Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

Department of Chemical Engineering

Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
Subject Code: CHS 451

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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

CONTENTS
Particulars Page No
Course Objectives & Outcomes 1
General Instructions to the Students 2
Syllabus 4
Guidelines for the preparation of laboratory reports 6
Experiment No: 1 To study different types of flow using Reynold’s 10
apparatus
Experiment No: 2 To verify Bernoulli’s equation experimentally 14
Experiment No: 3 To determine point velocity by using pitot tube 18
Experiment No: 4 To determine flow velocity by using Venturi meter and 24
Orifice meter
Experiment No: 5 To study the flow characteristic in packed bed 27
Experiment No: 6 To study the flow characteristic in a helical coil 30
Experiment No: 7 To study the reciprocating pump characteristics 34
Experiment No: 8 To determine the losses due to friction in pipes and 38
fittings

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Course Objectives & Outcomes

Course Outcome (CO)
I. To prove experimentally laws/equations like Bernoulli’s equation, Fanning’s equation, etc.
II. To determine discharge coefficients of flow meters like orifice and venture meter, and
velocity profiles using pitot tube
III. To determine K factor of pipe fittings and valves
IV. To draw characteristic curves of pumps
V. To create an experimental understanding of laminar and turbulent flow regimes

CO-PO Mapping
CO

PO
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
I X X X X X X
II X X X X X X
III X X X X X X
IV X X X X X X
V X X X X X X

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General Instructions to the Students

Do’s
 Laboratory uniform, shoes & safety glasses are compulsory in the lab;
 Please follow instructions precisely as instructed by your supervisor. Do not start the
experiment unless your setup is verified & approved by your supervisor.
 During experiments material may fail and disperse, please wear safety glasses and maintain a
safe distance from the experiment.
 If any part of the equipment fails while being used, report it immediately to your supervisor.
Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could further damage the equipment and
harm yourself and others in the lab.
 Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work and cleanup after
your work.
 Before conducting any experiments, in the first lab students are instructed by the laboratory
technician and teaching assistants to abide by safety rules and take all necessary precautions
to ensure a safe work environment in order to safeguard their health, and the health of their
coworkers.

Don'ts
 Do not touch anything with which you are not completely familiar. Carelessness may not
only break the valuable equipment in the lab but may also cause serious injury to you and
others in the lab.
 Do not leave the experiments unattended while in progress.
 Do not crowd around the equipment’s & run inside the laboratory.

The safety precautions that the students are asked to follow include:
 Food, drinks, and related utensils are prohibited from being brought, stored or consumed in
the laboratory. Smoking is strictly prohibited in laboratories. Unauthorized individuals must
not be allowed in the laboratory. Laboratory must remain locked when unoccupied.
 Appropriate personal clothing, laboratory coats, gloves and personal protective equipment
(such as safety glasses) must be worn in the laboratory. Shoes must provide full coverage of

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the feet. Laboratory coats must be removed and hands must be washed before leaving the
laboratory.
 All occupants should be familiar with the locations and operation of safety and emergency
equipment such as fire extinguisher, first aid kits, emergency eye wash stations and
emergency showers, fire alarm pull stations, emergency telephone, and emergency exits

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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

National Institute of Technology Durgapur

Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur - 713209, West Bengal.
Department of Chemical Engineering

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY - SYLLABUS

Subject Code: CHS451 Exam Hours: 03

Viva Marks: 30 Report preparation marks: 40
Experimental performance marks: 30

List of Experiments
1. To study different types of flow using Reynold’s apparatus.
2. To verify Bernoulli’s equation experimentally.
3. To determine point velocity by using Pitot tube.
4. To determine flow velocity by using Venturi meter and Orifice meter.
5. To study the flow characteristic in packed bed.
6. To study the flow characteristic in a helical coil.
7. To study the reciprocating pump characteristics.
8. To determine the losses due to friction in pipes and fittings.

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LAB PLAN
GROUP/ GRP 1 GRP 2 GRP 3 GRP 4 GRP 5 GRP 6 GRP 7 GRP 8
DAY
DAY 1

DAY 2

DAY 3

DAY 4

DAY 5

DAY 6

DAY7

DAY 8

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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

