UTILIZATION OF WASTE PLASTIC FOR

MAKING BRICKS

A Minor Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of Academic

Requirement
For The Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
SANJAY KUMAR DEWANGAN
SANDEEP PAINKRA
AKASH PATRE

Under The Esteemed Guidance Of

Mr. ASHISH KUMAR PARASHAR
(Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GURU
GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
(A Central University) BILASPUR-495009, (C.G.)

(2020- 2021)

1
 DECLARATION

We, the under signed solemnly declare that this report of the minor project work,
entitled “UTILIZATION OF WASTE PLASTIC FOR MAKING BRICKS” is our
work, carried out during our study in under graduation under the supervision of Mr,
ASHISH KUMAR PARASHAR Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of
Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya. We assert that the statements made
and conclusions drawn are the outcome of our work. We further declare that to the
best of our knowledge and belief this report does not contain any part of any work,
which has been submitted for the award of any degree in this or any other University.

SANJAY KUMAR SANDEEP PAINKRA

DEWANGAN AKASH PATRE
ROLL NO.-18102029 ROLL NO.-18102004
ROLL NO.-18102030
(GGV/18/1272) (GGV/18/1022)
(GGV/18/1274)

2
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BILASPUR (C.G.)
(A Central University Established by the Central University Act 2009 No. 25 of 2009)

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the minor project entitled “UTILIZATION OF WASTE
PLASTIC FOR MAKING BRICKS” submitted by Sanjay kumar dewangan,
Sandeep painkra and Akash patre in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering, Institute of
Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, is accorded to the student’s
own work, carried out by them in the Department of Civil Engineering during session
2020-21 under supervision and guidance.

Signature ________________ Signature ________________

Mr. ASHISH KUMAR (External Examiners)
PARASHAR
(Assistant Professor & Guide)

Signature ________________
Dr. M.C. RAO
HOD
Department of Civil Engineering
I.T., G.G.V.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to our supervisor Mr. ASHISH KUMAR

PARASHAR for his valuable guidance and constant support to make our
project successful and completing in all aspects.

We are very grateful to other faculties of the Department of Civil

Engineering, Institute of Technology Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya,
Bilaspur for giving us the opportunity for this minor project.

A minor project owes its success from commencement to completion and to

the people involved in the minor project at different stages. We avail this
opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to all the individuals who have
helped and assisted us in carrying and bringing out this minor project.Also,we
would like to thank our teachers for their guidance.

SANJAY DEEWANGAN
SANDEEP PAINKRA
AKASH PATRE

4
 ABSTRACT

Plastics are key resources in circular economy and recycling after the end of useful life
with economic value creation and minimal damage to environment is the key to their
sustainable management. Studies in a large stream of researches have explored
impregnating waste plastics in concrete and reported encouraging results with multiple
benefits. The need for the construction sector to be sustained by innovative technology
targeted at conserving the natural resources and protecting the environment cannot be
overemphasized. The use of plastic wastes as additives in the production of Bricks has
both engineering and environmental implications. The use of bricks produced from
plastic wastes is becoming more popular, finding applications in parking areas,
compounds, open spaces, streets, and in minor and major roads. The way and manner
plastic wastes generated are managed in developing countries is worrisome and
disturbing, due to their non-biodegradable nature. Our minor project is aimed at using
plastic wastes as binding material in place of clay in the production of bricks. This will
go a long way in solving part of our environmental and ecological problems resulting
from indiscriminate dumping of plastic wastes. These blocks were subjected to flexural,
compressive-strength, water-absorption. The results of these tests revealed that bricks
produced from plastic additives show more tensile strength, better water absorption
compared to the blocks produced from clay. Plastic bricks also showed abysmally low
water absorption than the conventional bricks. The application of plastic waste in the
production of plastic bricks is an innovative way of disposing plastic waste littered all
over the place, thereby cleaning the environment. The cost of plastic waste bricks when
compared with conventional bricks is stronger, tougher, economical. The study has
clearly established that plastic bricks are better alternative to normal conventional
bricks.

