BTEC Applied Science

Extended Diploma

Unit 5:
A: The cardiovascular system

Student name:
-
Contents
Planner .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Specification – What you’re expected to know ...................................................................................... 5
The cardiovascular system .................................................................................................................. 5
The Heart ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Quick recap what can you remember ................................................................................................. 6
The Circulatory system............................................................................................................................ 7
Worksheet: The structure of the heart ................................................................................................... 8
Structure of the heart (Dissection) ......................................................................................................... 9
Vertical section of the heart ............................................................................................................. 11
Heart Summary Questions .................................................................................................................... 12
Pathway of blood flow Summary ...................................................................................................... 13
The Cardiac Cycle .................................................................................................................................. 14
Cardiac Cycle Pressure Changes............................................................................................................ 15
Pressure changes: interpretation exercise ........................................................................................... 16
Cardiac Cycle - Summary....................................................................................................................... 17
Exam Practice –Pressure changes and Cardiac Cycle ........................................................................... 18
Blood Vessels – Structures and function .............................................................................................. 21
Exam Practice ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Blood components and type ................................................................................................................. 26
How do the blood types differ? ........................................................................................................ 27
Blood type example .......................................................................................................................... 27
Blood typing activity ............................................................................................................................. 28
The Science of Blood ............................................................................................................................. 29
Blood Types - Donations ....................................................................................................................... 30
Blood transfusions - donor activity ....................................................................................................... 31
Blood and Blood type exam qu’s ......................................................................................................... 32
Conducting Tissue of the heart ............................................................................................................. 35
Conducting Tissue of the heart - Summary .......................................................................................... 36
Exam Practice - SAN .............................................................................................................................. 37
Calculating Cardiac Output ................................................................................................................... 39
Cardiac Output Calculations ............................................................................................................. 40
Electrocardiogram (ECG) ................................................................................................................... 41
Identification of arrhythmias ............................................................................................................ 42
Exam Practice – ECG ......................................................................................................................... 44
Investigating the effect of caffeine on heart rate ............................................................................. 46
Exam Practice - Daphnia ............................................................................................................... 48
Planner
Specification – What you’re expected to know
The cardiovascular system

• Understand the structure and function of the heart, to include:

o atria o aorta
o ventricles o myogenic muscle
o septum o sinoatrial node (SAN)
o valves – semi-lunar, tricuspid, bicuspid o atrioventricular node (AVN)
o vena cava o Purkinje fibres
o pulmonary vein o bundle of His
o pulmonary artery

o be able to calculate cardiac output.

• Understand the characteristic features of blood vessels and pressure changes, to include:
o arteries – elastic, small lumen, thick muscle, high pressure
o veins – large lumen, valves, thin walled, low pressure
o capillaries – link arteries and veins, one cell thick, site of diffusion
o blood transfusion and the ABO rhesus system.

• Understand the cardiac cycle, to include:

o atrial systole
o ventricular systole
o cardiac diastole
o role of major blood vessels – vena cava, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, aorta and coronary
artery
o opening and closing of the heart valves.

• Understand the use of electrocardiograms (ECG), to include:

o significance of PQRST points on an ECG trace
o identification of arrhythmias – tachycardia, bradycardia, ventricular fibrillation, sinus arrhythmia,
flat line.

• Understand how factors can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), to include:
o genetics o high blood pressure
o age o smoking
o gender o inactivity.
o diet

• Investigate the effect of caffeine on heart rate in Daphnia.

• Understand the benefits and risks of treatments for CVD, including:

o antihypertensives
o statins
o transplantation and immunosuppressants.
The Heart
The heart is a muscular organ located between the lungs in the centre of the chest (thorax), and is
about the size of a fist.

It is part of the system circulatory, In humans we have a double circulatory system

Why is it called a double circulatory system?

Quick recap what can you remember

A G
B H
C I
D J
E K
F L
F M
The Circulatory system
 Worksheet: The structure of the heart
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the blood vessels. Label the diagram of
the heart using the key words and complete the arrows to the diagram (where bold lines
are) to show the direction of the flow of blood.

Describe the structure and the function of the heart and its use within the body
Structure of the heart (Dissection)

Purpose
• To revise your knowledge of the structure of the heart.
• To relate heart structure to function.
• To locate and compare the structure of the main arteries leaving the heart with the main veins
entering the heart.
• To observe the coronary arteries.
• To develop practical dissection skills.
SAFETY
Wear eye protection.
Wash your hands carefully after completing the dissection and putting all the equipment
ready to be disinfected.
Take care with sharp dissecting instruments.

