestic violence, and harmful
customary laws. Achieving equal work opportunity for both men and women is necessary for our
development as Women represent more than half of our population. Therefore, women
empowerment and equal Participation in different sectors of activities is the key to reduce poverty,
create riches and sustain development.

Fill the chart below with the words list :

Hardworking – surgeon – paid time off- engineering – cooperative – assistant – punctual – dismissal
Manufacturing – reliable – lay off – proactive – incentive – firefighter – responsible – salary-
creative
Energetic promotion – overwork – health insurance – salesperson – computing – plumber – wages

Jobs and Work Work Work

occupations Attitudes benefits problem

GENDER ROLES
Every society establishes a series of conducts on how men and women should behave. These
Expectations of behaviours and attitudes from both sexes are called sex roles or gender roles. Gender
roles are often based on femininity and masculinity. In fact, being a man or a woman Directly implies
certain roles that are defined in society. Gender roles originate from our cultures, Beliefs, and
traditions. Children learn mnale and female attributes from their family, friends, Institutions including
schools and religious systems. In Africa, men are usually expected to be strong, self-confident,
rational, career driven whereas Girls and women are expected to be polite, submissive,
accommodating, and caring. In the ? Household, women are supposed to take care of children, cook,
and clean the house. They are Mostly denied the right to participate in decision making. During
family meetings, they often Have little to say while men are given full attention. Men are considered
the provider for the Family. They take care of finances and do house repairs. In addition, activities
that require F Physical strength are generally entrusted to men. In farming for instance, men often do
the tilling SWhereas women do the sowing and the harvest. As for leadership, traditions and customs
often Prefer men to be in charge. Consequently, in many West African countries including Togo,
Traditional rulers are generally men. Although gender roles have evolved and expanded, they have
kept women in the ‘private’ sphere And men in the ‘public’ sphere. Some people still believe that
professionals referred to as doctors, engineers, firefighters, lawyers, and others must be men
whereas preschool and kindergarten Teachers, dental hygienists, secretaries and administrative
assistants, hairdressers, and medical Assistants must be women. These gender roles have caused
unequal and unfair treatment between Men and women. They have privileged men much more than
women. Due to this disparity, Womenare largely exposed to economic difficulties, violence,
pregnancy, child marriage and Other abuses in society. Gender differences are destructive. They do
not allow people to fully Express themselves, their emotions, intelligence, skills, and talents. Neither
men nor women Should be treated basing on their sexes. Focus should rather be put on their
capabilities as human beings.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Where do children learn gender roles ?
2. Do men and women play the same roles in Africa ?
3. What are the effects of gender inequality on women ? Mention two.
4. Mention three occupations pre-established for men and for women.
5. Do you think men and women should be treated equally ?

WATER POLLUTION
Water is one of the greatest natural resources in the world. We drink water, cook with water, Bathe
with water and use water in agriculture and fishing. From chores to industrial processes, Water
remains vital. However, today, this precious resource is seriously threatened by pollution. Water
sources have become a dumping ground for domestic waste and waste from factories. This Waste
contains noxious materials that pollute water. They change the physical and chemical Properties of
the water once they mix with it. Throughout the world, water pollution is having Serious negative
effects on the ecosystem and human health in particular. In developing countries, water pollution is
becoming rampant especially in rural areas where Rivers constitute the main source of water. People
bathe and do the laundry in rivers. Yet, the Same water is used in the kitchen. Some even throw
garbage near those rivers. Thus, the water becomes unhealthy. Although people know that the water
is highly polluted, they still depend on It for drinking. Consequently, they are exposed to cancer and
waterborne diseases such as Cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, hepatitis A, polio, and dysentery. In urban
centers, people pollute Water by dumping house waste in gutters. Apart from household waste,
industrial waste also Contaminates water sources with toxic pollutants. In some countries, waste
generated from Phosphate extraction is directly discharged in the sea. These mining debris destroy
the marine Life ; they kill fishes and also affect the soil. In the surrounding areas of the factory, the
well water Is yellowish. A dust of the same colour covers almost everything including farms and
prevents Plants from growing. Many children in those areas have a brown or yellow stain on their
teeth. According to scientists, this results from the high level of fluor in the water they use. Water
being a finite resource and impossible to substitute, it is very important to encourage Environmental
education in order to raise awareness about water preservation. Awareness –raising Activities and
seminars get people informed and help them take more disciplined and responsible Actions
regarding water pollution. There should be proper waste disposal system and waste Should be
treated before entering rivers or seas. Water treatment strategies and waste Management policies
are necessary to maintain the ecosystem balanced, while providing access to Clean drinking water for
all.