5
 CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE

NO.
i Declaration 2
ii Certificate 3
iii Acknowledgment 4
iv Abstract 5
v Content 7
vi List of tables 8
vii List of figures 9

1. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL 11
1.2 PRESENT SCENARIO OF THE WASTE 12
GENERATION IN INDIA
1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE MINOR PROJECT 12
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 12
1.5 ORGANISATION OF THE PROJECT 13

2. CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL 14
2.2 RESEARCH REVIEW 18
2.3 CONCLUSION 18

3. CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 COLLECTION OF THE MATERIAL 19
3.2 PREPARATION OF THE BRICK MOULD 19
3.3 BATCHING 20
3.4 MIXING 20
3.5 MOULDING 21

4. CHAPTER 4. MATERIAL PROPERTIES

4.1 PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC 22
4.1.1 TYPES OF PLASTICS USED 23
4.2 PROPERTIES OF SAND 23
4.3 PROPERTIES OF CLAY 25

5. CHAPTER 5. TEST PERFORMED ON BRICKS

6
 5.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 26
5.2 WATER ABSORPTION 27
5.3 EFFLORESCENCE TEST 28
5.4 SOUNDNESS TEST 28

6. CHAPTER 6. TEST RESULTS

6.1 PLASTIC SAND BRICK 29
6.1.1 WATER ABSORPTION TEST 29
6.1.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 30
6.1.3 EFFLORESCENCE TEST 30
6.1.4 SOUNDNESS TEST

6.2 PLASTIC CLAY BRICK

6.2.1 WATER ABSORPTION TEST 31
6.2.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST 31
6.1.3 EFFLORESCENCE TEST 32
6.1.4 SOUNDNESS TEST
32
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS
7. 7.1 ADVANTAGES 33
7.2 FUTURE WORK 34

8. REFERENCES 37

9. PHOTOGRAPHS 39

7
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Topic of Table Page No.

No.
Table 4.1 Physical property of plastic 22
Table 4.2 Types of plastic used 23
Table 4.3 Properties of sand 24
Table 4.4 Index property of Red yellow soil 25
Table 5.1 Alkali presence in the bricks as appeared on the 28
surface
Table 6.1 Water absorption test result 29
Table 6.2 Compressive strength test result 30
Table 6.3 Water absorption test result 30
Table 6.4 Compressive strength test result 31

8
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Topic Page

No. No.
Fig 3.1. Collection of plastic waste 19
Fig 3.2 Preparation of brick mould 19
Fig 3.3 Batching of plastic waste 20
Fig 3.4 Moulding of plastic and sand mix into the mould 21
Fig 3.5 Plastic clay brick 21
Fig 3.6 Plastic sand brick 21
Fig 4.1 River sand 24
Fig 4.2 Red yellow soil 24
Fig 5.1 Compressive strength 26
Fig 5.2 Water absorption test 27
Fig 6.1 Dry weight brick 28
Fig 6.2 Wet weight brick 29
Fig 6.3 Compressive strength test 30
Fig 6.4 Dry weight of plastic clay brick 31
Fig 6.5 Wet weight of plastic clay brick 31
Fig 8.1 Test report of plastic sand brick and plastic clay 38
brick
Fig 8.2 Measuring of the plastic clay brick 39
Fig 8.3 Measuring of the plastic sand brick 39
Fig 8.4 Burning setup 39

9
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Plastic is a very common material that is now widely used by everybody in the
world. Plastic plays a predominant role in reusable in this era, as it is compact
and light in weight. Common plastic items that are used are covers, bottles,
and food packages. The great problem with plastic is its decomposition. Plastic
is made of polymer chemicals and they are non-biodegradable. This means
that plastic will not decompose when it is placed in earth. Though plastic is a
very useful material that is flexible, robust and rigid they become waste after
their use and they pollute the air, land
and Water. Recycling is processing use waste materials into new products to
prevent waste of potentially useful materials. The increase in the popularity of
using eco-friendly, low cost and lightweight construction materials in building
industry has brought about the need to investigate how this can be achieved by
benefiting to the environment as well as maintaining the material requirements
and their standards. From the advantages of plastic recycling procedure is
used. For the production of plastic bricks is an optimal method for controlling
the problem by decomposition of plastic waste and also it costs economical
for the production of building materials. In this study, plastic waste from
factories will be used to incorporate with sand and clay to produce plastic-sand
and plastic-clay bricks. The bricks will then be tested to study the compressive
strength, efflorescence and water absorption. In the recent past research, the
replacement and addition have been done with the direct inclusion of
polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles in shredded form,
chemically treated polyethylene-fiber, PET in small particles form by
replacing natural coarse aggregate. Most of replacements have been done by
volume calculation, and showed the decreased in compressive strength as the
increased plastic waste. In this study, recycled plastic waste have been
introduced in the form of crushed. The replacement of plastic waste material
has been done by weight.