YOU NEED
● Heart ● Clamp to seal blood vessel
● Dissecting board or tray ● Access to water supply
● Dissecting instruments ● Lab coat or apron to protect your clothes
● Rubber tube

Procedure
1 Before starting the dissection, use the Student Book to help you label the heart diagram in
Figure 2.
2 Locate the four main blood vessels attached to the heart. The two thicker-walled vessels are the
arteries; they leave the heart at the more rounded front (ventral) side. The thinner-walled veins
enter the heart at the top of the back (dorsal) side. They are often damaged on removal of the
heart from the animal.
3 Looking at the front side of the heart, identify the following external features using Figure 1 to
help:
a right and left atria
b right and left ventricles
c coronary arteries and veins.
pulmonary artery
aorta

left atrium
right atrium
left coronary
artery
right coronary
artery
left ventricle

right ventricle

Cut along this line Cut along this line

to view inside the to view inside the
right ventricle. left ventricle.

Figure 1 Ventral (front) view of the heart. The pulmonary vein and vena cava enter the atria on the dorsal
(back) side of the heart so are not visible on this diagram.
 Q1 Why are the right and left sides apparently on the wrong side?

Q2 a Can you distinguish coronary arteries and veins?

b What are their functions?

4 If your heart is undamaged you can identify which vessel is the aorta by attaching a rubber tube
to a water tap and inserting it into the pulmonary vein. Allowing water to flow through the heart
(gently!), it will emerge from the aorta. The same procedure can be used with the superior vena
cava after clamping the inferior vena cava shut.
Q3 In this case from which vessel will the water emerge?

Q4 What does this tell us about the internal structure of the heart?

5 To inspect the internal structure of the heart, cut through the ventricle walls, along the lines
Q6
shown in Figure 1. This is best done with a sharp scalpel or a pair of sharp scissors. Be careful at
this stage only to cut through the ventricle walls, leaving the walls of the atria intact.
Q5 Look carefully inside each ventricle and answer these questions:
a Which ventricle has thicker walls?

b Estimate the ratio of the thickness of the two walls.

c Suggest why the ventricle walls are of different thicknesses.

Q6 Locate and carefully observe the atrioventricular valves between the atrium and ventricle
on each side of the heart.
a Why is the atrioventricular valve in the right ventricle also called the tricuspid
valve?
b Why is the atrioventricular valve in the left ventricle also called the bicuspid valve?

Q7 Locate the semilunar valves at the entrance to the aorta and pulmonary artery. Why are
these valves called semilunar?

Q8 Identify the tendons that stretch between the atrioventricular valves and the ventricle
walls.
a What is the function of these valves and what is the role of the tendons in their
operation?

b Work out how you can test your ideas about valves by inverting the heart and using
some water.
Q9 Cut open the atria and examine their internal structure. Explain the relative difference in
size between the atria and ventricles.
7 Locate the opening of the coronary vein in the wall of the right atrium.
8 Cut open the aorta and locate the opening to the coronary artery just above the semilunar valve.
Q10 Examine the openings to the vena cava and pulmonary vein. Do these entry points to the
heart contain valves? If not, why not?

Q11 Describe the safety precautions you took during the practical.

Vertical section of the heart

Label the diagram. Add arrows to show the route of blood flow through the heart.

Figure 2 Vertical section of the heart.

Heart Summary Questions
Pathway of blood flow Summary
The Cardiac Cycle

1 Cut out the pictures from (given to you by your teacher)

and stick these into the correct boxes on the right to
match the order of descriptions below.

2 Complete the descriptions and make deletions as

appropriate, i.e. when you are provided with two
alternatives separated by a /.

3 Add arrows to each diagram to show blood flow.

Cardiac diastole
During diastole blood flows into the atria from the
_____________ _____________ and _____________
_____________. Elastic recoil of the atrial walls generates low
pressure in the atria, helping to draw blood into the heart.
Initially the atrioventricular valves are open/closed.
As the ventricles begin to relax, blood tends to fall back from the
aorta and pulmonary artery causing the _____________________
valves to close. This causes the second heart sound ‘dub’.

Atrial systole
As the atria fill with blood, the pressure in the atria
increases/decreases, the atrioventricular valves are pushed open
and blood flows into the relaxing ventricles. The two atria
contract simultaneously, forcing the remaining blood into the
ventricles.

