DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

ADDRESS: ……………………………………………………………………
WEBSITE: www.deeperlifehighschool.org
E-MAIL: …………………………………………………………………….
CONTACT PHONE NUMBER: …………………………………………………...
CLASS:SS 1
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
FIRST TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

FIRST TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC
THEME: INTERACTION OF MATTER, SPACE AND TIME
1. Introduction to Physics: Definition, Importance, Careers in Physics and branches of physics.
Fundamentals Quantities and Units: (a) Fundamental quantities: mass, length, time and
electric charge (b) Simple measurement of current and temperature.
2. Derived Quantities and Units:(c)Derivation of dimensions and SI units.
3. Measurementin Physics: (a) measurement of length (b) Measurement of mass & weight
(c) Measurement of area & Volume (d) Concept & measurement of time. (e)Ways of
measuring time.
4. Position, Distance and Displacement:(a) Concept of position (b) Concept of distance and
displacement(c) Distinction between distance and displacement.
5. Motion:(a)Types of motion: (i) Random motion (ii)Translational motion (iii)Rotational
motion(iv)Oscillatory (v)Relative motion (b) Cause and effects of motion
6. Motion: Force, Types of forces, Friction and types, Calculations on friction, Advantages and
disadvantages of friction, Ways of reducing friction.
7. MID-TERM BREAK.
8. Linear motion: Concept of speed, velocity and uniform motion, Calculations on speed and
velocity, Distance-time graph, Displacement-time graph.
9. Rectilinear acceleration: (a) Concept of acceleration (b) Uniform/non-uniform acceleration
10. Revision.
11. Examination.

REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al. 2011.
2. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W. 2010
3. Comprehensive Certificate Physics by Olumuyiwa Awe and Okunola, O.O. 2009.
4. Science Teachers Association of Nigeria Physics for Senior Secondary School, Book 1. New
Edition; 2012.
5. Melrose Physics for Senior Secondary School, Book 1 by Akano, O and Onanuga, O.O. 2012.
WEEK 1: DATE: ______________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
CONTENT:
1. Definition & Importance of Physics.
2. Aspects/Career in Physics.
3. Branches of physics.
4. Fundamental Quantities and units

Sub-Topic 1: DEFINITION OF PHYSICS

The word ‘’PHYSICS’’ originates from the Greek word, ‘’PHYSIS’’, which means nature and natural
characteristics.
Physics as a body of scientific knowledge, deals with the study of events in the universe, both remote
and immediate universe.
In actual sense, physics deals with the behaviour of matter as well as the interaction of matter and
natural forces.
Physics is the study of matter in relation to energy.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS
1. Physics is constantly striving to make sense of the universe. This is seen in the development of
theories and new theories used for better understanding of the universe.
2. When we study physics, we acquire the knowledge and skills to understand how and why
natural things happen the way they do, and to make reliable predictions about their future
occurrences. (e.g mirage, eclipse, earthquake, thunder,…)
3. The knowledge of physics gives us a better understanding of our immediate and natural
environment.
4. The study of physics has enhanced the communication and the transportation world, thus,
making the world a ‘’global village’’.
5. Human health has been improved from the study of physics through the invention of modern
medical equipment.

EVALUATION:
1) What Greek word is physics derived from?
2) Define physics.
3) State five importance of physics.

Sub-Topic 2: ASPECTS/ CAREERS IN PHYSICS

Physics has several applications on health, technology & engineering, agriculture and applied sciences.
As a results, below are some of the aspects/careers related to physics.
A: IN HEALTH
We have:
i. Human medicine and surgery
ii. Nursing & midwives
iii. Radiotherapy
iv. Pharmacology
v. Physiology
vi. Anaesthesia
vii. Veterinary etc.
B: IN ENGINEERING
We have:
i. Electrical engineering
ii. Electronic engineering
iii. Mechanical engineering
iv. Aeronautic engineering
v. Petroleum engineering etc.

C: IN AGRICULTURE
We have:
i. Agricultural engineering
ii. Agricultural production engineering
iii. Horticulture etc.
D: IN BASIC/APPLIED SCIENCES
We have:
i. Geophysics
ii. Applied physics
iii. Biophysics
iv. Medical physics
v. Space physics
vi. Astronomical physics
vii. Engineering physics etc.

Evaluation:
Mention any four (4) careers related to physics in:
i. Health
ii. Basic science
iii. Engineering.

Sub-Topic 3: BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

The following are the branches of physics.
1. Mechanics
2. Heat
3. Electricity
4. Optics
5. Sound
6. Magnetism
7. Atomic physics
8. Nuclear physics
NOTE: No. 7 & 8 above had been combined and addressed with the current name, ‘’NUCLEAR
PHYSICS’’, since the energy comes from the nucleus of the atom. The OLD NAME is ATOMIC
PHYSICS.

Evaluation:
1. Develop a mnemonic for branches of physics.
2. Mention the branches of physics.
3. What is the recent name for atomic physics?
4. What do you understand by the term, ‘Physics’?
5. How has physics made the world, ‘a global village’?
6. State five importance of physics.
7. Mention five careers each related to physics in the following areas.
i. Engineering ii. Health iii. Applied sciences
8. Mention the branches of physics.

Sub-Topic 3: CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

Fundamental quantities are physical quantities whose dimensions and units are not usually derived
from other physical quantities. Basically, there are three fundamental quantities in mechanics. They
include:
 Mass
 Length and
 Time.
i) Mass: This is a fundamental quantity with dimension ‘M’, usually written in capital letter. The S.I.
unit of mass is kilogramme (kg). Mass can also be measured in gramme (g), tonne (t), etc.
ii) Length: This is another fundamental quantity with dimension ‘L’, written in capital letter. The S.I.
unit of length is metre (m). Length can also be measured in kilometre (km), centimetre (cm), inches
(inch), feet (ft), etc.
iii) Time: Time is a fundamental quantity with dimension ‘T’, also written in capital letter. The S.I.
unit of time is second (s). Time can also be measured in minutes and hours.
The below table summarized the dimensions and units of the basic fundamental quantities.
S/ Quantity Dimension S.I. Unit
N
1. Mass M Kilogramme (kg)
2. Length L Metre (m)
3. Time T Second (s)

Evaluation:
1. List the three basic fundamental quantities.
2. What are their dimensions and SI units?