ROLE PLAY
Pair work. Koffi and Kpatcha are talking about water pollution. In a group of two students,
Read and learn the roles. Perform this piece of drama in class. Act on the stage directions.
Kpatcha : Hey Kofi ! Where are you going with all these bags of waste ? (Surprisingly)
Koffi : Ah my dear, I’m going to the stream. I need to get rid of all these rubbishes.
Kpatcha : Wait… you mean, you are going to pour this waste into our stream ?
Koffi : (Astonished) Yes, of course. Where do you want me to put it ? At home ?
Kpatcha : Not at all, that’s not what I mean. The stream is not a dumping ground.
Kofi : Ooh, I see, but don’t worry. I only throw them at the back side of the river. Down there.
Kpatcha : No, that’s not the question. Throwing waste in water bodies is just not good. It causes
Water pollution and puts our lives in danger.
Kofi : Really ? How ? How dangerous is it ?
Kpatcha : You see, water is a solvent. When you throw domestic waste in it, it contaminates it.
Since water flows, as soon as a part is contaminated, the entire stream gets affected.
Koffi : Ooh I understand. But what happens to the water ? Can people still drink it ?
Kpatcha : Well, a polluted water is infected with germs and worms and other toxic substances. It
Causes ailments such as cholera,
Is no longer a safe-drinking water. Drinking such water actually
Diarhoea, Hepatitis A, typhoid and many other health issues.
Koffi : Oh no (Remorseful) That’s indeed frightening. I didn’t know this at all.
Kpatcha : Yes, it is. That is why we must protect this stream by all means.

PROTECTING ANIMALS
The environment is made up of priceless natural resources including forests, plants, and animals’
Species. The diversity of species in flora and fauna is known as biodiversity. In some countries, Rural
population depends on these resources for food, meat, wood, and medicine. However, over The last
decades, fauna and flora have been seriously threatened by climate change, growth of the
Population and excessive human activities. Decades ago, many West African countries could boast of
having a rich and large biodiversity full 2 Of animals such as lions, elephants, monkeys, gorillas,
rhinoceros, giraffes, antelopes, and many Others. Unfortunately, nowadays, the animal population
has dropped significantly due to hunting, Apart from the ordinary hunting practiced in rural areas
which only targeted smaller game such as Hares, deer, mice or partridges, illegal hunting or poaching
has led multiple animals to extinction To the extent that these creatures have very few or no
surviving offspring. Today, larger animals Like elephants, rhinoceros, buffaloes, pangolin, lions,
hippopotamuses, and leopards are Categorized as endangered species. They are hunted either for
their ivory or their skins and sold Throughout the world. Hunting can destroy the balance of the
ecosystem when it becomes Intensive. Due to overhunting, some animals risk complete extinction,
that is why national parks
Are created to preserve them.
In national parks, hunting is not allowed. Animals are not caged like in zoos ; they are left in their
Natural habitats and often watched over by rangers. Endangered animals are protected from being
Captured by poachers. These parks provide them with a safe space to freely move, graze and
Reproduce. National parks mainly target the conservation of biodiversity, wildlife, forests, and
Savannahs. In Togo, the Fazao-Malfakassa and Kéran national parks are created to preserve
Endangered species. In addition, national parks stimulate economic growth and job creation Through
tourism. They deliver invaluable economic, social, cultural and health benefits. They also Protect the
best of our natural heritage. Therefore, uncontrolled hunting must be fought toPreserve biodiversity.