10
 1.2 Present Scenario of Waste Generation in India
An estimate by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural gas suggests that the annual per
capita consumption in India would be 20 kgs by 2022. As per CPCB reports, plastic
contributes to 8% of the total solid waste, with Delhi producing the maximum quantity
followed by Kolkata and Ahmedabad. Only 60% of the total plastic waste is being
recycled. Households generate maximum plastic waste, of which water and soft drink
bottles form a large number. In India, around 43% of manufactured plastics are used
for packaging purpose and most are of single use. Multi Layered Plastics are
categorized under either recyclable, energy recoverable or with some other alternate
use, but their recycling is an expensive process.

The seas near Mumbai, Kerala and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are among the
worst polluted in the world. Plastic debris affects at least 267 species worldwide,
including 86% of all sea turtle species, 44% of all seabird species, and 43% of all marine
mammal species. • Significant amount of toxic heavy metals like copper, zinc, lead and
cadmium recovered from plastic wastes from sea shores have an adverse effect on the
coastal ecosystems. • Lead and Cadmium pigments, commonly used in most of the
plastics as additives are hazardous in nature and are known to leach out. Several GHG
gases are emitted from the landfills. Among them, carbon dioxide and methane
constitute 90 to 98%.

Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 mandated the producers and brand owners to
devise a plan in consultation with the local bodies to introduce a collect-back system.
This system is known as the Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR). CPCB has
estimated the collection efficiency as 80.28% in 2014, out of which only 28.4% was
treated. Remaining quantities were disposed in landfills or open dumps. ULBs could
take cue from some best practices followed in cities like Bangalore where Dry Waste
Collection Centres have not only been established but also have a self-sustainable
business model. Need to establish a monetized collection model for plastic waste that
has economic returns for all those involved. Virgin plastics (e.g those used in food
packets, etc) should be collected separately because of the higher value it draws.

1.3 Overview of the Minor Project

The Complete work done in the Minor is segregated into five stages
Stage I deals with the procurement and assessment of the material properties

11
 tested in the project work. The assessment includes the physical properties of
various materials used in the project like density, Tensile strength, Elastic
Modulus, Texture, Melting Point and sieve analysis of fine aggregate.
Stage II is associated with the mixing of materials based on the result obtained
in 1ststage.only three types of plastic waste are used in the process of melting
ie.polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene teraphalate(PET).
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) are not used in the melting as
they are high in cyclic compounds like benzene and melting of which can be
carcinogenic.
Stage III is associated with the the moulding of the brick. The brick mould is
firstly greased and then the mix is put in the mould and with help of tamping
rod it is compacted.
Stage IV deals with the testing on brick like efflorescence test, soundness test
and water absorption test.
Stage V deals with the testing the physical property of the specimen like
Compressive strength Test. This test is performed on the basis of IS code
Stage VI deals with the statistical computation of the data and critical
examination of the data as obtained from Test Result.
1.4 Research Objective
The Project was undertaken to experimentally investigate the performance of
Plastic Bricks in terms of Strength and Water Absorption. The investigation
carried out on the Plastic Bricks are Bulleted down.
1 At first brick is made with mixing plastic and sand at the ratio of 1:2.
2 Secondly, brick is made with mixing plastic and clay at the ratio of 1:2.
1.5 Organisation of the Minor Project
This report consists of 6 chapters. Each chapter explains a particular topic as illustrated
below.
Chapter 1 includes the introduction of report containing in general what it wants to
explain, overview of the minor project, objective of minor project and organization of
the project.
Chapter 2 includes the literature review containing the findings from previous works
done in this area of consideration.
Chapter 3 includes the methodology containing collection of the material, preparation
of the brick mould, procedure of the casting brick, mixing, and moulding.

12
Chapter 4 includes the material used and its properties.
Chapter 5 includes experimental programs like experiments to be done with their
illustrations and testing program with their testing procedures in accordance with
respective codal provisions.
Chapter 6consists of result and discussion portion which comes from testing
procedures of the specimens as well as testing of different physical properties of
materials required for the design mix.
Chapter 7includes the conclusion from the testing procedures and experimental
programs.
Reference referred during project work are tabulated at the end of this report.