Subtopic 4: OTHER FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES

S/N Quantity S.I. Unit
1. Temperature Kelvin (K)
2. Current Ampere (A)
3. Amount of substance Mole (mol)
4 Luminous intensity Candela (cd)

NB: The educator should carry out activities on simple measurement of current and temperature with
the students.
Activity Work - Practical:
a) Measuring the temperature of boiled water in a specific interval of time say, 2mins as it cools
down.
b) Measuring the current value in a simple electric circuit.

Evaluation:
1. Mention the three other fundamental quantities and their SI units.
2. How many fundamental quantities are there altogether?
3. Enumerate all the fundamental quantities with their SI units.
4. Write down the dimension of the three basic fundamental quantities.
5. Why are the above quantities called fundamental quantities?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT 1
Objective
1. Which of the following is not a discipline related to physics.
A. Biophysics
B. Medical physics
C. Engineering physics
D. Accountancy
2. Physics originate from the Greek word ---
A. Physis
B. Phycik
 C. Physic
D. Physes
3. One of the following is not a career in basic and applied science.
A. Geophysics
B. Applied physics
C. Space physics
D. Leap physics
4. The following are health related disciplines. Except ---
A. Radiotherapy
B. Pharmacology
C. Physiology
D. Electronic physics
5. Which of the following is not a branch of physics?
A. Sound
B. Engineering
C. Optics
D. Mechanics
6. The dimension for mass is ---
A. m
B. L
C. M
D. kg
7. ‘T’ is the dimension for ---
A. length
B. time
C. mass
D. current
8. The dimension for length is ---
A. l
B. t
C. L
D. M
9. The following are fundamental quantities. Except---
A. Temperature
B. Mass
C. Time
D. Length
10. The SI unit of current is---
A. Coulomb
B. Ampere
C. Volt
D. Kelvin
 Essay
1. Discuss the applications of physics in the following areas of life:
Health/Medicine
Transportation
Agriculture
Communication.
2. In Activity Work (a) above, plot a graph of temperature against time as the temperature of the
water cools.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Study the derivation of dimensions and SI units of the derived quantities in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.

WEEK 2: DATE: __________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: DERIVED QUANTITIES AND UNITS (CONT):
CONTENT:
1. Concept of derived quantities.
2. Derivation of their dimensions and SI units.

Sub-Topic 1: CONCEPT OF DERIVED QUANTITIES

Derived quantities are physical quantities whose dimensions and units are usually derived from the
fundamental quantities. E.g, force,speed, etc.
Other physical quantities apart from the fundamental quantities are derived quantities. This is because
their dimensions and units are usually derived from the fundamental ones.
Derived quantities include:
- Work
- Energy
- Momentum
- Impulse
- Volume
- Area
- Pressure
- Power
- Density
- Moment
 - Torque, etc.

Evaluation:
1. What are derived quantities?
2. Mention five examples of derived quantities.

Sub-Topic 2: DIMENSIONS AND UNITS OF DERIVED QUANTITIES

1. Derive the dimensions and the S.I. units of i) speed ii) acceleration iii) Force.
SOLUTION
distance lengt h L −1
i) Speed= = = =L T
time time T
−1
∴ t h edimensionforspeedisL T
'
t h es . i. unitoflengt h is' m andt h atoftimeis ' s '
∴ s .i .unitofspeedism /s or m s−1
displacement
NB: Speed and velocity have the same dimension and S.I.unit. Also , velocity=
time
−1
velocity L T L −2
ii) Acceleration= = = 2 =L T
time T T
−1
ms m −2
∴ t h es .i .unitofacceleration= = 2 =m s or m/s 2
s s
L ML −2
iii) Force=mass × acceleration=M × 2
= 2 =ML T
T T
2
∴ t h eunitofforceiskgm /s
Butt h eS . I .unitofforceisNewton ( N ) . T h isist h eunitusedinallcalculations .

2. Show that the dimension of pressure is M L−1 T −2. Hence, derive the S.I. unit.
SOLUTION
force
Now , pressure=
area
−2 −2
ML T MT −1 −2
∴ pressure= 2
= =M L T
L L
2
T h es . i. unitofforceisNewton , N ; w h ilet h atofareaismetresquare , m
2 −2
Hence , t h es .i .unitofpressure=N /m orN m
3. Derive the dimension for work. What is the S.I. unit?
SOLUTION:
Work =force ×distance
−2 2 −2
∴ work =MLT × L=M L T
 Unitofwork=Nm
Butt h eS . I .unitofworkisJoule ( J ) . T h isist h eunitusedinallcalculations .

In summary, the table below shows the dimensions and S.I. units of some derived quantities.
S/ Quantity Dimension S.I. Unit
N
2 −2
1. Work & Energy ML T Joule (J)
−1
2. Momentum & Impulse ML T Newton-Second (Ns)
3
3. Volume L metre cube (m3)
4. Area L
2
Metre square(m¿¿ 2)¿
−1 −2
5. Pressure ML T Newton per metre
square (N /m2 ) or
Pascal
2 −3
6. Power ML T Watt (W)
−3
7. Density ML Kilogramme per metre
cube kg /m3
2 −2
8. Moment ML T Newton-metre (Nm)

Evaluation:
1. Derive the dimensions and the units of the following quantities
i) volume ii) power iii) density.
2. Differentiate between fundamental and derived quantities.
3. List ten examples of derived quantities and explain why they are called derived quantities.
4. Write down the SI unit of i) acceleration ii) force iii) momentum iv) density
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Objective
1. The following are derived quantities. Except---
A. Current
B. Force
C. Speed
D. Impulse
2. The SI unit of force is ---
A. kgm/ s
B. N
C. Ns
D. J
3. Joule (J) is the SI unit of ---
A. Force
B. Work
 C. Momentum
D. Velocity
4. The dimension for pressure is ---
−1 −2
A. ML T
2 −3
B. ML T
−3
C. ML
2 −2
D. ML T

5. The dimension for energy is

−3
A. ML
2 −1
B. ML T
2 −2
C. ML T
−1
D. ML T

Essay
1. Show that the dimension of momentum is ML T −1. Hence, write down the S.I. unit.
2. Derive the dimensions and SI units of i) Mechanical power ii) Impulse.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read up the topic: ‘’Measurement of length, mass and weight’’ in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.
Answer the following questions:
- State three other units for measuring the following:
i. Mass
ii. Length
iii. timw
- mention three instruments for measuring each of the following: (i) mass (ii) time