Ventricular systole
After a slight delay, the ventricles contract. This
increases/decreases the pressure in the ventricles so the
atrioventricular valves open/close. This causes the first heart
sound ‘lub’.
Blood is forced into the _______________ and
_______________.
The semilunar valves are open/closed.
Blood begins to flow into the relaxing _______________.
Cardiac Cycle Pressure Changes

Create a summary of the pressure changes in the heart related to the cardiac cycle
 Pressure changes: interpretation exercise

Examine the graph that shows pressure changes in the left ventricle, left atrium and
aorta. Then answer the questions:
1. What is the maximum pressure reached in the left ventricle?

2. Why is the maximum pressure in the left atrium lower?

3. What is the length of one cardiac cycle?

4. Using the length of cardiac cycle, what is the pulse rate in bpm? Show your working
out.

5. Describe and explain what happens to the aortic valve at points C and D.

6. Describe and explain what happens to the bicuspid (mitral) valve at points A and B.

7. Why is it important that these valves operate properly?

Cardiac Cycle - Summary
Exam Practice –Pressure changes and Cardiac Cycle
1. The graphs below show the changes in pressure in the aorta and in the left and right
ventricles of the heart, during the cardiac cycle. Time 0 indicates the start of atrial
contraction.

(a) Compare the changes in pressure in the left ventricle with those in the right
ventricle, giving reasons for the differences.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………… (4)

(b) Compare the changes in the pressure in the aorta with those in the left ventricle,
giving reasons for the differences.

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………(3)

c) On the graph of changes in pressure in the aorta and left ventricle, show by
means of an arrow when the aortic semilunar valve closes. (1)
 1. The table shows the volume of blood in a man’s right ventricle at different times
during one cardiac cycle.

Time / s Volume of blood / cm3

0.0 125

0.1 148

0.2 103

0.3 70

0.4 56

0.5 55

0.6 98

0.7 125

(b) (i) Use the data in the table to calculate the man’s heart rate.

Heart rate = ............................................. beats per minute

(ii) Use the data in the table and your answer to part (b) (i) to calculate the man’s
cardiac output. Show your working.

Cardiac output = ........................................ cm3 per minute

(3)

(c) Use information from the table to complete the table below to show whether the
valves are open or closed at each of the times shown. Write open or closed in the
appropriate boxes.

Time / s Valve between right Valve between right

atrium and right ventricle and pulmonary
ventricle artery

0.2

0.6
(2)
 2. The table shows pressure changes in the left side of the heart during one
cardiac cycle.

Blood pressure / k Pa

Time / s Left atrium Left ventricle

0.0 0.7 0.3

0.1 1.0 2.0

0.2 0.2 12.5

0.3 0.2 15.3

0.4 1.0 4.5

0.5 0.5 1.0

0.6 0.6 0.3

0.7 0.7 0.3

(a) Between which times is the valve between the atrium and the ventricle closed?

Explain your answer.

Times ............................. s and ............................. s

Explanation ..................................................................................................

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......................................................................................................................

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(2)

(b) The maximum pressure in the ventricle is much higher than that in the atrium.

Explain what causes this.

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......................................................................................................................

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(2)

(c) Use the information in the table to calculate the heart rate in beats per minute.

Answer .............................. beats per minute (1)

(Total 5 marks)
Blood Vessels – Structures and function
Veins and Venules Capillaries Arteries and arterioles
Differences

Function

Structure

Lumen-size

Valves

Blood pressure

Oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

Complete the table below to show differences between the arteries, veins and capillaries.
Exam Practice
Q1.

The walls of arteries and veins include endothelium, smooth muscle tissue and elastic
tissue.
The graph below shows the relative thickness of these tissues in the walls of two blood
vessels with a similar diameter.

(a) (i) Using the information in the graph, state which of the vessels A and B is an artery
and which is a vein.
(1)
Vessel A
.............................................................................................................................................
Vessel B
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(ii) Explain the roles of each of these tissues in blood vessels.
(3)
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(b) Describe how the structure of veins ensures the flow of blood in one direction only.
(1)
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(c) When the human heart contracts, blood from the left ventricle enters the aorta.
Describe how the structure of the aorta is related to its function.
(4)

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(d) Explain why the human heart is divided into a left side and a right side.
(3)
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(e) Explain one way in which the structure of a capillary is related to its function.
(2)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

Q2. The circulatory system in mammals has a heart and blood vessels.
(a) The graph below shows the pressure in different blood vessels as blood leaves and
returns to the heart.

(i) Place a cross in the box next to the correct words to complete the following
statement.
The change in pressure between R and S occurs during
(1)
A atrial diastole
B atrial systole
C ventricular diastole
D ventricular systole

(ii) Calculate the percentage decrease in pressure between S and T.