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General

In a Developing nation like India where construction Industry is Booming by day and
night There has been a considerable imbalance between the availability of conventional
building materials and their demand in the recent past. On the other hand the Plastic

13
waste is abundantly available and the disposal of waste plastics (PET, PP,etc.) is a
biggest challenge, as repeated recycling of PET bottles pose a potential danger of being
transformed to a carcinogenic material and only a small proportion of PET bottles are
being recycled. In this work an attempt has been made to make brick using plastic as a
primary material and Sand and Clay as the secondary material through this bricks we
are trying to reduce the pollution caused by waste plastic and also at the same time we
are trying to reduce the stress on earth since the amount of sand and soil required in
making of these bricks is very less compared to conventional bricks The bricks
manufactured possess the properties such as neat and even finishing, with negligible
water absorption and satisfactory compressive strength in comparison with 3 rd Class
Red Bricks to satisfy the increasing demand of conventional building materials.

2.2 Research Review

Plastic waste has been increasing day by day and there has been an urgent need to solve
the issue of management of plastic waste on the other hand the construction industry
has been growing very rapidly due to which stress on the earth is increasing for
procurement of materials therefore the replacement of traditional red brick with
sustainable building material is very important.

Researcher and Engineers have come out with their own ideas to decrease the amount
of plastic waste by making bricks out of plastic. The size of plastic waste is very big so
the solution to this problem should be of same scale, therefore utilisation of plastic
waste into bricks is the best method to reduce plastic pollution.

Muhammad Ekhlasur Rahman et al (2014) In this paper it addresses the issue of

recycling waste plastic by considering the feasibility of 3 use of Eco-bricks for
constructional purposes. The Eco-bricks are formed by packing 4 plastic within
Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET) bottles. Experiments were carried out to characterise
some of the 6 properties of these bricks. Compression test, sound insulation assessment
and light 7 transmission were considered in this regard and compared with traditional
construction 8 materials and conditions. Possible applications of Eco-bricks were
discussed.

David C. Wilson (2015) In this research paper it talks about the status of waste
management around the world. It explains the reasons for seeing waste management as

14
a global issue and political priority. It helps to develop a global outlook to the
challenges, trends and policies in relation to waste prevention, minimization and
management to provide guidance for national policy planning.

Dinesh Sellakutty (2016) In this paper it is shown that the Plastic sand bricks possess
more advantages which include Cost efficiency, Removal of waste products thus
abolishing the land requirement problem for dumping plastic, Reduction in the emission
of greenhouse gases by the conversion of flue gases into synthetic oil etc and a
comparison is made between traditional red bricks and Plastic sand Bricks.

Arvind Singhal et al (2018) In this paper plastic and sand has been used to make plastic
sand brick and then they are tested finally a conclusion is drawn that plastic sand brick
are better than conventional bricks on many parameters.

Alxender Kumi-Larbi Jnr (2018) In this research, waste LDPE water sachets have
been melted and mixed with sand to form LDPE-bonded sand blocks. The effect of
sand particle size and sand to plastic ratio on density, the compressive strength and
water adsorptionare reported. Optimum samples have been further characterised for
flexural strength and thermal conductivity. LDPE-bonded sand is a strong, tough
material with compressive strengths up to 27 MPa when produced under optimum
processing conditions. The density and compressive strength increase as the particle
size of the sand decreases. The potential for using this simple technology and the
materials it pro-duces to transform LDPE plastic waste management in developing
countries is discussed.

Ivan Indrawan et al (2019) In this study, the use of sand in the bricks is reduced with
LDPE plastic pellets. The reason for the use of LDPE plastic pellets as substitution of
plastic materials is that LDPE plastic pellets have smaller density than sand does, so
that it is expected that the brick becomes lighter although consists of the same
composition and it can also reduce environmental problems as LDPE plastic waste is
difficult to be decomposed by nature but gradually produced by humans that results in
excessive waste The LDPE plastic pellets utilized are used LDPE plastics that are
recycled into plastic pellets.

Karthikeyan M. et al (2019) This paper investigates the effect of using waste plastic
materials on the concrete. Waste plastic were collected from homes. Most plastics are

15
not biodegradable. They will stay in landfills until they are cleaned up. An important
problem we are facing is dumping of plastic materials it causes lot of problems. In order
to decrease the plastic waste, it can be used in construction field, plastic is inorganic in
nature so it does not alter the chemical properties of concrete and also it does not affect
the quality and consistency of concrete. The plastic can be as filler material in concrete
as well as it can be used to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Concrete is
a composite material consists of Cement, Water, Fine Aggregate and Coarse Aggregate.
High strength concrete was prepared of W/C 0.35 and the percentage of waste plastic
replaced by 10% of cement, Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate used in concrete. The
sizes of cubes 150x150x150mm and cylinders 150mm dia. and length 300mm were
casted.