WEEK 3: DATE: ______________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: MEASUREMENT IN PHYSICS
CONTENT:
1. Measurement of length
2. Measurement of mass & weight
3. Measurement of area and volume
4. Concept & measurement of time and ways of measuring time.
5. Units in Industries: i. Measurement of length ii. Measurement of volume iii.
Measurement of temperature / power

Sub-Topic 1: MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH/DISTANCE

Length is measured using the following instruments.
(a). Metre Rule: A metre rule is a measuring device calibrated in centimetres (cm) with a range of 0 –
100cm. In using the metre rule, the eye must be fixed vertically on the calibration to avoid parallax
errors.The smallest reading that can be obtained on a metre rule is 0.1cm (0.01cm).
(b). Callipers:these are used in conjunction with metre rule for measuring diameter of tubes, thickness
of sheet, etc. The callipers are of two types –
- The external calliper and
- The internal calliper.
The external calliper is used to measure the external diameters of solid objects; while the internal
calliper is used to measure the internal diameters of solid objects.
(c) Vernier calliper
The vernier calliper can be used for measuring smalllinear length and diameters of objects within the
range of 0-12cm at least. It is calibrated in centimetres (cm). It has a reading accuracy of 0.1mm
(0.01cm)
(c). The micrometer screw gauge: It is used to measure the thickness of a round objects E.g, the
diameter of a wire. The micrometer screw guage gives a more accurate reading than the vernier
calliper. It is calibrated in millimetre (mm). It has a reading accuracy of 0.01mm (0.001cm)
Other instruments for measuring length include: measuring tape, ruler, etc. The S.I. unit of length is
metre (m).

Evaluation:
1. Mention any three instrument used in measuring length.
2. Which of the above instrument could give the highest degree of accuracy?

Sub-Topic 2: MEASUREMENT OF MASS/WEIGHT

Mass is defined as the quantity of matter a body contains; while Weight is the amount of gravitational
force acting on a body or the force with which a body is attracted towards the centre of the earth. The
weight of a substance varies from place to place due to variation in acceleration due to gravity,‘g’ over
places but mass remains constant from place to place.
Mass and weight of objects are measured using instrument such as spring balance, beam balance,
chemical balance, scale balance, etc.
However, the difference between mass and weight is shown below.
S/N MASS WEIGHT
1. Mass is a scalar quantity. Weight is a vector quantity.
2. Mass is the amount of stuff or Weight is the amount of
gravitational force acting on a
quantity of matter contained in
body.
a body.
3. Mass is measured using a beam Weight is measured using spring
balance.
balance, chemical balance
4. The S.I. unit of mass is The S.I. unit of weight is
kilogramme (kg) Newton (N).

Evaluation:

1. State three instruments used in measuring mass and weight.

2. Differentiate between mass and weight in four ways.
3. Why is weight a vector quantity?

Sub-Topic 3: MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME

Volume of liquid objects is measured using instruments such as cylinder, burette, pipette, eureka can,
etc. For regular solid objects, their volume could be determined using their mathematical formula.
S/N Solid Object Formula for Volume
1. Cube l ×l× l
2. Cuboid l ×b × h
2
3. Cylinder πr h
4. Cone 1 2
πr h
3
5. Sphere 4 3
πr
3
The S.I. unit of volume is metre cube(m¿¿ 3)¿ .

Sub-Topic 4: MEASUREMENT OF AREA.

The area of a solid object could be determined using mathematical formulae after determining the two
dimensions of the object.
S/N Solid Object Formula for Area
1. Triangle 1
bh
2
2. Rectangle lb
2
3. Square l
4. Parallelogram bh
5. Trapezium 1
( a+ b ) h
2
The S.I. unit of volume is metre square(m¿¿ 2)¿ .

WORKED EXAMPLES

1. Find the volume of a cylinder of diameter 12cm and height 15cm.

Solution:

d=12cm

12
∴ r= =6 cm
2

22
h=15 cm , π=
7

Now,
2
v=π r h

22 2
∴v= × 6 ×15
7

22 ×36 × 15 11880
∴v= =
7 7
3
∴ v =1697.14 cm

2.What is the area of a triangular card board of base 6cm and height 4cm?

Solution:

b=6 cm∧h=4 cm

1
Now , A= b h
2

6 × 4 24
∴ A= =
2 2
2
∴ A=12 cm

Evaluation:

1. Calculate the volume of a rectangular prism of dimension 7cm by 3.5cm by 1.5cm.

2. A cube has an edge of 0.8cm. Find its volume.

Sub-Topic 5: CONCEPT & MEASUREMENT OF TIME, AND WAYS OF MEASURING
TIME.
You must have heard the following statements made about time:

1. “Time and tide waits for no man”

2. “Time is business”
3. “There is time for everything: time to sow and time to reap, time to laugh and time to cry, time
to go to bed and time to wake up” and so on

Time is very important in our daily activities. Many people have failed in one area or the other because
of mismanagement of time. In Physics time is very important. Wrong timing can lead to wrong
observations, results and wrong conclusions.

What then is time. Time may be considered as the interval between two successive events. It is a
fundamental quantity. Its S.I unit is seconds.

Ways of measuring time.

Time as mentioned earlier is very important. That is why early men developed various means of
measuring time. They used the sun to tell time. Even today people still use the position of the sun to
determine time. Other devices they developed and used are:

1. The water clock or hourglass

2. The sand clock
3. The primitive Sundials

Today, we have better time-measuring devices that measure time more accurately than the above
mentioned devices. Some of them are:

1. The stop watch which is the standard instrument for measuring time in the laboratory
2. The wrist watch
3. The modern pendulum clock
4. The wall clock

It is worthy of note that:

1. 60 seconds makes one minute

2. 60 minutes makes one hour
3. 24 hours makes one day
4. 365 ¼ days makes one year
5. 10 years makes a decade
6. 100 years makes a century/centenary
7. 1000 years makes a millennium

Calculations on time

Example 1

How many seconds are there in 2 hours 15 minutes?

 Solution

Since 60 seconds makes 1 minute and 60 minutes makes 1 hour, 1 hour will have 60 x 60 seconds. 2
hours will have 60 x 60 x2 seconds = 7200seconds.

15 minutes will have 60 x 15 seconds = 900 seconds

Therefore 2 hours 15 minutes will have (7200 + 900) seconds = 8100 seconds

Example 2

If it takes a pendulum bob 32 seconds to complete 20 oscillations, what is the period of oscillation of
the bob?

