Performance Analysis of Grid Integrated PV System

using SRF and IRPT Control

Avdhesh kumar Rachana Garg Priya Mahajan
Department of electrical engineering Department of electrical engineering Department of electrical engineering
Delhi Technological University Delhi Technological University Delhi Technological University
Delhi, India Delhi, India Delhi, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—With the increase in grid connected PV based AC Ls

generation, degradation of power quality at the point of
common coupling (PCC) has become a serious issue both for Balanced/
AC Ls unbalanced/
electric power utilities and consumers. Improvement in power linear/
quality is achieved through power factor correction, reactive AC nonlinear
Ls
power compensation and harmonic mitigation using different load
control techniques. This paper presents the performance
analysis of grid integrated PV and addresses the power quality Three phase source Interfacing
inductors
issues using synchronous reference frame (SRF) and
instantaneous reactive power theory (IRPT) technique for
inverter control. A 10 kW grid integrated photovoltaic system
(DC-DC) Cdc
has been developed. Simulation of developed model is carried PV
Boost VSC
out on MATLAB/Simulink. ARRAY
Converter

Keywords—PV cell, Boost converter, SRF, IRPT, PFC, THD

I. INTRODUCTION Gate control

The increase in electrical energy demand and harmful MPPT

environmental impact of conventional generation has
speared growth of RES based power generation. Due to the
Fig.1 System configuration
integration of various renewable energy sources in the utility
grids, power quality at the point of common coupling (PCC) maximum power, Perturb and observe MPPT algorithm is
degrades. The effect of degradation of power quality of
used. In second stage of conversion, dc link voltage
electric power supply at consumer end are observed in form obtained after first stage conversion is converted to ac
of harmonics, voltage sag, spikes, voltage swell, poor power voltage of required magnitude and frequency using VSC.
factor and poor voltage regulation [1-4]. Harmonics are the VSC is an IGBT based three leg converter used to feed
index of the distortion level in the waveform of voltage and power to the load and utility grid. VSC serves the purpose of
current. These are introduced in the system due to the
active and reactive power demand of load and maintain grid
presence of various power electronic devices and nonlinear power factor at unity. Further in case of linear/nonlinear
loads in the system which draw nonlinear current from the unbalanced loads on grid, VSC maintain the balancing of
source and are the main reason of harmonics generation. grid current by supplying current to linear/nonlinear loads
The problems associated with harmonics are overheating, thus eliminating the harmonics on the grid side for grid
failure of components, measurement errors etc. [5-6] integration of PV system. synchronization of PCC voltage,
In this paper a 10 kW grid integrated PV based generating
current and frequency of the, grid with the PV system are
system is proposed, the PV inverter is controlled using two required which is achieved using PLL.
different techniques viz. SRF and IRPT for harmonic
mitigation. These algorithms are simulated on III. MODELLING OF PV CELL
MATLAB/Simulink environment. Both the algorithm will
result in efficient operation of the PV based grid connected
system.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Fig. 1 depicts system configuration of grid interfaced PV
system. The grid interfaced photovoltaic (PV) system
consists of a solar PV array, converter for boosting the
voltage level, three phase voltage source converter (VSC)
and consumer loads. The system is two stage power Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit of PV cell
conversion system. In the first stage, boost converter is used
to convert the voltage that is obtained from PV array to the Photo voltaic generator is neither a constant voltage source
required voltage level. As power from PV array is not nor constant current source. A dc current is generated if
constant and changes with environmental conditions, solar irradiance falls on it. Approximate circuit of PV cell
therefore to track the consist of current source (‫ܫ‬௣௛ ), diode, shunt (ܴ௦௛ ) and series

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

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(ܴ௦ ) resistance. Fig. 2 depicts the approximate equivalent 6 1 kW/m
2

circuit of PV cell from which nonlinear characteristics can

be derived. Depending on the application, required voltage 4

and power level can be derived from the PV cell by 0.5 kW/m
2

Current (A)
connecting them in series or parallel combination and 2

forming a PV array. The PV cell can be presented by Eq. 1 0.1 kW/m

2

to 3:
0
ೇశ಺ೃೄ
ቆ௤ቀ ቁቇ 0 10 20 30 40 50
಼೅
‫ܫ‬஽ = ‫ܫ‬ௌ ൥݁ െ 1൩ Voltage (V)