VOCABULARY
Write the words below alongside the corresponding definition
Savannah-fauna-biodiversity-flora-lanscape
1. The variety of plants and animals in a particular habitat =
2. The animals of a particular region or habitat =
3. All the visible features of an area of a land =
4. The plants of a particular region or habitat =
5. A grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions with few trees =

THE INTERNET IN OUR WORLD

Internet stands for Interconnected network of computers. It is a telecommunications network that
uses telephone lines, cables, satellites, and wireless connections to connect computers and other
devices to the web. It can also be defined as a global communication system of networks which allow
a user with a computer, or smartphone to interact with other users. Other internet tools include
laptops, iPhones, iPad and tablets. Nowadays, as access to internet is getting cheaper and cheaper,
people find it easi er and more advantageous to set up internet connection at home. Life without the
internet is unbearable these days. The internet has touched every aspect of our lives, from the way
we communicate to the way we think, learn and work. It has become an integral part of our daily
lives. Through instant messaging services, mailing and social media, you can chat or communicate
with friends and families no matter where they are. You may even make video calls, share pictures,
videos, and voicemails with your loved ones. In addition, thanks to the internet students or anybody
can visit websites and have information on different domains and topics within a few seconds and a
few clicks. With thís advancement, learning has become more convenient and practical because
students can take online courses, do research, and download documents relevant to their studies.
Moreover, these days, almost all companies, businesses, organizations, and governments have their
accounts on Facebook, Tweeter, and other online platforms. On these social media, they regularly
post updated news and information about their activities, products, and services. Companies upload
advertisements to reach larger number of clients. Governments make posts to inform the publíc
about ongoing events in the country. Apart from managing their bank account and credit cards,
internet users can also make bill payments for online shopping through Amazon, Alibaba., and
others. Today, thanks to the digitalization of services, it is possible to request documents such as
police Clearance reports, citizenships or even passport online. More importantly, the internet
generates Revenue, creates fame and jobs for Youtubers, traders, artists, comedians and TikTokers
all over The world. However, if not used properly, it can expose us to disagreeable situations related
to our Privacy, health, security, addiction, scamming and pornography.

Draw this table. Fill in with words from the list below.
Server-cables-Wi-fi-scammer-scanner-printer-IP address-maintenance-router-cyber networking-
browser-modem-programming-webmaster-processing-web developer

Devices Services Operators/People

TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH

L’internet est un réseau mondial d’ordinateurs qui permet de communiquer et de partager des
informations. Il a transformé notre façon de communiquer, de travailler, d’apprendre et de nous
divertir. II est important parce qu’il a révolutionné la façon dont les gens communiquent et accèdent
à l’information.
CYBERCRIME
Technological advancement in the 21st century has made life easier and better in almost ever Sector.
With the advent of the mobile phones, accessing the internet is just a click away. Yet, this
Accessibility comes with some risk. Since users cannot always check the identity of the people They
interact with nor their real intentions, they are exposed to all sorts of cybercrime: Cybercrime is any
mischievous or criminal activity carried out using computer or the internet. A The internet is virtual,
cybercrime does not consider any boundary or territorial barrier. It ha Become a great threat in the
world. There are two kinds of cybercrime. One describes offence That directly affect computer
networks and data systems. It includes hacking, virus attacks an Malware. The other is about crimes
facilitated by computer networks like cyberstalking, fraud Identity theft, phishing, scams and piracy.
Driven by poverty, greed, laziness, unemployment or love for easy money, cybercriminals take
Advantage of ICTs to swindle private and public companies. They hack systems, intercep Important
emails, spread fake news and take control of bank accounts. They also trick people int Sending them
money. Cybercrime poses a serious security problem because through fake news and propaganda,
terrorist groups are able to manipulate public opinion and incite violence. Another recurrent form of
cybercrime is cyberespionage against countries and their institutions. This particular cyberattack is
considered the most dangerous. It is a real act of aggression against The sovereignty of nations as it
aims at stealing secret information. As far as individuals are Concerned, cybercriminals often exploit
their phone numbers, email addresses, pictures and Videos to scam, blackmail, or bully them. The
trendy cases are instances where users have their Nudes or intimate sexual videos circulating on the
net. Cybercriminals use such information to Extort money from their victims. Therefore, internet
users need to be aware of cybercrime and Above all know how to use it safely by controlling their
interactions with people and protecting their personal data.

Vocabulary
Here is a list of words. With your classmate, copy down that are related to cybercrime :

Strike – festivals – computer -recipe- phishing– favourite – celebration – hacker – dumping-

coexistence – identity theft- supporters – traditional – piracy – achieve – fraud – suggest- bully-clash
– scam – injuries- internet ownership –blackmail – encourage spyware

Comparison
Choose the appropriate proposal and copy down the sentence.
1. Identity theft is one of the more common/the most common form of cybercrime.
2. Protecting one’s personal data is the better/the best way to avoid cyberattack.
3. The internet is the easiest/the easier means used by hackers.
4. One of the surerthe surest way to lessen cybercrime is to punish the perpetrators.