Solution

Period ( T ) is time ( t ) taken for the bob to complete an oscillation.

i.e T= time

number of oscillations

T = 32

20

= 1.6 seconds

Evaluation

1. What are the standard instruments for measuring time in the laboratory?
2. Mention 2 examples each of modern and olden days time-measuring devices you know.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS IN INDUSTRIES

Sub topic 6: Measurement of length

Length was considered earlier as a fundamental quantity whose S.I unit is metre. We also learnt
that other units of length are centimeter, millimitre,, and kilometer.

Units of length

Multiples of other units Other units Conversion to S.I unit

--------------- 1 inch = 2.54cm = 0.0254m
12 inches make 1 foot = 0.3048m
3 feet make 1 yard = 0.9144m
22 yards make 1 chain = 20.12m
10 chains make 1 furlong = 201.2m
8 furlongs make 1 mile 1.609 km

Class activity

1. Mention the unit for measuring the following quantities by the following person
 Persons Physical quantity Unit.
1 Bricklayers Distance ___________
2 Tailors Length ___________
3 Science teachers Length ___________
4 Petroleum engineers Volume ___________
5 Butcher Mass of meat ___________
6 Electrical engineers Electrical energy ___________
2. Classify these units under S.I units and other units.

Example 1

(a) Convert 3550km to miles (b) The length of an iron rod is given as 66 inches. What is its length
in metres?
Solution
(a) 1 mile = 1.609km
Hence, 3550km = (3550 x 1.609) miles
= 5,712 miles

(b). 1 inch = 2.54cm

Therefore 66 inches = (66 x 2.54) cm = 167.64cm.
But 100cm = 1m,
Thus 167.64cm = (167.64 / 100)m = 1.6764m
Therefore the length of the iron rod in metres is 1.676.4m

Evaluation
1. The height of a girl is 7.5 feet. Estimate her height in metres
2. Convert 30km to miles

Sub topic 7: Measurement of volume

Volume is a measure of the space contained in an object. A barrel of oil is equivalent to 158.987
litres.

Example 2
The table below is a statistics of oil exportation to the United States for three years by NNPC
Year Price per barrel ( N ) Volume exported (barrels)
1993 140 1.05 million
1994 135 1.5 million
1995 162 0.9 million

(a) What volume of oil in litres was exported in 1994?

(b) What is the highest amount gotten and in what year was it gotten?

Solution
(a) In 1994, 1.5 million barrels of oil was exported.
Since 1 barrel = 158.987 litres
 1.05 million barrels = (1.5million x 158.987) litres = 238.4805million litres

(b) In 1993, volume of oil exported = 1.05 million barrels. Price per barrel = N140

Amount realized = 1.05million x 140 = N147,000000

In 1994, volume of oil exported = 1.5million, price per barrel = N135

Amount realized = 1.5million x N135 = N202.5 million

In 1995, volume of oil exported = 0.9 million barrels. Price per barrel = N162

Amount realized = 0.9 million x N162 = N145.8 million

Therefore, the highest amount of money gotten is N202.5 million and it was gotten in
1994

Sub topic 8: Measurement of temperature

The S.I unit of temperature is Kelvin. Other units for temperature include degree Celsius and
degree Fahrenheit. In the U.S.A, degree Fahrenheit is still in use. On the Celsius scale, the freezing
point and the boiling point of water are measured as 00C and 1000C respectively. But on the
Fahrenhiet scale, the freezing point and the boiling point of water are measured as 320F and 2120F
respectively.

The Celsius Scale is related to the Fahrenheit scale by the equation:

F is temperature in Fahrenheit scale, C is temperature in Celsius scale

F−32 C C F−32
= ∨ =
180 100 5 9

Example

(a) Convert 77 degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius scale (b) Convert 105 degrees Celsius to degrees
Fahrenheit
Solution

C F−32 5 ( F−32 ) 5 (77−32 ) 5 X 45

(a). Considering the equation = , C= = = =25
5 9 9 9 9

C F−32
(b). = ,
5 9

9C
F= +32
5

9 ×105
¿ +32
5

¿ 9 ×21+32
0
¿ 189+32=221 F
EVALUATION:
1. Discuss the significance of time to the study of science.
2. Highlight the various instrument for measuring time.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective
1. Which of the following physical quantities is regarded as the amount of stuff contained in a body?
A. Weight
B. Force
C. Mass
D. Speed
2. The SI unit of weight is ---
A. kg
B. N
C. A
D. m/s
3. Which of the following quantities varies with the acceleration due to gravity, ‘g’?
A. mass
B. velocity
C. weight
D. momentum
4. The following are instruments used in measuring length. Except ---
A. micrometer screw gauge
B. vernier calliper
C. rule
D. spring balance
5. Chemical balance is suitable for measuring ---
A. mass
B. length
C. weight
D. none of the above
6. How many hours are there in a year ?
A. 8760hrs
B. 8660hrs
C. 8890hrs
D. 8784hrs
7. How many hours are there in a leap year?
A. 8890hrs
B. 8784hrs
C. 8770hrs
D. 8800hrs
8. How many minutes are there in a year?
A. 525,600mins
B. 1440mins
C. 8784mins
D. 8760mins
9. What is the SI unit of time?
A. Minute
B. Second
C. Hour
D. Kilometre
10. Which of the is the formula for calculating the volume of a cone?
A. l ×b × h
B. π r 2 h
1 2
C. π r h
3
4 3
D. πr
3

Essay
1. State four differences between mass and weight.
2. Draw the following measuring instruments i). Beam balance ii). Spring balance
3. What is an eureka can?
4. Explain how the volume of an irregular object can be measured.
5. Convert 850 barrels to m3
6. Convert 52 inches to cm
7. Convert 987 feet to m

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read up the topic: ‘’ Position, Distance and Displacement’’ in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.
And answer ther following questions:
- What is displacement?
- Differential between distance and displacement.
WEEK 4: Date: ___________________

TOPIC: Position, Distance and Displacement

1. Concept of position, Concept of distance and displacement
2. Distinction between distance and displacement.

Sub-Topic 1: CONCEPT OF POSITION

The position of an object is its location in space. It is usually expressed in relation to a reference point.
To locate an object in space, a co-ordinate system is needed. It is usually a mathematical construct
with co-ordinates.
A coordinate system could be two-dimensional as in P(x,y) or three dimensional as in P(x,y,z).
CONCEPT OF DISTANCE & MEASUREMENT
Distance can be defined as a physical measurement of length between two points. It does not take into
consideration the direction between the two points it measures; hence, it is a scalar quantity. This
therefore means that distance has only magnitude but no direction. E.g, 10km.
Distance could be measured using instruments like measuring tape, ruler, venier calliper, micrometer
screw gauge, etc.
CONCEPT OF DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is defined as the distance travelled or moved in a specific direction. It takes into
consideration the direction between the different points it seeks to measure; hence, displacement is a
vector quantity. Thus, it has both magnitude and direction. E.g, 10km due east. The ‘10km’ is the
magnitude (or value), while ‘due east’ is the direction.
Both distance and displacement have the same S.I. unit, metre (m). They could also be expressed in
kilometre (km), miles, etc.