R.S. Kongnole et al (2019) In this paper it is discussed the use of waste plastic for
making plastic bricks. Here waste plastic is melted and mixed with river sand to make
plastic bricks. these bricks are hardened in 60 minutes can be used in the process of
construction. they have very high strength and minimum water absorption capacity.

M.K. Mondal et al (2019) The present paper reports the results of experiments done
on bricks made up of varying percentages of waste thermoplastics (0-10% by weight)
and sand (60-70% by weight), holding percentages of fly ash and ordinary Portland
cement constant at 15% (by weight) each. Three types of waste thermoplastics were
used, forming three separate batches of bricks. The plastics were polycarbonates, poly-
styrenes, and mixed plastics. The bricks were cured under water for 28 days. Some of
the batches were baked at temperatures ranging from 90 °C to 110 °C for 2 hours in
order to melt the plastics to form voids. The bricks made with the above-stated
compositions were found to possess low thermal conductivity and adequately high
compressive strength. The compressive strength of these bricks is observed to be more
than 17 MPa, which lies within the upper half of the range of strengths specified for
bricks in the IS 1077:1992 standard. The waste plastics impregnated bricks display high
thermal resistance, a feature that can add economic value to the brick manufacturers,
motivating them to establish the necessary logistics for collection and use of all types
of waste thermoplastics. The paper also presents a regression model to predict the
compressive strength of bricks at varying plastic contents. The study, thus, introduces
a new strand of research on sustainable recycling of waste thermoplastics in the context
of the circular economy.

16
S.S. Chauhan et al (2019) In this study, the use of plastic bottles and plastic waste in
the making of plastic sand bricks is examined. Plastic apart from being one of the highly
generated waste is also one of the most easily recyclable materials. Using this property
of recyclability, plastic waste in the form of PET bottles will be used to create masonry
units that may be able to replace conventional bricks which are made up of clay and
sand only. Sand will be mixed with plastic in different ratios and tests such as
compressive strength test, water absorption test, efflorescence test and fire resistance
test will be done. Results from this study are expected to help determine the appropriate
mixing ratios of sand and plastic in order to obtain optimum strength and other
properties.

Owolambi Wahab et al (2020) In this research paper it is shown the effective use of
plastic as a construction material and Based on the outcome of the results of the various
tests carried out, the study has clearly established that the plastic derived paver blocks
are more rugged, tougher, durable, heat-, and corrosion resistant compared to the paver
blocks produced from conventional cement.

Ganesh N. Patil et al (2020) In this research paper plastic bricks are made using
polypropylene and polyethylene as the main type of plastic and then various types of
tests are performed on them. This article presents the experimental setup for
manufacturing of plastic sand bricks from polyethylene & polypropylene,
characterization of new bricks and comparison of the same with sand bricks. Six plastic
sand brick samples were prepared based on different plastic to sand ratio. Testing was
performed to determine compressive strength, efflorescence, water absorption,
soundness, and fire resistance test. Results showed that the plastic sand bricks have
higher hardness, durability, low water absorption rate and zero effloresce and is a
effective source to reduce plastic waste.

Shu-lun MAK et al (2021) In this paper a study on bricks made from Plastic waste is
done and they have arrived at the conclusion that the plastic bricks lightweight,
durable, of high compressive strength compared to commercial bricks, of good sound
absorbing properties, and most importantly, low thermal conductivity.

17
Conclusion

After going through prior investigation performed on utilization of waste plastic for
making bricks it was observed that it is quite necessary to utilize waste plastic into
bricks. These bricks were proved to be more stronger and economical.The work
reviewed has shown that that plastic waste are showing promising result as replacement
and improvement in brick strength in place of conventional component.

So finally it was concluded to go for clay in replacement of sand in the making of plastic
bricks.

18
 CHAPTER -3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Collection of Material

The process is incredibly simple. Put the dustbin in the canteen for collection of waste
bottles. Select the plastic bottles of cold drinks and water from canteens. Bring river
sand for plastic brick. IS2386 (Part- I). The more you collect the more plastic you will
divert from the landfill or clean up out of the environment.

Fig-3.1 Collection of Plastic Waste

3.2 Preparation of Brick Mould

The moulds used are wooden moulds and are made in the carpentry shop. All the sides
and surfaces of the mould should be even for the brick to have better surface finish.
Both fixed and movable moulds can be used for the purpose. Wooden mould will be
cost effective and serve the purpose whereas if better surface finish is needed then cast
iron moulds can be used. Mould size would be (230*100*75) mm.