(2)

........................................................... %
(iii) Explain the decrease in pressure between S and T in the aorta.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
 Blood components and type
Before Nobel Prize awarded Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO human blood groups in
1901, it was thought that all blood was the same. This misunderstanding led to fatal blood
transfusions. Later, in 1940, Landsteiner was part of discovering another blood group, the
Rh blood group system. There are many blood group systems known today, but the ABO
and the Rh blood groups are the most important ones used for blood transfusions. The
designation Rh is derived from the Rhesus monkey in which the existence of the Rh blood
group was discovered.

What is blood made up of?

An adult human has about 4–6 litres of blood circulating in the body. Among other things,
blood transports oxygen to various parts of the body.

Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma.

Identify and label the components of blood and their functions:

How do the blood types differ?

A person with a specific on their red blood cells does not possess the
corresponding in their plasma.
When a patient receives a blood transfusion it is vital that the blood is with
their own.

If it is , donor antigens react with in the patients plasma.

an immune response known as can occur.

This is :

There are 4 blood types:

• .
• .
• .
• .

These are further distinguished by the presence or absence of the antigen

Blood type example

Antigens (on the surface of the red blood cells):

A indicates there are A antigens.
(Rh- indicates there are no Rh antigens)

Antibodies (in the blood plasma):

B antibodies.
Rh antibodies.
(If there are A antigens but no B nor Rh antigens, the antibodies in the blood plasma are B
and Rh antibodies.)

Blood Type
A Rh-
Blood typing activity

Identify the different blood types based on their antigen and antibody composition
The Science of Blood
Watch the attached Video
https://youtu.be/LlTjNoSmVNA
and answer the following questions:

● Can you list some different blood types?

● What does ‘compatible blood type’ mean?

● What’s special about O negative blood?

● What age can a person register/donate blood?

● What is the role of a centrifuge in processing donated blood?

● Can you name some positives about the blood donation process listed in the video?

Thinking further

Can you suggest some important uses for donated blood?

Blood Types - Donations
Blood transfusions - donor activity

Blood Transfusion Game

To further test your blood transfusion knowledge go to :

The Blood Typing Game -

https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/index.php
Blood and Blood type exam qu’s

Q1. The diagram shows some of the components of blood.

(a) Complete the table by giving the name of the component and its function.
Component A has been completed as an example.
(4)

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q2. The table lists four features of blood. It also shows four main components of blood.
Put a tick ( ) in a box if the component shows the feature.
(4)

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q3. There are four different blood groups, A, B, AB and O.
The antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine a person's blood group.
There are two types of antigen, antigen A and antigen B.
(a) The table lists the four different blood groups.
Complete the table by giving the correct type of antigens for each blood group.
(2)

(b) If a person needs a blood transfusion, it is important that they receive a suitable blood
group.
Explain the effects on a person who receives a blood group that is not suitable.
(3)
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(c) Explain which blood group or groups can be given to people with each of the other blood
groups during a transfusion.
(4)
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(d) The table shows the percentage of students with each type of blood group in a school.

There are 750 students in the school.

Calculate the number of students who can safely receive blood group B.
(3)

number of students = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Conducting Tissue of the heart
Conducting Tissue of the heart - Summary
Exam Practice - SAN
Q1.
The heart rate at rest changes during exercise.
The diagram below shows different stages in the passage of electrical activity through the
heart during one heartbeat.
The arrows and numbers represent the different stages.

(a) Place a cross in the box next to the correct number or word to complete each of the
following statements.
(i) The number in the diagram that represents the bundle of His is
(1)
A 1
B 3
C 4
D 5

(ii) There is a delay of 0.13 s between atrial systole and ventricular systole.
The number in the diagram that represents where this delay occurs is
(1)
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

(iii) The arrows in the diagram represent a wave of

(1)
 A depolarisation
B hyperpolarisation
C polarisation
D repolarisation

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q2.