Sub-Topic 2: Distinction between distance and displacement

We need to understand the concepts of distance and displacement. Distance is the gap between two
points with no regard to direction. On the other hand, displacement is distance covered in a particular
direction. Therefore distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a vector quantity. The only
similarity between distance and displacement is that they have the same unit. Let us consider a girl
who walked and covered a distance of 20m between two points A and B as shown in fig 1 and fig 2
below:
The two activities of the girl are not exactly the same. In both figs. 1 and 2, she covered a distance of
20m. If we are only interested in the distance covered, we can conclude that she did the same thing in
fig. 1 and 2 i.e she covered the same distance (20m). If we are interested in both distance and direction,
then her displacement in fig. 1 and 2 are not the same. In fig.1 she covered a distance of 20m due east
while in fig.2, she covered a distance of 20m due west. From these, we see that distance is a scalar
quantity because it has magnitude only while displacement is a vector quantity because it has both
magnitude and direction.

Summarily, the table below shows the difference between distance and displacement

Distance Displacement
1. It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
2 It is the length covered It is the distance measured
along the path of motion along a specified direction of
motion.

Evaluation:
1. Define distance.
2. What is displacement?
3. State the SI unit of distance.
4. Differentiate between distance and displacement.

5. Why is 5km due east a displacement?

6. Enumerate the measuring devices for distance.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. which of the following is displacement?
A. 25cm
B. 43inches
 C. 52mm due south
D. 88km
2. One of the following is not a measuring device for distance.
A. Vernier calliper
B. Micrometer screw gauge
C. Rule
D. Spring balance
3. A position of P in 2- dimensional co-ordinate system has a value P(-2,5). What is the x –coordinate
of the point?
A. 5 unit
B. -2 unit
C. 3 unit
D. 7 unit
Essay:
Explain the distinction between distance and displacement.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read up the topic: ‘’Motion and types of motion’’ in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.
And answer the following questions
- What is motion?
- Mention four types of motion.

WEEK:5 DATE:…………….
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS1
TOPIC: MOTION
CONTENTS
1. Types of motion: (a) random motion (b) Translational motion (c). Rotational motion
(d). Oscillatory motion (e). relative motion
2. Causes and effects of motion.

Sub topic 1. Types of motion

Definition of motion: Motion by definition is a change in the position of a body with time
with respect to a reference point. Motion exists in various forms and occurs in all the three
 states of matter (solids, liquids and gases). These various forms are; random, translational,
rotational and oscillatory motion.
Some examples of motion are;
i. The movement of the earth round the sun
ii. The rotation of the earth about its axis
iii. An aeroplane flying in the sky
iv. A boy walking or running

(a) Random motion.

Random motion is the movement of a body in a zigzag or disorderly manner with no specific
direction as shown in the diagram below. Some examples of this kind of motion are; the motion
of dust particles in the air, the motion of smoke particles, the motion of butterfly e.t.c.

Random motion

(b) Translational motion

This is motion performed by a body in a straight line from point ‘P’ to another point ‘Q’. if you
walk from one end of the classroom to the other, you have performed translational motion.
Translational motion can also be called rectilinear motion. Another example of translational
motion is the dropping of a fruit from a tree to the ground.

P Q
Translational motion

(c) Rotational motion

When a body moves in a circular path about an axis, it has performed rotational motion. In
other words, rotational motion is the motion a body performs in a circular path about an axis.
The rotation of the blades of a fan, the rotation of a wheel about an axis, the rotation of the
earth about its axis, the motion of a moving vehicle wheel are all examples of rotational
motion. See diagrams below.

Axis of rotation of the wheel

 (d) Oscillatory motion
This is the motion of a body in a to and fro manner about a fixed point. When a body moves to
and fro about a fixed point, we say, the body is oscillating. One complete oscillation is a circle.
Examples of oscillatory motion include, the motion of the balanced wheel of a wrist watch, the
motion of a simple pendulum, the motion of a loaded test tube inside water, e.t.c.
Fixed point

Simple pendulum bob

Note: it is possible for a body to perform two types of motion at the same time. For example a rolling
football performs both rotational and translational motion at the same time.

Class activity

i. Set up a simple pendulum as shown above

ii. For a length (L) of the pendulum say, 80.0cm, push the bob through a small angle to
oscillate to and fro
iii. Using a stop watch, determine and record down the time (t) it will take the bob to complete
20 oscillations
t
iv. Calculate the period (T) of oscillation of the bob i.e
20
v. Repeat the experiment for four other values of L= 70.0cm, 60.0cm, 50.0cm and 40.0cm. in
each case determine the period (T) and its square.
vi. Tabulate your results. Plot a graph of T2 on the vertical axis against L on the horizontal axis
vii. Determine the slope S of the graph
viii. Given that 4π2/g = S, calculate the value of g.

(e) Relative motion

Relative motion is the motion of a body with respect to another. Put in another way, it is the
motion of a body with respect to a reference point. All motions are relative.

Evaluation

1. Mention 2 other examples each of random motion, translational motion, rotational

motion and oscillatory motion apart from the ones in this e-note.
2. Mention two examples of bodies that perform two motions at the same time. State the
two motions. Do not include the example given in the e-note.

Sub topic 2: Causes and effects of motion

Sir Isaac Newton’s works on motion reveals that an object will remain in its state of rest
(inertia) unless an external force acts on it. This means that if an object is kept on a table, the
object will remain in that state of rest or on the table unless something touches it. This leads to
the conclusion that the cause of motion is force which can either be a push or a pull. Consider
the diagram below.

Force
(Pull or push)
Point A point B

A pull or push will make the object to move to point B from point A. this means that force is a vector
quantity because it has both magnitude and direction.

Class activity

Tap a stationary ball on the table or ask your classmate to hold your hand and pull you towards his or
her side. What is your observation? What can you conclude from this?