(1) Fig. 3(a) I-V curve of one module at variable insolation

Output current of solar cell: 300

‫ܫ = ܫ‬௣௛ െ ‫ܫ‬஽ െ ‫ܫ‬௦௛

(2) 200 1 kW/m
2

By putting the value of ‫ܫ‬஽ and ‫ܫ‬௣௛ in the above Eq. 2, output

Power (W)
current Eq. can be written as: 100 0.5 kW/m
2

ೇశ಺ೃೄ
ቆ௤ቀ ቁቇ
಼೅
‫ܫ = ܫ‬௣௛ െ ‫ܫ‬ௌ ൥݁ െ 1൩ െ (ܸ + ‫ܴܫ‬ௌ )/ܴ௦௛ (3) 0.1 kW/m
2

Where I is output current (A), ‫ܫ‬஽ is current through the

0 10 20 30 40 50

Voltage (V)
diode, ‫ܫ‬௣௛ is photon current generated by PV cell, V is
output voltage (V), ‫ܫ‬ௌ is saturation current, q is electron
R

Fig. 3(b) P-V curve of one module at variable insolation

charge (1.6 ‫ כ‬10ିଵ଺ ‫)ܥ‬, K is Boltzmann constant (1.381 ‫כ‬ 30
௃
10ିଶଷ ) and T is operating temperature (K), ܴ௦௛ is shunt
௄
resistance and ܴ௦ is series resistance.
20
By considering above equations and using series and
parallel combination of cells, a 10 kW PV array has been
Current (A)

developed and simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink 10

35
o
C

environment.
o
25 C
o
15 C

IV. I-V AND P-V CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PV ARRAY AND 0

MPPT 0 100 200 300 400 500

Voltage (V)
Fig. 3 and 4 depicts the current-voltage and power-voltage
characteristics of the solar array at different solar insolation Fig. 4(a) I-V curve of array at variable temperature
and operating temperature respectively. Output power of the
photovoltaic array is calculated by multiplying voltage 15000

across entire array and total current corresponding to the

entire configuration. Current and voltage corresponding to 10000 o
15 o C
maximum power point is located and noted from I-V and P- 35
25 o
C
C

V curve respectively.
Power (W)

As the characteristics of the PV array is continuously 5000

varying due to varying temperature and irradiance so the

maximum power point (MPP) must be tracked with proper 0

speed and accuracy for the efficient performance of the PV 0 100 200 300 400 500

array. This can be achieved using different algorithms. In Voltage (V)

this paper perturb and observe algorithm is used to track Fig. 4(b) P-V curve of array at variable temperature
MPP. A dc-dc converter is connected between inverter and
source PV interface the MPPT. By varying the on/off time V. DESIGN OF CONVERTER SYSTEM PARAMETERS
of the converter switch, impedances seen by the source is
matched with load to transfer the maximum possible power
to load at that available environmental conditions. Thus L D
MPPT algorithm keeps solar PV operating point
corresponding to maximum power.
Vin C Vo Load
Switch
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of Boost converter

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Fig.5 depicts the boost converter (dc-dc) having output Design parameter of
Values Unit
voltage more than its input voltage. The output voltage and boost converter
current equations for above converter are given below [7]: Source or Grid voltage 415 V
ܸை = ܸ௜௡ /(1 െ ‫)ܭ‬
(4) VI. INVERTER CONTROL ALGORITHMS
‫ܫ‬ை = ‫ܫ‬௜௡ /(1 െ ‫)ܭ‬ A. SRF Theory of Inverter Control
(5) Fig. 6 represents the block diagram of inverter control
‫( כ ܭ = ܮ‬1 െ ‫ܴ כ )ܭ‬௢ /(2 ‫݂ כ‬௦௪ ) algorithm using SRF theory. SRF theory or d-q theory uses
(6) Park’s transformation to convert load current components
L=0.4133‫(כ‬1-0.4133)/ (2‫כ‬10000) = 0.72 mH. from synchronous reference frame to d-q reference frame.
‫ܭ = ܥ‬/(2 ‫݂ כ‬௦௪ ‫ܴ כ‬௢ ) ȝ)݂௦௪ = 10 ݇‫ݖܪ‬ This algorithm consist of two PI controllers, one is used to
Where K is duty ratio and ܴ௢ is load resistance, ܸை is output maintain the voltage across dc link and the second controller
voltage, ‫ܫ‬ை is output current, ݂௦௪ is switching frequency, L is used to maintain PCC voltage constant and stable. Low
and C are the inductance and capacitance of the boost pass filter is connected to extract the fundamental quantities
converter respectively. (i d and i q ) of the load current. To operate the grid on unity
A. DC link Voltage power factor, inverter must supply the reactive power
demand of the load and should be operated under power
Minimum required voltage across dc link capacitor must be
factor correction mode (UPF) i.e. i* q must be zero (i* q =0,
more than two times of the voltage per phase of the system
i* q= -i q + i qr ) and i* d is added with i loss component so as to
[8].
maintain the dc link voltage constant. Converting these
ܸௗ௖ = 2ξ2 ‫ܸ כ‬௅௅ /൫ξ3 ‫݉ כ‬൯ (7) reference signals from d-q frame to synchronous reference
ܸௗ௖ = ¥    ¥   frame using inverse parks transformation, reference signals
Modulation index (m) is taken as 0.95. Voltage across dc (i sa , i sb , i sc ) obtained from control algorithm, are compared
link obtained from Eq. (7) is 713V for ܸ௅௅ of 415 V and is with sensed grid current (i* sa , i* sb , i* sc ) using hysteresis
chosen as 750V. control and generate gate signals to operate inverter on UPF
B. Rating of DC link capacitor on the basis of Ripple mode.[8-12]