Guidelines for Preparation of Laboratory Reports

1. TITLE PAGE
The following items are to be included in the front page lab report according to this order:
a) Student's name
b) Course and section Number
c) Number and title of the experiment
d) Date the experiment was performed
e) Names of group members
f) Date the report is presented
2. OBJECTIVE
The objective of the experiment should be stated on a separate sheet of paper with the heading
OBJECTIVE. State the objective clearly. A few explanatory sentences may be included, if
needed.
3. THEORY
In this section state and explain any equations or theoretical principles and assumptions that were
used in the experiment and the analysis. Define all parameters used.
4. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS (WITH SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM)
Give a detailed description of how you accomplished the experimentation. This should include
equipment used in the experiment as well as how it was used. The description should have
sufficient details; so that another experimenter could duplicate your efforts. Use sketches,
diagrams, or photos to describe the experimental set-up. Label the main components. Provide
dimensions and material of test samples where applicable. The equipment listing in the
Appendices is the appropriate place for model numbers and serial numbers. In the methods
section, use generic names for the equipment, e.g., the fluid network apparatus.
5. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Summarize your results in an introductory sentence. Relate your results to your objective.
Present the results in the easiest way for your reader to understand: graphs, tables, figures, etc.
All tables and figures must be referenced in the text, use a numbering system for identification of
each one.
Explain the results of the experiment; comment on the shapes of the curves; compare results with
expected results; give probable reasons for discrepancies from the theory; answer any questions

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outlined in the instructions and solve any problems that may have been presented. Tell why
things happened, not only that they did happen. Comparisons should include numerical values
and corresponding error percentages where relevant.
Do not present calculations and formulas in this section. Your calculations should be detailed in
the Appendices under SAMPLE CALCULATIONS. Formulas should be discussed in the
THEORY section.
6. CONCLUSIONS
State your discoveries, judgments and opinions from the results of this experiment. Summarize
your primary results in comparison with theory in two or three sentences. These should answer
the objective of the experiment. Make recommendations for further study. Suggest ways to
improve the experiment.
Consider that in the real world, information like that in the RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS will
be all that upper management will want to receive. Beyond that, figures may be skimmed. Make
the most of these sections.

7. APPENDICES
A. DATA TABLES
Data tables are for the convenience of the extremely interested reader. These tables may contain
any additional comparisons or calculations that you have prepared and were not included in the
RESULTS section which may contain only summaries of your work. Data Tables are the place to
show everything that you did.
B. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Demonstrate how you performed the calculation made in the experiment. Include Show the
generic calculations to support all your work.
C. EQUIPMENT LIST
List every piece of equipment used in the experiment. Provide unique identification numbers,
when possible. State the accuracy and/or the readability of the instruments.
D. DATA SHEETS
Data sheets must be completed in ink and signed by the instructor at the completion of the
laboratory period. In the case of an error, line through the mistake, initial the mistake, and
continue. Record the name of the recorder and the group members on the raw data sheets.

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8. PREPARATION OF GRAPHS
A. ORIENTATION
Plan the graph in so that the binding margin of the graph paper is at the left or at the top.
B. COORDINATE AXES
Draw the axes of coordinates on the cross-sectioned part of the sheet, far enough in from the
margin to leave room for inserting the scales and their identifications between the edges of the
cross-sectioning and the axes, except when using log-log paper.
C. SCALES
Start all linear scales at (0,0) unless such a procedure would obscure the presentation of data. Of
course, this is not possible when using log scales. The units on the major divisions of log Scales
should be powers of 10. Choose scales of 1, 2, 4, or 5 units per centimeter, or any Decimal
multiples, such as 0.1, .002, and 400. Proper choice of scales is important. Guiding Principles
are:
1. Utilize a good portion of the graph sheet area. DO not squeeze curves into one corner.
2. Do not unduly extend the scales. Have the scales readable to the precision of the instruments
from which data was taken. Further extension of the scales only scatters the data points,
emphasizing the experimental error.
3. Keep in mind the purpose of the graph. Avoid using scales that hide the real meaning or fail to
show the intended relationships.
4. Letter in the scale numerals along the axes, putting the abscissa scale beneath the horizontal
axis at appropriate intervals. Set all numerals on either axis in a vertical position as viewed from
the bottom of the page.
D. SCALE LEGEND
Letter in the abscissa legend beneath the abscissa scale so as to be read from the bottom of the
page. Letter in the ordinate legend to the left of the ordinate scale so as to be read from the right
hand of the page. If more than one ordinate scale is used, place each ordinate legend immediately
adjacent to the corresponding scale. Use descriptive titles followed by dimensional units, e.g.,
CAPACITOR CURRENT (MILLIAMPS).
E. OTHER LETTERING
Use capitals for all lettering on the graph paper. Arrange all except scale legends to be read from
the bottom of the page and to run in horizontal lines.