TRUE PATRIOTS
Patriotism is the feeling of love, devotion, loyalty and sense of attachment to one’s homeland. It Is
when citizens feel committed towards their nation and carry the noble sentiment of affection, Pride,
respect, and a spirit of sacrifice for it. It also means that citizens should place the common Good
above their own personal interests. Patriotism and citizenship are closely related. Patriotism mostly
has to do with our behaviour as citizens towards our nations. This behaviour Can be expressed in
different ways. For example, through the respect for national emblems, Citizens express their love
and sense of belonging to the nation. Singing properly the national Anthem and reciting the motto is
evidence that we are patriots. Thus, displaying inappropriate Conducts during national anthems or
burning the national flag is not only non-civic but also Unpatriotic. Such actions, although they may
appear simple, have a strong meaning as they Determine the way other people value us. In addition,
by involving in communal activities, patriots show their commitment to build a clean and healthy
environment. They are not too bus To take part in cleaning activities. They rather proudly volunteer
themselves. They also undertake Social initiatives through NGOs and even give money to associations
to help the poor. This is a Patriotic action in the sense that it helps to solve social problems that the
government cannot Solve alone. Citizens who love their country promote cohesion, peace and
security. They do not stagger to Fight against terrorism by collaborating with security forces. They are
equally tolerant with their Fellow citizens irrespective of their differences. Patriots are law-abiding
citizens. They protect Public goods and spaces. Whether as an official, a civil servant, private
employee, or an Entrepreneur, serving with integrity, excellence and devotion is an act of patriotism.
Another Example of patriotism is when citizens from the diaspora decide to return to their fatherland
to pu Their qualifications and competence to the service of their nation. Patriotism brings positive
Impacts such as togetherness, justice, development and wellbeing in the country. Freedom fighters
such as Nelson Mandela, Kwame Nkrumah, Sylvanus Olympio, Patric Lumumba, Thomas Sankara are
epitomes of patriotism. While they are remembered and admire
That we need to demonstrate Throughout the continent, it is important to remind ourselves
Patriotism for our countries through commitment, civism, unity, and peace.

SPEAKING
In pairs, use the ideas below to talk about patriotic behaviours. You may use other ideas as
Well. See this example.
Citizen A : As a patriot, I love singing the national anthem.
Citizen B : That’s great, citizens have to respect national emblems.
Citizen A : Of course, we shouldn’t
Burn the lag – take part in comnunal activities – Consume l0Cal products – curse mothonland
Insult authorities – sing poorly the anthem – abuse joreigners -cooperate with the noice
Useful expressions : Being a real/true/ genuine patriot as a good citizen/ as a proud Togolese
It is my duty to…
I should/shouldn’t/need to/have to/must/I love/like/care for … be interested in/I cherish…
Stand…/ For me, I think,
It is dear to me/ I’m against/for….; I hate ; I can’t
I am ready to/lt is my responsibility to.., I don’t mind…, I volunteer to.

OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE

All over the world, people have cultures and values proper to them. These practices, customs, Morals
and beliefs passed down from generation to generation are known as cultural heritage. Culture is the
sum of everything we stand for as a person. Through culture, we express our Identity, worldview as
well as our differences with regard to other people. However, for a long Time, African cultures have
been subject to misunderstanding, contempt and mockery from Foreigners. Sadly today, many
Africans are ignoring and losing cultural values their forefathers Used to cherish. Though some
aspects of the African culture are not perfect, it mostly expresses Rich practices and values that are
worth knowing and preserving. In Africa, traditions, customs, and languages vary from one tribe to
another. There are however, Many cultural values and practices that are mostly shared all over the
continent. Thus, during
Some traditional festivals, natives of two different ethnic groups may gather and perform
Ceremonies as one community. For instance, in Togo, during Sintu-Djandjangou festival, the Nawdba
and the Lamba dance, sing and eat together. Such events enable the younger ones to Learn about
their culture and represent it proudly. Another important aspect in African culture is the sense of
community life. In the past, our forefathers used to do some activities together Especially farming. A
group of farmers would voluntarily work on the farmland of one among Them, and another day. It
would be another person’s turn. In the same way, friends of a suitor Would assist him to work on the
farm of his prospective in-laws. Contrary to the growing disregard portrayed by the youths
nowadays, people used to have deep respect for old age. Even If they could find nothing to admire in
an old man, his grey hair would earn him the right to Courtesy and politeness. At that time, young
people bowed to greet any aged person, no matter Who they are or where they come from. It is
often believed that if you respect elders, you will live Long. Other values proper to African culture
include hospitality, humility and courage. Nowadays. Due to the impacts of colonialism, globalization
and social media, Africans cultures
Are being influenced. African values are disappearing among the younger generation. Modernity
Tends to be conceived as embracing every aspect of the western world. However. In the middle of
This acculturation, Africans must always remember who they are and stand proudy to preserve their
cultural heritage.