‫ܥ‬ௗ௖ = (ܲௗ௖ /ܸௗ௖ )/(2 ‫ כ‬314 ‫ܸ כ‬ௗ௖௥௜௣௣௟௘ ) (8)

Where ‫ܥ‬ௗ௖ is dc link capacitor, ܸௗ௖ and ܲௗ௖ are dc link
voltage and power respectively. Considering ܸௗ௖௥௜௣௣௟௘ as 3%
of ܸௗ௖ , ܲௗ௖ as 10 kW and ܸௗ௖ as 750 V.
‫ܥ‬ௗ௖ = ȝ)
Selected value of ‫ܥ‬ௗ௖ is ȝ)
C. Rating of Interfacing inductor of VSC
Interfacing inductor rating of VSC depends on switching
frequency ( ݂௦௪  FXUUHQW ULSSOH ¨L  DQG GF OLQN YROWDJH
(ܸௗ௖ ). Interfacing inductor (‫ܮ‬௙ ) is given as follows:
‫ܮ‬௙ = ξ3 ‫ܸ כ ݉ כ‬ௗ௖ /(12 ‫݂ כ ݄ כ‬௦௪ ‫ כ‬ο݅) Fig. 6 Inverter control algorithm using SRF theory
(9) B. IRPT Theory of Inverter Control
‫ܮ‬௙ = 6.78 ݉‫ܪ‬
Vdc*
Where h is overloading factor, m is modulation index and ploss
Vdc LPF DC voltage PI
ο݅ is current ripple. Assuming, ݉ = 1, ܸௗ௖ = 750 ܸ, ݄ = - +
controller
1.2, ݂௦௪ = 10 ݇‫ ݀݊ܽ ݖܪ‬ο݅ = 10%.
The calculated value of ‫ܮ‬௙ is 6.78 mH. In the proposed Vsa
abc to ɲɴ
VĮ
Vsb P* Reference
system ‫ܮ‬௙ of 7 mH is taken.
transformation
Vȕ
LPF + + current
Vsc
calculation in
Table I shows the system parameters considered in this Active and
ɲɴĨƌĂŵĞΘ
reactive
system. power q*
conversion
from Įȕto abc
TABLE I SYSTEM PARAMETERS iLa abc to ɲɴ iĮ calculation LPF - + frame
iLb transformation
Design parameter of
Values Unit iȕ qvr
boost converter iLc

Inductor (L) 0.72 mH

Vsp LPF - + AC voltage PI Reference
Capacitor (C) 1000 ȝ) controller Signal
kHz Vsp*
Switchign frequency (fsw) 10

Input voltage 440 V

Output voltage 750 V Fig. 7 Inverter control algorithm using IRPT
Duty cycle 41.33 % Fig. 7 depicts the block diagram representation of IRPT
Interfacing inductor(Lf) 7 mH inverter control theory. In this theory Clark’s transformations