(e) Describe the role of the sinoatrial node in regulating the pulse rate of humans
(3)
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Calculating Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
(CO)

Heart Rate X Stroke Volume

(HR) (SV)
Cardiac Output Calculations
Show all of your working in these calculations
1. At rest, an individual has a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a
stroke volume of 68ml. Calculate the cardiac output in L/min, leaving
your answer to 2 significant figures (3 marks)

2. During exercise, the individual’s cardiac output increases by 92%. Use

your final answer to number 1 to calculate the cardiac output in L/min
during exercise, leaving your answer to 3 significant figures (2 marks)

3. If the individual’s heart rate increased to 120bpm during exercise, use

your final answer to number 2 to calculate his stroke volume to the
nearest ml (3 marks)

4. Use your final answer to number 3 to calculate the percentage increase

in stroke volume between rest and exercise. Leave your answer to 3
significant figures (3 marks)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A series of sensors (electrodes) are attached to the skin to test the heart’s
rhythm and electrical activity
These electrodes detect the tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise from
the cardiac muscle depolarising and repolarising during each heart beat
The activity is shown on a machine and then any variations from the normal
can be seen and treatment given.
An ECG is

Normal Sinus Rhythm

P=
QRS=
T=
Identification of arrhythmias
Exam Practice – ECG

Calculate the Patients heart rate

Show your working below

(3)
Investigating the effect of caffeine on heart rate

Caffeine is produced by plants as an insecticide. Cocoa in South America, coffee in Africa and tea in
Asia have all been used for hundreds of years to produce ‘pick me ups’ containing caffeine. These
days caffeine is also used as a flavour enhancer in a wide range of cola and other soft drinks. In
addition, it has medicinal uses in aspirin preparations and is found in weight-loss drugs and as a
stimulant in students’ exam-time favourites like PRO-PLUS® and Red Bull®.

In humans, caffeine acts as a stimulant drug, causing increased amounts of stimulatory

neurotransmitters to be released. At high levels of consumption caffeine has been linked to
restlessness, insomnia and anxiety, causing raised stress and blood pressure. This can lead to heart
and circulation problems.

The effect of caffeine on heart rate can be investigated using Daphnia (water fleas). The beating
heart of a water flea can be seen through its translucent body, by placing the flea in a few drops of
water in a cavity slide under the microscope.

You need

• Culture of Daphnia (water fleas)

• Three cavity slides
• Three dropping pipettes
• Distilled water
• Caffeine solution
• Cotton wool
• Pipettes
• Test tubes
• Stopclock
. • Paper towels or filter paper
• Microscope
Procedure

1 Place a few strands of cotton wool on a cavity slide; this will help restrict the movement of
the water flea. Using a pipette, transfer one large water flea to a cavity slide. Remove the
water from around the water flea using filter paper, then add one or two drops of distilled
water or pond water. Use as much water as you can and do not use a cover slip.
2 View the water flea under low power. Focus on its heart, which can be seen through its
translucent body. The location of the heart is shown in Figure 1.
3 Use a stopwatch to record the number of heartbeats per minute. This is made easier by
working in a pair, with one person counting beats while the other person tells them the time
period. Tap a pencil on a piece of paper and count up the pencil marks at the end of the
time period. Record the heart rate at intervals of 2 minutes over a 10 minute period. It is a
good idea to do a ‘blind’ study to avoid bias in the results. The person counting the
heartbeats should be unaware as to whether the Daphnia is in water or water with added
caffeine.
 4 Repeat the procedure using other water fleas from the culture solution and fresh, clean
slides. Replace the water with caffeine solution. Repeat the procedure using several
different concentrations of caffeine.
5 Record your results in a suitable format and present them in an appropriate graph.
6 Compare the treatments and try to explain the effect of each treatment on the heart rate.

Results
Exam Practice - Daphnia

Q1.
The photograph below shows Daphnia (a water flea). Daphnia can be used to
investigate the effect of chemicals on heart rate.

(i) Give two reasons why Daphnia is a suitable organism for investigating the
effect of chemicals on heart rate.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(i) State two variables that you would need to control for a valid investigation
into the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia.
Describe how to control each of these variables.
(4)
1. Variable .............................................................................................................................
How to control ......................................................................................................................
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2. Variable .............................................................................................................................
How to control ......................................................................................................................
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Q2.
A student investigated the effect of temperature on the heart rate of Daphnia.

(b) The student used five Daphnia in the investigation.

The Daphnia's heartbeats were counted over a 20-second period.
A stopwatch was used and a pencil mark made on a piece of paper while observing the
Daphnia through a low powered microscope.
The number of heartbeats was counted three times for each Daphnia.
This was repeated at five different temperatures using the same Daphnia each time.
This was then repeated using the four other Daphnia.
The results obtained are shown in the table below.
 (i) Explain why the number of heartbeats was measured in 20 seconds rather than in
one minute.
(2)
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(ii) The mean heart rate at 5 °C is 20.2 beats in 20 seconds. Calculate how many times
faster the mean heart rate is at 25 °C than at 5°C.
(2)

Answer ...........................................................

(c) Discuss the ethical issues that might arise from the use of invertebrates in investigations.
(4)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)