Fig-3.2 Prepration of Brick Mould

19
3.3 Batching
The procedure of casting plastic bricks is a simple one. The first step is batching in
which sand, clay and plastic waste. Then different proportions according to the weight
are taken for casting the bricks. After that burning of the firewood is done and a drum
is placed on the fire, the plastic pieces are added in the drum to melt. Then mixing of
the melted plastic with sand is done by adding sand in the drum and stirring it
continuously. Lastly the mixture obtained after continuous stirring is fed into the mould
and compressed by tamping rod and left for cooling for 24 hours after which the brick
is taken out from the mould.

Fig- 3.3 Batching of Plastic Waste

3.4 Mixing
Pieces of plastic are added into drum for melting until the proportion required by us is
achieved. River sand is used for addition in plastic sand mixture. When the temperature
of the melted plastic in the drum is around 180℃-200℃ then the sand is added into the
drum. The river sand and the melted plastic is stirred continuously so that both gets
bonded perfectly. As the plastic pieces melts it start getting bonding with the sand
particles and hence the mixture required for brick is created.

3.5 Moulding
In moulding process the prepared mixture is then filled into wooden mould and then
compressed by tamping rod. The pressure is applied by the tampering rod so as the
mixture gets filled properly in the mould. Then it is left for cooling in air but before
filling the mould apply oil on the walls of mould so that at last brick can be removed
easily. The application of oil on the inner surfaces of the mould is must as after
solidification the brick will not come out easily and to remove the mould some pressure
must be applied that would wear the edges of the brick. So proper oiling is needed

20
before filling the mixture in the mould. The brick then can be removed from mould
after 24 hours.

Fig-3.4 Melted Plastic & Sand mix are put in the Mould.

Fig-3.5 Plastic clay bricks Fig-3.6 Plastic sand Bricks

21
 CHAPTER- 4
MATERIAL PROPERTIES

The Materials required for making of our bricks are

 Plastic
 Clay
 Sand

4.1 Properties of Plastic

When exposed to ambient solar radiation the plastic procedure two greenhouse gases,
methane and ethylene. Due to its low-density properties (branching) it breaks down
more easily over time, leading to higher surface areas. The supply of glasses shall be of
diagonal gases from virgin LDPE increase with surface area or time, with rates at the
end of a 212day incubation of 5.8 nmol g-1 d-1 of methane, 14.5 nmol g-1 d-1 of
ethylene, 3.9 nmol g-1 d1 of ethane and 9.7 nmol g-1 d-1 of propylene. In case of air it
was incubated, LDPE releases gases in air by ~2 times and ~76 times higher in
comparison to water for methane and ethylene, respectively.
Table :-4.1 Physical Property of Plastic

SL.NO EXPERIMENT VALUES

1. Density@260c 0.958
2 Elastic modulus 9
3 Tensile strength 8
4 Bending creep modulus 1
5 Tensile strength @230c 2
6 Elongation at break (%) >600
7 Thermal conductivity 0
8 Ignition temperature 3

22
4.1.1 Types of Plastics Used
The types of plastic used for the process of melting are Polypropylene (PP),
Polyethylene (PE) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PP and PE are safest plastic
to melt because they are low in cyclic compounds and they are essentially refined wax.
According to a Technical newsletter “Focus on PET”, Poly ethylene terephthalate
belongs to the polyester family of polymers, one of the largest and most diverse of the
polymer families. This family of polymers is linked by the common feature of having
an ester (-COO-) link in the main chain, but the range of polyester materials is probably
the largest of all the polymer families. And also the chemical structure of the PET is
having only atomic species that are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore melting
of PET won’t result in release of noxious gases and also its properties reveal that a
melting temperature of 260 ºC is required. Also from the properties of the PET it can
be understood that it has got good chemical resistance and better resistance to UV rays.

Table 4.2 Types of Plastic Used

Waste Plastic Available as

Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) Drinking water bottles etc.

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Milk pouches, sacks, carry bags, bin
linings, cosmetics and detergent bottles
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Carry bags, bottlecaps, house hold
articles etc.
Polypropylene (PP) Bottle caps and closures, wrapper of
detergents, biscuit etc.