Weekend assignment

1. The students should be grouped in fours or fives or as may be suitable in your campus and
carry out this activity on 100m race. The time taken for a member of the group to run 100m
should be noted and recorded. All members of the group should take turns. Tabulate your
readings. Now answer the following questions
1. Who was the fastest runner in the group?
2. Who was the slowest runner in the group?
3. Who is the overall fastest runner in the class?
4. Who is the overall slowest runner in the class?

Objective questions
1. A loaded test tube in water is carefully and slightly depressed and then released. Which of the
following best describes the subsequent motion of the test tube?
A. Random B. Oscillatory
C. Linear D. Circular

2. The motion of the prongs of a sounding turning fork is

A. random.
B. translational.
C. rotational
D. vibratory

3. `Which of the following phenomena is the practical evidence for the existence of the continual
motion of molecules?
A. Translational motion
B. Rotational motion
C. Brownian motion
 D. Oscillatory motion

4. When a cylinder rolls down an inclined plane, it has one or more of the following types of
motion:
i. oscillatory ii. Random iii. Rotational iv. Translational.
A. i and iv B. ii and iii. C. iii and iv D. iv only E. iii only

5. Which of the followings cannot not perform motion? A. tree B. bird C. helicopter D. snail
E. man

READING ASSIGNMENT
Read up the topic: ‘’Force and types of force’’ in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.
Answer the following questions
1. What is force?
2. List the two types of forces and differentiate between the two.

WEEK 6 Date: _____________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1

TOPIC: MOTION

CONTENT: 1. Force
2. Types of forces.
3. Friction and types.
4. Calculations on friction.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of friction.
6. Ways of reducing friction.

Sub –topic 1. Force and the types, Friction and types

Force can be defined as that which changes or tends to change the state of rest or uniform motion of a
body. Force is a vector quantity and the S.I unit is Newton.
Force can cause a body at rest to move, it causes a moving object to accelerate, change direction, move
in a curved path e.t.c.

Types of forces: There are two types of forces, namely contact force and force field. Contact force is
a force that exists between bodies by virtue of their contact. They are push, pull, normal reaction,
tension in strings, wires or frictional force.
Force field/Non-contact force is the force that exists within a vector field such as gravitational field,
magnetic field, Electric field, nuclear field. The forces are gravitational force, magnetic force,
electrostatic force and nuclear force.

Gravitational force: This is the force of attraction with which a planet attracts any object towards its
centre or the force of attraction between any two masses. The earth is a gravitational field.
Electrostatic force: This is a force that exist round a charged body. The charged body could be
positively charged or negatively charged.
Magnetic force: This is a force that exist around a magnet. A magnet always have the North pole
and the South pole.

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FORCE

Nuclear force: This is the force of attraction which holds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom.

FRICTION

Definition of friction
Friction can be defined as the force that opposes the relative motion between any two surfaces in
contact. There can be solid friction or fluid friction. Fluid friction is also called viscosity.
It acts whenever there is motion or tendency for something to move. i.e friction (or frictional force) is
absent if there is no motion or if there is no force intending to cause motion.It stops your car when the
brake is applied. It prevents your foot from slipping backward when you walk.

friction is preventing this box from moving.

Types of friction

There are two types of frictional force

1. Static friction. This is the frictional force that exists between two surfaces relatively at rest and
preventing the motion of one surface over the other.
2. Dynamic/kinetic friction: This is the frictional force that exists between the two objects that are
in relative motion to each other.

EVALUATION:
1. What is force?
2. List the two types of forces and differentiate between the two.
3. What is friction?
4. Differentiate between static friction and dynamic friction.

SUB-TOPIC 2: Laws of solid friction, Calculations on friction.

LAWS OF SOLID FRICTION

 It always opposes motion
 It depends on the nature of surfaces in contact. Friction between rough surfaces is
greater than the frictional force between smooth surfaces.
 It does not depend on the relative speed between the two surfaces.
 It does not depend on the area of the surface in contact.
 It is directly proportional to the perpendicular force (normal reaction) between the two
surfaces.(R is the perpendicular force between the two surfaces in contact)

Fα R

F = µR
F – Frictional force, R – normal reaction, µ - coefficient of static friction

Note that R = W for bodies on horizontal surfaces

Coefficient of friction: it is defined as the ratio of the frictional force to the normal reaction force
between two surfaces. A high coefficient of friction implies that a large force is required to cause
movement.

Questions: A crate solid down an inclined plane such that the frictional force opposing its motion is
40N. If the normal reaction of the plane on the crate is 50N, calculate the coefficient of dynamic
friction.

Solution: Frictional force F = 40N

 Normal reaction R = 50N

Coefficient of friction µ= ?

F=µR

40 = µ x 50 (dividing both sides by 50)

40
/50 = µ

µ = 0.8

Question B. A block of mass 12kg rests on a horizontal floor, coefficient of friction is 0.35.
Determine the minimum force required to move the block when pulling horizontally. ( g =
10m/s2)

R
F P
12kg

SOLUTION

W =mg= 12 x10 =120N, W=R=120N

Where W – weight of the body, m – mass of the body, g is acceleration due to gravity and R is the
normal reaction

F = µR

F=P= µR=120 X 0.35= 42.0N

Question C. A metal block of mass 5kg lies on a rough horizontal platform. If a horizontal force of
8N applied to the block through its center of mass just slides the block on the platform. Calculate the
coefficient of limiting friction between the block and the platform. ( g = 10m/s 2).

Question D. A wooden block whose weight is 50N rests on a rough horizontal plane surface. If the
limiting friction is 20N. Calculate the coefficient of static friction.

EVALUATION

1. Mention at least four characteristics/laws of solid friction.

2. A body of mass 40kg is given an acceleration of 10ms-2 on a horizontal ground for
which coefficient of friction is 0.5. Calculate the force required to accelerate the body. (
g = 10m/s2).

SUB-TOPIC 3: Advantages and disadvantages of friction, Ways of reducing friction

Advantages of friction (or desirable effects of friction)
I. Locomotion: when we walk, friction between our shoes and the ground prevents our
shoes from slipping backward.
II. Enhances fastening: friction between the bolt and the nut enhances their fastening
ability. The friction between nails and wood also help the nail to hold woods together in
firm position.
 III. Blending: friction between the grinding stones helps in grinding pepper, tomatoes,this is
also true of the friction between the two rough discs of the grinding machine.
IV. Stops motion: friction between the car tyre and the road helps to stop the motion of a
moving car when the brake is applied.
V. Production of electric charge: when certain materials are robbed against each other,
static electric charges is produced. This principle is applied in the Van de Graff generator.
VI. Ladder: when a ladder to be used to climb over a wall rest on the wall, friction between
the foot of the ladder and floor prevent the foot of the ladder from slipping.
VII. Making of fire: matches sticks are ignited when they are robbed against the side of the
matches’ box.Fire can also be made by striking two stones together.