VOCABULARY
I.Match the words below with their definitions.
1. Bow
2. Custom
3. Heritage
4. Humility
a. Modesty or lack of pride in character.
b. Bending forward to show respect.
c.A traditional beliefor practice common to a given people.
d. Values, practices, or property passed down from past generations.
II. Fill in the blanks with the following words below : elders – community life – pass down –
Respect – forefathers – greetings – custom – culture- values
People all over the world have……which are……to them by their.
These values over the years, become part of their………In many African cultures for example, the
Youths are often brought up to greet the ……… by bowing……….executed otherwise could be
perceived as an insult or lack of…….. This way of greeting is a……….shared all over the continent.
Another important value common to Africans is…….. This means they identify themselves more as a
community than isolated individuals.

WOMEN’S RIGHTS TO INHERIT PROPERTIES

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees access to fairness and equal treatment All
without any discrimination, However, when it comes to inheritance rights, women are st
Marginalized. Normally, when a man dies, his wife and his children must be the main beneficiaries of
his properties. A portion may be given to a relative or another person depending on the last will of
the decedent. In Togo, although women have the civil right to inherit properties customary laws
continue to marginalize them. They prevent women from inheriting propertie- Especially land. In fact,
a woman is allowed to own and use her husband or father’s land only When he is alive. This happens
because people believe that women are so weak that they cannot Protect or make good use of a
land. In many communities, customs often require the brothers The deceased to look after the
properties and provide for the widow and orphans. Unfortunately, in most cases, these brothers use
the properties for their own interests, leaving the heirs in misery. Girls face the same problem as
women. They hardly have access to legacies because they will ge Married one day and be cared for
by their husbands. Thus, people believe that allowing them to inherit a land would mean offering the
property to another man or family, and that is a dishonour Or a great loss. Moreover, some women
see their husband’s properties grabbed from them Especially while performing traditional mourning
ceremonies. In the worst cases, if ever, it Happens that a woman is not legally married, she might
lose all her husband’s properties. A
Woman once lamented in a radio broadcast saying, « My in-laws chased me out of my husband’s
House and seized it. I am left with seven children. I don’t know how to feed them. » Another one
Said, « Since I only conceived girls, they refuse to give my children the papers of their father’s House
and lands. I am lost and devastated. If only my husband were alive. » Discrimination about
inheritance makes women and children suffer a lot. Therefore, authorities And traditional leaders
should work to ensure equality and fairness in inheritance laws. Educating Women and girls about
their rights and facilitating their access to legal services will also help Reduce inheritance injustice
and biases.

PROBLEM SOLVING
Mrs. Halima is your aunt. She has been married to her husband for ten years. They have three
Children. Unfortunately. Her husband died three weeks ago after a short disease. Her brothers-in-
Law recently ordered her to leave their brother’s house with all her children. Write a short Paragraph
about the causes and solutions of this phenomenon. Use your knowledge on women Inheritance
problems in Togo in your writing.