4.2 Properties of Sand

The silica material was utilized as a fine aggregate in concrete and mortars. Natural
river sand is the most preferred choice as a fine aggregate material. River silica sand is
a product of natural weathering of rocks over a period of millions of years. It is mined
from the river beds. River sand is becoming a scarce commodity now. River was the
clean water of superior sand is far superior for construction purposes than any other
sand used in construction. Quarrying of river sand is an important economic activity in
India with river sand forming a crucial raw material to the construction industry.

23
 Table 4.3 Property of Sand
Sl. No Texture composition (% by
weight)
1 Coarse sand (4.75-2.0mm) 6.6
2 Medium coarse sand (2.00-0.425 mm) 73.6
3 Fine sand (0.425-0.075 mm) 19.8

Fig- 4.1 River Sand

4.3 Properties of Clay

Fig-4.2 Red-Yellow Soil

The type of clay used for the making of plastic clay bricks was Red-Yellow Soil. The
red colour is mainly due to ferric oxides occurring as thin coatings on the soil particles
while the iron oxide occurs as haematite or as hydrous ferric oxide, the colour is red
and when it occurs in the hydrate form as limonite the soil gets a yellow colour.Those
soils are encountered over extensive nonalluvial tracts of peninsular India and are made
up of such acidic rocks as granite, gneiss, and schist. They develop in areas in which

24
rainfall leaches soluble minerals out of the ground and results in a loss of chemically
basic constituents; a corresponding proportional increase in oxidized iron imparts a
reddish hue to many such soils. Hence, they are commonly described as ferralitic soils.
This type of soil is found on around 55% of the state’s expanse. It is the most common
type of soil found in most areas of Chhattisgarh. This type of soil is found in Raipur,
Bilaspur, Durg, Korba, Mahasamund, Jashpur districts. Rice, Sorghum, Millets, and
pulses can be cultivated in this soil.

Table 4.4:- Index property of Red yellow soil.

SI.No Experiments Results

1 Moisture Content (%) 37.23%

2 Dry Density (g/m3) 1.46

3 Liquid Limit (%) 76.84

4 Plastic Limit (%) 42.16

5 Porosity Ratio 1.21

6 Specific Gravity 2.65

25
 CHAPTER 5

TESTS PERFORMED ON BRICKS

The Test performed on the Bricks are as follows

 Compressive strength
 Water absorption
 Efflorescence test
 Soundness test

5.1 Compressive Strength

The tests on Compressive strength of the specimen brick shall be calculated for 3
specimen using the formula as follows.

Compressive strength =Applied max load x1000(N)

Cross sectional area (mm2 )

The UTM was using the tests. The compressive strength of bricks. After the curing
period gets over bricks are kept for testing. To test the specimens, the bricks are placed
in the calibrated compression testing machine of capacity 3000 KN (Kilo Newton) and
applied a load uniform at the rate of 2.9 kN/min. By obtaining the maximum load shall
be taken as failure of load with specimen fails to produce any further increase in
indicator reading on testing machine.

Fig-5.1 Compressive Strength Test

26
5.2 Water Absorption Test

Bricks should not absorb water more than 12% by its weight. The bricks to be tested
should be dried in an oven at a temperature of 105oc to 115oc till attains constant weight
cool the bricks to room temperature and weight (W1). Immerse completely dried and
weighed (W1) brick in clean water for 24 hrs. at a temperature of 27±20o c. Remove the
bricks and wipe out any traces of water and weigh immediately (W2).
Water absorption in % by wt. =W1-W2 x100.
W1

Fig.5.2 Brick put in water for 24 hours for water absorption Test

5.3 Efflorescence Test

The standard used for the test is IS 3495 (Part 3): 1995. It is done to detect the presence
of alkalis in PET bricks which is harmful. The alkalis form a grey or white patch on the
surface of the brick. A flat bottom container is used in which sufficient distilled water
is poured. The depth of immersion is 25mm.The brick is immersed into the distilled
water and left for 24 hours. The container is covered with a glass sheet to prevent
excessive evaporation. After that the brick is removed from the container and left to dry
for the same amount of time wherein the same amount of water must have evaporated
from the open container without the brick or the sheet.

27
 Table 5.1: Alkali presence in the bricks as appeared on the surface.
NIL 0%

SLIGHT UP TO 10 %

MODERATE 10 % TO 50 %
HEAVY MORE THAN 50 % WITHOUT
POWDERED FLAKES
SERIOUS MORE THSN 50 % WITH
POWDERED FLAKES

5.4 Soundness Test

This sound is carried out to find out that a clear ringing sound is produced or not when
the two bricks are with each other without breaking any of the two bricks. If the two
bricks are not broken after striking with each other and a clear ringing sound is
produced, then it means that the bricks are sufficiently sound.