Disadvantages of friction (or undesirable effects of friction)

- Wearing: The thread pattern under your footwear soon wear out after a prolong use due
to friction. This is also true of the thread on the tyre of cars and other automobile.
- Tearing/cutting: you can easily cut a piece of rope or cloth by robbing it repeatedly
against the edge of the wall.
- Reduces efficiency of machines: all machines have efficiency less than 100% due to
friction between their moving parts. Friction causes waste of useful energy, therefore it
reduces the output of the machine.
- Generation of undesirable heat and noise: moving machine parts/machine itself soon
becomes hot due friction and this may necessitate cooling of machine parts.

Methods of reducing friction

Due to the disadvantages of friction mentioned above, it is often necessary to reduce friction in
machines. This is possible through any of the following methods:

1. Lubrication: this is the use of certain substances (called lubricants) to reduce the effects
of friction. Examples of lubricants includes, grease, oil,… many of which are petroleum
products.
2. Streamlining: This involves shaping an object in such a way that when the object is
moving against direction of the wind or liquid, the surface in contact is minimal. That is
the reason why ships, aircraft and submarines are made or designed after that of fish.
3. Use of rollers/ball bearings: This involves the use of rollers , ball bearings, wheels to
reduce the surface area in contact between two surfaces.
4. Use of belt/chain drive: This can also be used to prevent two surfaces in contact.
5. Smoothing/polishing: This reduces projections on the surface thus reducing friction.

GENERAL EVALUATION:
1a. State three: (i) Laws of solid friction (ii) Advantages of friction (iii)
Disadvantages of friction (iv) methods of reducing friction

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. Which of these is not a consequence of a force field?
A. weight B. magnetic force C. Reaction D. Electric force
2. The following are contact forces Except
A. tension B. reaction C. Friction D. Electric force
3. Which of the following about solid friction is/are correct?
i. Friction depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact.
ii. Friction depends on the area in contact
 iii. Friction always acts in the direction of motion
A. i only B. i and ii only C. iii only D. i and iii only
4. Which of the following are contact forces?
i. force of tension ii. Force of friction iii. Magnetic force iv. Force of reaction
A. i, ii and iv B. i, ii and iii C. i, iii and iv D. ii, iii and iv
5. A wooden block of mass 1.6kg rests on a rough horizontal surface. If the limiting
frictional force between the block and the surface is 8N, calculate coefficient of friction
( g = 10m/s2). A. 0.6 B. 0.5 C. 0.3 D. 0.2

Essay
1. Explain the following terms (i) Force (ii) contact force (iii) force field
2. A 5kg mass on a horizontal platform accelerated at the rate of 0.1m/s2, when a horizontal
force of 10N is applied to it. Calculate the coefficient of friction between it and the platform
(g = 10m/s2).
3. A metal box of mass 4kg rests on the top of a metal surface. What force applied parallel to the
surface is required to
(i) just move the box?
(ii) move the box with an acceleration of 2m/s2?
Take the coefficient of friction between the box and the surface as 0.25 and
g = 10m/s2.
4. A force of 20N applied parallel to the surface of a horizontal table is just sufficient
to make a block of mass 4kg move on the table, calculate the coefficient of friction
between the block and the table ( g = 10m/s2).

PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT:
Senior secondary physics Bk 1 by Ndupu, okeke , ladipo. Topic circular motion.

WEEKEND ACTIVITY:
Differentiate between circular motion and rotational motion.

WEEK 7: MID-TERM BREAK

WEEK 8:

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1

TOPIC: LINEAR MOTION

CONTENT: 1. Concept of speed, velocity and uniform motion

2. Calculations on speed and velocity.
3. Distance-time graph
4. Displacement-time graph

Sub –topic 1. Concept of distance, speed, velocity and uniform speed/velocity

 i. DISTANCE (s): This is the separation or space between two points. It is measured
in meters and it is a scalar quantity.

ii. DISPLACEMENT (s): It is distance in a specified direction. It is a vector quantity

and it is measured in meters.

iii. SPEED (v): It is the rate of change of distance moved with time. The unit is m/s
and it is a scalar quantity.

distance
Speed =
time
s
v=
t

(a) UNIFORM SPEED: It is obtained if the rate of change of distance with time is
constant or when a body travels equal distances in equal time intervals.

(b) AVERAGE SPEED:Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by

the total time taken. The average speed is a better representation of the motion
of a body not moving at a constant or uniform speed.

Total distance covered

Average speed =
Total time taken

(c) INSTANTANEOUS SPEED: It is the actual speed of a body at any instant

during the course of motion.

iv. VELOCITY: It is the rate of change of displacement with time. The unit is m/s. It is avector
quantity.
displacement
Velocity =
time

UNIFORM VELOCITY: It occurs when the rate of change of displacement with

time is constant or when a body travels equal displacement in equal time interval.

EVALUATION:
1. Define speed, velocity and uniform velocity.
2. Differentiate between velocity and speed.

Sub –topic 2. Calculations on speed and velocity

1. A car covers a distance of 60km in half an hour. What is the average speed of the car in
(a). km/hr (b) m/s
Solution:
(a) time = ½ hour = 0.5 hour
Total distance covered 60
Average speed = = =120 km/h
Total time taken 0.5
(b) convert km/hr to m/s
1000
1 km/h = m/s
60 ×60

1km = 1000m
1hr = 3600s

1000
120km/h = 120 × =33.33 m/s
60 ×60

2. A car travelled to Lagos a distance of 150m in 100 seconds. Calculate his average speed.

Total distance covered 150

Average speed = = =1.5 m/ s
Total time taken 100

3. A car covers 1500m in 10 secs. What is the speed in km/hr?

distance 1500
Speed = = =150 m/ s
time 10

Convert to km/hr

1000
1 km/h = m/s
60 ×60
60 ×60
1 m/s = km/h
1000
150× 60 ×60
150m/s = =540 km/h
1000

EVALUATION:
1. Convert 144km/h to m/s.
2. A car covers a distance of 40m in 2 sec. What is his speed in km/h?