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are used to converts the load current and PCC voltages in to q*= q vr -q dc
Į-ȕIUDPH,QVWDQWDQHRXVYDOXHRIDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYHSRZHU (11)
are estimated by using the equations of active and reactive
In power factor correction mode q* must be zero to maintain
power. Estimated power consist of both dc and ac
the unity power factor of the grid. Reference p* and q* are
component. To extract the fundamental components, low
FRQYHUWHG LQ WR Į-ȕ IUDPH 7DNLQJ WKH LQYHUVH &ODUN¶V
pass filters are used. Reference value of both the power (p*
transformation will give reference signal (i sa , i sb , i sc ).
and q*) is estimated using Eq. given below:
Reference signals (i sa , i sb , i sc) obtained from control
p*= p dc +p loss algorithm are compared with sensed grid current (i* sa , i* sb
(10) , i* sc ) using hysteresis control and generate gate signal to
operate the inverter at unity power factor mode. [13-15]

VII. MODEL OF GRID INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

A. SRF Algorithm of Inverter Control

Fig. 8 Developed model of Grid integrated PV system

Fig. 8 represent Simulink model of 10 kW grid connected

PV system. Control of dc link voltage and PCC voltage are
achieved using PI controllers. The system is operated under
UPF mode to supply the load reactive power demand by
inverter and to maintain the unity power factor on grid side.
VIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
To study the performance of developed control algorithms,
linear and nonlinear loads of 5kW and (R=100 ͹, L=100 H)
are taken respectively. The system is assumed to be working Fig. 9 Performance analysis of inverter control using SRF theory in
at standard test condition. Performance analysis of entire PFC mode for linear unbalanced load
system is done in PFC mode, for both linear and nonlinear
loads. Further to impose the unbalanced load condition on
the system, one phase is kept open from 0.3 to 0.5 second.
Entire simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink.

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 Fig. 10 Performance analysis of inverter control using SRF theory
in PFC mode for nonlinear load
Fig. 12 Performance analysis of inverter control using IRPT theory
Fig. 9 and 10 shows the voltage at point of common coupling in PFC mode for nonlinear unbalanced load
(Grid(V)), grid current (Grid(A)) load current (Load(A)) and
inverter current (Inverter(A). It has been observed that even Fig. 11and 12 shows the performance waveform of inverter
during unbalanced loading or single phasing, grid voltage control using IRPT theory in the MATLAB simulation
and current are balanced. Inverter supplies the reactive power environment for PFC mode. From fig. 11 and 12, it can be
demand of load and grid operation is maintained at unity observed that for unbalanced linear and nonlinear loads, grid
power factor. current are balanced. Also grid current are in phase,
validating the UPF mode of inverter operation.
B. IRPT Algorithm of Inverter Control
C. Estimation of Total Harmonic Distortion
Percentage (%) total harmonic distortion (THD) is estimated
for different parameters like PCC voltage and grid current of
grid integrated PV system for nonlinear loads, when SRF
and IRPT theory for inverter control algorithms are
employed. Fig. 13 shows the THD of load current for
nonlinear load. Fig. 14 and 15 represent the FFT analysis of
grid voltage and grid current respectively using SRFT and
IRPT control techniques. Table II depicts the percentage
THD for inverter control algorithm in unity power factor
mode of operation. It has been observed that SRF control
technique gives better response for nonlinear load.

Fig. 11 Performance analysis of inverter control using IRPT theory

in PFC mode for linear unbalanced load
Fig.13 THD of load current for nonlinear load

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 FFT window: 4 of 35 cycles of selected signal TABLE II % THD VALUES FOR DIFFERENT SYSTEM PARAMETER
200
Different Percentage (%) THD value
Signal mag.

0
parameter
-200
of system SRF(nonlinear load) IRPT(nonlinear load)
0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 Grid voltage
1.24 1.83
alysis (Grid(V))
Fundamental (50Hz) = 339 , THD= 1.24%
Grid current
0.015 1.83 2.23
(Grid(A))
Mag (% of Fundamental)

0.01 Load
current 29.38 29.38
0.005
(Load(A))
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 IX. CONCLUSION
Frequency (Hz)
In this paper a 10 kW, grid integrated PV system has been
Fig.14 (a) THD of grid voltage (V) for nonlinear load using SRF designed and developed. Simulation of developed model has
control been carried out in the environment of MATLAB-
Signal
FFT window: 4 of 35 cycles of selected signal
SIMULINK. SRF and IRPT control algorithms are
10 employed and system performance has been investigated.
Signal mag.

0 It has been observed that both the control algorithms give

-10
efficient performance under different linear and nonlinear
0.2 0.22 0.24
Time (s)
0.26
load conditions. THD on grid side current is well within
FFT analysis
IEEE standard IEC61727 i.e. below 5 % and UPF operation
Fundamental (50Hz) = 14.13 , THD= 1.83% has been maintained.
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