28
 CHAPTER 6

TEST RESULTS
6.1 Plastic Sand Brick

6.1.1 Water Absorption Test

The Average Water Absorption is 0.897%

Table 6.1 Water Absorption Test [IS 3495 (Part 2): 1992]

S.NO Dry Weight (kg) Wet Weight (kg) Water Absorption (%)

1 2.323 2.343 0.860

2 2.351 2.370 0.808

3 2.342 2.366 1.024

Fig. 6.1 Dry Weight of Brick Fig 6.2 Wet Weight of Brick

6.1.2 Compressive Strength Test

The Average Compressive Strength of the Bricks was 19.15 N/mm2

29
Table 6.2 Compressive Strength Test [IS 3495(Part 1): 1992]

S.NO Brick Compressive strength (N/mm2)

1 Brick 1 18.24

2 Brick 2 21.57

3 Brick 3 17.65

Fig-6.2 Compressive strength Test

6.1.3 Efflorescence Test
The Test is performed as per IS 3495 (Part 3):1992. After performing the test it was
concluded that the efflorescene in the brick was ‘’nil’’.
6.1.4 Soundness test
The bricks produce ringing sound and the bricks do not break.

30
6.2 Plastic clay brick
6.2.1 Water Absorption Test
The Average Water Absorption capacity of the Bricks was 6.457%
Table 6.3 Water Absorption Test [ IS 3495 (Part 2):1992

S.NO Initial Weight (kg) Final Weight (g) Water Absorption (%)

1 2.335 2.385 2.141

2 2.234 2.288 2.417

3 2.369 2.414 1.899

Fig 6.3 Dry Weight Fig 6.4 Wet Weight

6.2.2 Compressive Strength Test
The Average Compressive Strength of the Plastic Soil Bricks is 14.021 N/ mm2

Table 6.4 Compressive Strength Test (IS 3495 (Part 2): 1992)
S.NO Brick Compressive strength N/mm2
1 Brick 1 12.745
2 Brick 2 15.393

3 Brick 3 15.883

6.2.3 Efflorescence Test

31
The Test is performed as per IS 3495 (Part 3):1992. After performing the test it was
concluded that the efflorescence in the brick was ‘’nil’’.
6.2.4 Soundness test
The bricks produce ringing sound and the bricks do not break.

CHAPTER 7

32
 CONCLUSION
Based on the results in previous chapter, the following conclusions are summarized.
1.Waste plastic, which is available everywhere, may be put to an effective use in
brick.
2.Plastic bricks can help reduce the environmental pollution, thereby making the
environment clean and healthy.
3.Plastic sand bricks reduce the usage of clay in making of bricks.
4.Plastic sand bricks give an alternative option of bricks to the customers on
affordable rates.
3.Water absorption of plastic sand brick is zero percent.
4.Compressive strength of plastic sand brick is 5.6 N/mm2 at the compressive
load of 96KN.
5.We conclude that the plastic sand bricks are useful for the construction industry
when we compare with Fly Ash bricks and 3rd class clay bricks.
7.1 ADVANTAGES
The Advantages of the Plastic bricks are as follows
1.Allow recycling of waste plastic.
2.If made with hollow cells, they can be filled with compacted dirt, increasing
their potential utility for projects lasting several years.
3.They can be used for insulation
4.They should be sufficiently economical, with potential for easy recycling.
Under submerged conditions they should last much longer.
5.Exotic shapes are possible for decorative purposes.
6.Overall cost of brick will be reduced

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

1.Plastic sand bricks give us hope and a way to work on innovative things
related to the plastic and to try to invent some new civil engineering materials
which shows some remarkable response in future industry and changes the
thoughts of the researchers, users and industries. Such as, in going for
2.Plastic sand bricks wall in framed structures as a partition wall
3.Plastic sand bricks benches in the parks
4.Plastic sand bricks tracks for running and jogging in place of concrete or stone
tracks.

33
 4.Research on Composition of plastic with fly ash, Quarry dust etc.

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34
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37
PHOTOGRAPH
Fig:-8.1 Test report of plastic clay brick

38
 Fig:-8.4 Burning setup

39
Fig:-8.2 Measuring of the plastic clay brick

Fig:-8.3 Measuring of the plastic sand brick

40