Sub –topic 3: Distance-time graph, Displacement-time graph

It is the graphical representation of the motion of a body. There are Distance-time graph,
Displacement-time graph and Velocity-time graph.

(a) DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION

Distance

O N
Time
Slope of distance –time graph = speed
distance MN
Speed = =
time ON

(b) DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH FOR NON UNIFORM MOTION

Distance(m)
M

O Q N Time(s)

distance MN
Instantaneous speed at p = slope or gradient at p=
timeinterval QN

(c) DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM VELOCITY

Displacement
M

O N
Time

Velocity =

(d) DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH FOR NON UNIFORM VELOCITY

Displacement(m)
M

P
QM is a tangant drawn to the curve at
O Q N Time(s)point p
 dis placement MN
Instantaneous velocity at p = slope or gradient at p =
time interval(t )

GENERAL EVALUATION:
A boy moved continuously for 40secs and covered the following distances in the times stated below:

Distance (m) 200 400 600 800

Time (second) 10 20 30 40

i. Draw the distance-time graph and calculate the speed.

ii. state whether or not the speed is uniform. Give reason(s) for your answer

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
:
1. During the same time interval, it is observed that a train travels the same distance as
does a lorry. The two vehicles therefore have the same
A. uniform acceleration B. instantaneous velocity C. initial velocity D. average speed.
2. The time rate of change of displacement is known as
A. speed. B. velocity C. impulse. D. acceleration.
3. The slope of a straight line displacement-time graph indicates the
A. distance traveled B. uniform velocity
C. uniform acceleration D. acceleration at an instant.
4. A car moves with a speed of 30m/s. Calculate the distance travelled in 30s.
A. 30m B. 60 C. 450m D. 900m
5. The speed of an object in rectilinear motion can be determined from the
A. Area under a velocity-time graph. B. Area under a distance-time graph.
C. Slope of a distance-time graph D. Slope of a velocity-time graph.
ESSAY
1. Using a suitable diagram, explain how the following can be obtained from a Distance-time graph
or Displacement-time graph.
i. Speed ii. Velocity iii. Instantaneous speed

2. A Car is travelling with a uniform velocity of 72km/h. What distance does he cover in 20s?
3. A car travels with a constant velocity of 45km/h for 10s. What distance does it cover in this time?

WEEK 9: DATE: __________________

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
TOPIC: RECTILINEAR ACCELERATION:
CONTENT:
1. Concept of acceleration - Uniform/non-uniform acceleration, deceleration
2. Worked examples on acceleration and deceleration.

Sub-Topic 1: CONCEPT OF ACCELERATION

When an object increases or changes its velocity within a set time, the object is said to undergo
acceleration (or to accelerate). We therefore define acceleration as the rate of change of velocity with
time.

changeinvelocity
i.e, acceleration=
timetaken

v−u
∴ a=
t

Where a: acceleration
v: final velocity
u: initial velocity
Acceleration is a vector quantity and its SI unit is m/s 2.
However, still be reminded that:
- When a body starts from rest, its initial velocity, ‘u’ is zero.
- When a body comes to rest, its final velocity, ‘v’ is zero.

UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION

Acceleration is said to be uniform if the velocity increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
That is, the time rate of change of velocity is constant. If the rate of change of velocity with time is not
constant, then, the acceleration is non-uniform.

DECELERATION
Deceleration is defined as a negative change in velocity with time. When such happens, the body’s
velocity is said to be reducing or coming to rest.
Deceleration is said to be uniform if the velocity decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
That is, the negative change in velocity with time is constant.

c h angeinvelocity v −u
Also , deceleration= =
timetaken t

Deceleration is also called retardation and its SI unit is m/s 2. It is also a vector quantity.

Evaluation:
1. Define acceleration.
2. Differentiate between acceleration and deceleration.
3. Quote the formula for acceleration and its SI unit.
Sub-Topic 2: WORKED EXAMPLES ON ACCELERATION & DECELERATION
Ex 1:A body experienced a change in velocity of 10m/s in 15s. What is the acceleration of the body?
Solution:
Data :∆ v=10 m/s ,t=15 s , a=?
∆ v 10
Now , a= =
∆ t 15
2
∴ a=0.67 m/s

Ex 2: A car accelerated uniformly at 6 m/ s2 in 20s. What was the change in velocity?

Solution:
Data :a=6 m/s , t=20 s , ∆ v =?
2

∆v
Now , a=
∆t
∴ ∆ v=a × ∆ t
∴ ∆ v=6 ×20
∴ ∆ v=120 m/s

Ex 3: The velocity of a lorry decreased from 60 km/h to 35 km/h within 0.5mins. Find the deceleration.
Solution:
60 km 60× 1000 60,000
Data :u= = = =16.67 m/s , v=35 km/h = 9.72m/s, t=0.5 mins=30 s , d=?
h 60× 60 3600
∆ v v −u 9.72−16.67 −6.95
Now , d= = = =
∆t t 30 30
2
∴ d=−0.23 m/ s
The negative sign shows that it is decelerating thus coming to rest.
( NOTE: you can convert velocity in km/h to m/s by simply dividing by 3.6 )
Evaluation:
Find the deceleration of a car whose change in velocity within a time interval of 10s is -30m/s.

GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. What is the similarity between acceleration and deceleration?
2. Differentiate between acceleration and deceleration.
3. Write down the formula for acceleration.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The SI unit of acceleration is ---
2
A. m/s
B. m/s
2
C. m /s
D. ms
2. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 2 m/s 2 for 4s. The velocity attained at this time is
---
A. 2 m/s
B. 4 m/s
 C. 6 m/ s
D. 8 m/s
3. a lorry moving with uniform acceleration accelerate from 20m/s to 80m/s in 2 seconds. What is the
acceleration of the lorry?
A. 30m/s2
B. 250m/s2
C. 1250m/s2
D. 100m/s2
4. Which of the below statements describe deceleration?
A. A positive change in velocity with time.
B. A negative change in velocity with time.
C. A uniform change in velocity with time.
D. A constant change in velocity with time.
5. One of the below physical quantities has the same SI unit with acceleration.
A. Impulse
B. Velocity
C. Retardation
D. Displacement
Essay
1. A car started from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches a maximum velocity of
80km/h in 20s. It is then brought to rest in further 12s. Find the deceleration of the car.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read up the topic: ‘’Velocity-Time Graph’’ in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.

Week 10: Revision.

Week 11: Examination.