A NEGLECTED CHILD
Two weeks ago, I met Akofa, an old
Friend with whom I attended secondary school. My heart sank in pain when she told me her story.
Akofa lost her mother at a tender age. She used to live with her father and her stepmother. His
father was no longer the same after the death of his wife. Not only did he become a drunkard but
also a gambler.
Never was he able to save his earnings. He was so indebted that his creditors took away all his
valuable properties. He couldn’t provide for Akofa’s needs. Her school fees were no longer paid, so
she frequently missed classes. Finally, she was obliged to drop out of school. Her stepmother Made
her carry heavy loads and work on the farm all day long. Indeed, that woman had no Understanding
of children rights. She refused to feed her and to take her to hospital when she fell Sick. At times, she
would even push her into relationships with men for money. Perhaps, if Akota Were her biological
daughter, she would show her much love. Things worsened when Akofa got pregnant. The author of
the pregnancy could not be found Anywhere. He denied and rejected his responsibility. Akofa was
seriously beaten up because of The pregnancy. For fear of losing her life, she decided to leave the
house. She took a few clothes And squatted with a girl named Linda. Linda was a prostitute. She
convinced Akofa to get into Prostitution. Akofa accepted her proposal because she had to feed her
child and didn’t have any Other option. Akofa started drinking and smoking as well. Although she
later abandoned that Demeaning activity, she ended up contracting AIDS. She had no real job and
couldn’t get Anywhere to stay. When she was telling me her story, I could feel regret and bitterness
in her Voice, and great hatred for her parents. Her child was her only source of happiness. Never
could ! Imagine that Akofa had gone through such hard situations. If she had completed her studies,
she Would have become a lawyer or a doctor like many of us. She was brilliant at school
Undoubtedly, she would have gone far in her studies if her parents had not been so irresponsible.

TRANSLATE INTO FRENCH

Parental responsibility means the legal rights, duties, powers, responsibilities, and authority a Parent
has over a child and the child’s property. Unfortunately, not all parents understand these principles.
Many of them are still iresponsible, thus exposing their children to harsh living conditions. Our world
would be much better if children were properly taken care of.

ART AND TOURISM

Tourism is the practice of travelling to places outside your usual environment for personal Purposes
including leisure and curiosity. Generally, when people travel as tourists, they are Interested in
having unforgetable experiences through discoveries and entertainments. They seek To explore and
engage in activities related to art, culture and nature. This involves visiting zoos, Festivals, concerts,
crafts, museums, traditional events, etc. Tourism has always been an important Sector in the global
economy, but in the twenty-first century it is growing at a phenomenal rate. Africa is endowed with
rich and diverse cultures and artistic creativity. Tourists are mostly Attracted by their cultural
practices, traditional festivals, representations, and artefacts. Tourists Are equally fascinated by
historical sites and myths around those places. Through places such as Sacred forests and traditional
festivals, fetish markets, tourists get to know about African beliefs, Spirits, and gods. Indigenous
civilizations are promoted adding pride and reputation to the area And its people. For instance, when
tourists visit the Agbogbo sanctuary in Notsé (Togo), they Could get informed about the Exodus of
the Ewe people whose ancestors migrated from that place Centuries ago to settle in different areas
of Togo, Ghana, and Benin. Such information and exotic Realities represent not only cultural identity
but also treasures to advertise and attract tourists. Tourism also creates employment and business
opportunities for those working in hotels, Shopping centres and travel agencies. Galleries, museums,
craftsmen, and traders increase their revenues as visitors usually buy all sorts of souvenirs such as
masks, beads, and traditional Clothes. In Togo, Assigamé market is known for its numerous
craftworks shops which are often Visited by tourists. Besides, tourism brings huge benefits to the
economy. As a matter of fact, Visits of Egyptian arts galleries and Pyramids are said to contribute
immensely to the GDP of the Country. Similarly, historical places and monuments in Ethiopia, Mali,
and Ghana are said to add Significant value to their economies. The tourism industry is undoubtedly
a key aspect of any economic development today, Many Countries have developed a reputation of
favourite touristic destinations thanks to their canacit Market their cultures and places. Therefore, it
is important for our countries to promote our cultures and arts by developing cultural infrastructure,
valuing traditional festivals, and maintaining historic sites to make them more attractive and
competitive.

REVIEW OF ‘’ SINCE’’ ‘’FOR’’ ‘’AGO’’

Complete with since-for or ago

1. Cultural assets have been neglected…….. decades
2. The tourism industry has been thriving……. 2010.
3. A few weeks……..,the German tourists left Niamtougou.
4. People have visited our national museum……. 1975.
5. ……….almost two weeks, they have been visiting the whole Savannah region.
6. Tourists have spent plenty money on artefacts ………their arrival in Kpalimé.