MODULE III –Part II

Arrays & Strings: Single dimensional arrays, multidimensional arrays, initializing array using
static declaration, Searching and sorting of Arrays, Array of Characters, Character arrays and
strings, String handling Functions. User Defined Functions: Function declaration, definition
& scope, recursion, Arrays and functions, call by value

FUNCTIONS
A function is a self contained block of codes or sub programs with a set of statements that
perform some specific task or coherent task when it is called. It is something like to hiring a
person to do some specific task like, every six months servicing a bike and hand over to it.
Any ‘C’ program contain at least one function i.e main().
There are basically two types of functions,They are
1. Library function
2. User defined function
System defined function can’t be modified, it can only read and can be used. These function
are supplied with every C compiler Source of these library function are pre complied and
only object code get used by the user by linking to the code by linker.
User defined function
The user defined functions defined by the user according to its requirement
Syntax:-
Return type name of function (type 1 arg 1, type2 arg2, type3 arg3)

So when user gets his own function three thing he has to know, They are.
 Function declaration
 Function definition
 Function call
These three thingscan be represented as,
int function(int, int, int); /*function declaration*/
main() /* calling function*/
{
function(arg1,arg2,arg3);
}
int function(type 1 arg 1,type2 arg2,type3, arg3) /*function definition/*
{
Local variable declaration;
Statement;
Return value;
}

Function declaration:-
Function declaration is also known as function prototype. It inform the compiler about three
thing, those are name of the function, number and type of argument received by the function
and the type of value returned by the function.
While declaring the name of the argument is optional and the function prototype always
terminated by the semicolon.
Function definition:-
Function definition consists of the whole description and code of the function. It tells about
what function is doing what are its inputs and what are its output.
It consists of two parts function header and function body
Syntax:-
return type function(type 1 arg1, type2 arg2, type3 arg3) /*function header*/
{
Local variable declaration;
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
Return value
}
The return type denotes the type of the value that function will return and it is optional and if
it is omitted, it is assumed to be int by default. The body of the function is the compound
statements or block which consists of local variable declaration statement and optional return
statement.
The local variable declared inside a function is local to that function only. It can’t be used
anywhere in the program and its existence is only within this function. The arguments of the
function definition are known as formal arguments.
Function Call
When the function get called by the calling function then that is called, function call. The
compiler execute these functions when the semicolon is followed by the function name.
Example:-
function(arg1,arg2,arg3);
The argument that are used inside the function call are called actual argument
Ex:-
int S=sum(a, b); //actual arguments
Actual argument
The arguments which are mentioned or used inside the function call is knows as actual
argument and these are the original values and copy of these are actually sent to the called
function It can be written as constant, expression or any function call like
Function (x);
Function (20, 30);
Function (a*b, c*d);
Function(2,3,sum(a, b));
Formal Arguments
The arguments which are mentioned in function definition are called formal arguments or
dummy arguments. These arguments are used to just hold the copied of the values that are
sent by the calling function through the function call.
These arguments are like other local variables which are created when the function call starts
and destroyed when the function ends.
The basic difference between the formal argument and the actual argument are
1) The formal argument are declared inside the parenthesis where as the
local variable declared at the beginning of the function block.
2). The formal argument are automatically initialized when the copy of actual
arguments are passed while other local variable are assigned values through the
statements.Order number and type of actual arguments in the function call should be match
with the order number and type of the formal arguments.
Return type
It is used to return value to the calling function. It can be used in two way as return
Or return(expression);
Ex:- return (a);
return (a*b);
return (a*b+c);
Here the 1st return statement used to terminate the function without returning any
value
Ex: Sum of 2 numbers
int sum (int a1, int a2);
main()
{
int a,b;
printf(“enter two no”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
int S=sum(a,b);
printf(“summation is = %d”,s);
}
int sum(intx1,int y1)
{
int z=x1+y1;
Return z;
}
Advantage of function
By using function large and difficult program can be divided in to sub programs and solved.
When we want to perform some task repeatedly or some code is to be used more than once at
different place in the program, then function avoids this repeatition or rewritten over and
over.
Recursion
Any function can be called by another function even main() can be called by other function.
When function calls itself (inside function body) again and again then it is called as recursive
function. In recursion calling function and called function are same
Syntax:
main ()
{
rec(); /*function call*/
rec();
rec();
Ex:- /*calculate factorial of a no.using recursion*/
int fact(int);
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“enter a number”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
f=fact(num);
printf(“factorial is =%d\n”f);
}
fact (int num)
{
If (num==0||num==1)
return 1;
else
return(num*fact(num-1));
}

So every function in a program must be called directly or indirectly by the main() function. A
function can be called any number of times. A function can call itself again and again and this
process is called recursion.
Call by value and call by reference
There are two way through which we can pass the arguments to the function such as call by
value and call by reference.
1. Call by value
In the call by value copy of the actual argument is passed to the formal argument and the
operation is done on formal argument. When the function is called by ‘call by value’ method,
it doesn’t affect content of the actual argument.
Example:-
main()
{
int x,y;
change(int,int);
printf(“enter two values:\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&x,&y);
change(x ,y);
printf(“value of x=%d and y=%d\n”,x ,y);
}
change(int a,int b);
{
int k;
k=a;
a=b;
b=k;
}
Output: enter two values: 12
23
Value of x=12 and y=23
2. Call by reference
Instead of passing the value of variable, address or reference is passed and the function
operate on address of the variable rather than value. Here formal argument is alter to the
actual argument, it means formal arguments calls the actual arguments.
Example:-
void main()
{
int a,b;
change(int *,int*);
printf(“enter two values:\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
change(&a,&b);
printf(“after changing two value of a=%d and b=%d\n:”a,b);
}
change(int *a, int *b)
{
int k;
k=*a;
*a=*b;
*b= k;
printf(“value in this function a=%d and b=%d\n”,*a,*b);
}
Output: enter two values: 12
32
Value in this function a=32 and b=12
After changing two value of a=32 and b=12
So here instead of passing value of the variable, directly passing address of the variables.
Formal argument directly access the value and swapping is possible even after calling a
function.
Local, Global and Static variable
Local variable:-
variables that are defined with in a body of function or block. The local variables can be used
only in that function or block in which they are declared. Same variables may be used in
different functions such as
function()
{
int a,b;
function 1();
}
function2 ()
{
int a=0;
b=20;
}
Global variable:-
The variables that are defined outside of the function is called global variable. All functions
in the program can access and modify global variables. Global variables are automatically
initialized at the time of initialization.
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void function(void);
void function1(void);
void function2(void);
int a, b=20;
void main()
{
printf(“inside main a=%d,b=%d \n”,a,b);
function();
function1();
function2();
}
function()
{
Prinf(“inside function a=%d,b=%d\n”,a,b);
}
function 1()
{
prinf(“inside function a=%d,b=%d\n”,a,b);
}
function 2()
{
prinf(“inside function a=%d,b=%d\n”,a,);
}
Static variables: static variables are declared by writing the key word static.
-syntax:-
static data type variable name;
static int a;
-the static variables initialized only once and it retain between the function call. If its variable
is not initialized, then it is automatically initialized to zero.
Example:
void fun1(void);
void fun2(void);
void main()
{
fun1();
fun2();
}
void fun1()
{
int a=10, static int b=2;
printf(“a=%d, b=%d”,a,b);
a++;
b++;
}
Output: a= 10 b= 2
a=10 b= 3