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F. TITLE
Letter in a concise descriptive title on each graph sheet, preferably in the bottom center. Do not
list the legends in the title.
G. DATA POINTS
Indicate data points by small circles or appropriate geometric symbols, except in the case of
correction curves for instruments where the plotted points are not emphasized.
H. CURVES
Draw smooth curves whose positions are governed by the plotted points. The curves should not
necessarily pass through every point but should traverse the combined center of gravity of all the
points. Only in the case of perfectly smooth data will all the points lie on the curve. One
exception to the smooth curve rule: For instrument correction curves, join the plotted points by
straight-line sections and break the curve where it reaches the data points.
When more than one curve is drawn on the same set axes, carefully identify each curve,
preferable with a legend lettered immediately adjacent to the curve. Other (less desirable)
methods are to use horizontal legends, each with an arrow pointing to the appropriate curve, or to
number the curves and provide a table of titles. Data points for the different curves should use
different geometric symbols.
I. INDEPENDENT VERSUS DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Plot the independent variable horizontally along bottom of the graph. Plot the dependent variable
vertically. The dependent variable is usually mentioned first, e.g., "PRESSURE VERSUS
TEMPERATURE" where pressure is the ordinate.

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EXPERIMENT: 1

TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOW USING REYNOLD’S

APPARATUS
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the different types of flow.
2. To determine the Reylond’s number and hence the type of flow either laminar or
turbulent.
THEORY:
From an engineering viewpoint, the many variables that affect the velocity profile cannot be
evaluated for all possible flow meters and for all pipe conditions. For this reason, steady flow
and a fully developed flow profile as defined by a Newtonian, homogeneous fluid are initially
assumed. Co-efficient variation can then be predicted with the dimensionless Reylond’s number.
This number has been found to be an acceptable correlating parameter that combines the effect
of viscosity, density and pipeline velocity.
In Reynold’s experiment, the ratio of inertia to viscous force was observed to be
dimensionless and related to viscosity, average pipeline velocity, and geometrically similar
boundary conditions. For a homogeneous Newtonian fluid, this dimensionless ratio is Re is
expressed as:
DV 
Re 

Where
 = Density of fluid in Kg/m3
V = Average velocity of fluid flow in m/sec.
D = Diameter of Glass Tube
μ = Viscosity of fluid in Ns/m2
Re< 1800 for Laminar flow
Re> 2100 for Turbulent flow
Re =1800- 2100 in Transition Zone
When the dye filament wavers in the Reylond’s experiment, it indicates critical state of flow, and
the corresponding Reynold’s number is called the critical Reynold’s number Rec =2000, beyond
which the flow is in transition state and then becomes turbulent.

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Depending upon the relative magnitudes of viscous and inertial forces, flow can occur in two
different manners. A streamline flow is defined as a line, which lies in the direction of flow at
every point at a given instant. Laminar flow is defines as a flow in which the streamlines needs
not be straight as the flow steady as long as this criteria is fulfilled. This type of motion is also
called streamline or viscous flow. If the Reynold’s number, the motion is generally found not to
be laminar throughout the channel, Eddies generated in the initial zone of instability speed
rapidly throughout the fluid, thereby producing a disruption of the entire flow pattern .The result
is fluid turbulence superimposed upon the primary motion of translation, producing what is
called turbulent flow.

Schematic of the experimental set-up

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Close Flow Control Valve given at the end of Test Section i.e. Glass Tube.
4. Fill Sump tank with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
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5. Prepare a dye solution (KMnO4) solution in clean water in a separate vessel. Close the
Control Valve for Dye, given on the P.U.Tubing. Put this solution in Dye Vessel after
ensuring that there are no foreign particles in solution.
6. Regulate minimum flow of water through Test Section with the help of given Gate Valve
at the end of Test Section. Then adjust the flow of dye through capillary tube so that a
fine colour thread is observed indicating laminar flow. Increase the flow through glass
tube and observe the colour thread, if it still straight the flow still remains to be in laminar
region and if waviness starts it is the indication that the flow is not laminar.
7. Note down the discharge with the help of measuring cylinder & stopwatch.
8. Increase the discharge still further. The filament starts breaking up indicating greater
turbulence. Further increase in the discharge will cause the flow to be turbulent which is
apparent from the diffusion of the dye with the flowing water.
9. Measure Flow Rate using Measuring Cylinder and Stop Watch.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATION:

DATA:
D = ID of Glass Tube = 14mm = 0.014m
A = Cross-sectional Area of Glass Tube =  D 2 / 4 = 1.54  10-4 m2
 = Kinematic Viscosity of Water at 0˚C = 1.788  10-6 m2/s
20˚C = 1.006  10-6 m2/s
40˚C =0.657  10-6 m2/s
60˚C = 0.478  10-6 m2/s
Re < 1800 for Laminar flow
Re > 2100 for Turbulent flow
Re = 1800-2100 is Transition Zone

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. OBSERVED FLOW VOLUME V0, ml TIME t,sec
PATTERN

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FORMULAE:
V0  106 3
Q m /sec
t
Q
V m/sec
A
D V
Re 

CALCULATION TABLE:
S.NO VELOCITY Q Re OBSERVED
V m/sec m3/sec TYPE OF
FLOW

NOMENCLATION:
μ = Viscosity of fluid, Ns/m2
 = Density of fluid,Kg/m3
V = Average velocity of the fluid flow/sec
V
0= Volume of water collected in measuring Cylinder, m3
t= Time taken for V0, sec
A = Cross-sectional area of Glass Tube, m2
D = Inner diameter of Glass Tube, m
 = Kinematic Viscosity of Water, m2/sec
PRECAUTION AND MAINTAINANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Conduct the experiment when water gets stable
2. Always keep the apparatus free from dust
3. Always use clean water
4. If apparatus will not in use for more than one week, drain the apparatus completely.

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EXPERIMENT: 2

TO VERIFY BERNOULLI’S EQUATION EXPERIMENTALLY

OBJECTIVE:
 To verify Bernoulli’s Equation experimentally.
 To plot the total energy line vs distance
THEORY:
Bernoulli’s theorem states that when there is a continuous connection between particles of
flowing mass of liquid, the total energy at any section of now will remain the same provided
there is no reduction or addition of energy at any point.
This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of energy. This equation
states that at two sections of low field the total energy remains the same. Provided that there is
no loss or gain of energy between the two sections. This equation is valid only for steady flow.
This equation is expressed as:

P1 V12 P2 V2 2
E   Z1    Z2
 g 2g  g 2g
Where,
E = Total Energy
P1 = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 1.
g
V12 = Kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid or kinetic head at point 1.
2g
Z1 = Potential energy per unit weight of fluid or potential head at point 1
P2 = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 2.
g
V2 2 = Kinetic energy per unit weight of fluid or kinetic head at point 2.
2g
Z2 = Potential energy per unit weight of fluid or potential head at point 2.
P1 = Pressure of fluid at point 1.
P2 = Pressure of fluid at point 2.
V1 = Velocity of fluid at point 1.

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V2= Velocity of fluid at point 2.

 = Density of the fluid
g= Acceleration due to gravity

Schematic of the experimental set-up

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Starting procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make all the tanks free from dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fill sump tank 3/4th with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
4. Close Flow control valve given at the end of test section.
5. Open Flow control valve and By-pass valve given on the water supply line to overhead tank.
6. Ensure that all ON/Off switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
7. Now switch on the main power supply (220V AC, 50Hz).
8. Switch on the pump.
9. Regulate flow of water through Test section with the help of given Gate valve at the end of
test section.

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10. Measure Flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch.
Closing procedure:
1. When experiment is over switch off the pump.
2. Switch off the power supply to panel.
3. Drain water from all tanks with the help of given drain valves.

FORMULAE
Total Energy (E):

P V2
E   Z (In that case Z is considered to be zero as there is no elevation).
 g 2g
For calculating the Kinetic energy head Velocity of the fluid is required.
Velocity of Fluid (V):
V = Q/a
Discharge (Q):
Q = (A  R)/t where, R is the rise of water level in Measuring Tank.
For calculating the Pressure head, the formula is:
P
h=
g

DATA FOR CALCULATIONS:

A = Area of Measuring Tank = 0.1m2
S.NO OF TEST POINTS CROSS-SECTIONAL DISTANCE FROM THE
AREA a (m2) REFERENCE POINT S ( m)
1 6.1707 × 10-4 0.03
2 5.0074 × 10-4 0.07
3 4.1620 × 10-4 0.11
4 3.3329 × 10-4 0.15
5 2.7172 × 10-4 0.19
6 3.3006 × 10-4 0.23
7 4.2273 × 10-4 0.27
8 5.1794 × 10-4 0.31
9 6.4063 × 10-4 0.35

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO R t h(cm)
(cm) (sec) at Piezometric Tube No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

CALCULATION TABLE:
TUBE NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V
P
g
V2
2g
Z
E

PRECAUTION AND MAINTAINANCE INSTRUCTION:

1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
2. Never fully close the delivery line and By-pass line Valve simultaneously
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in fortnight.
5. Frequently Grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely, and
fill pump with cutting oil.

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EXPERIMENT: 3
TO DETERMINE POINT VELOCITY BY USING PITOT TUBE

OBJECTIVE:
 To measure the velocity of flow at different points in a pipe
 To find the coefficient of Pitot tube.
 To find the point velocity at the center of a tube for different flow rates.
 To plot velocity profile across the cross section of pipe.
THEORY:
It is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe. It is based on the
principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, there is increase in pressure due to
the conversion of the kinetic energy into pressure energy. The Pitot tube consists of a capillary
tube, ben at right angle.
The lower end, which is bent through 90 o, is directed in the upstream direction. The liquid rises
up in the tube due to conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy. The velocity is
determined by measuring the rise of liquid in the tube.
When a Pitot tube is used for measuring the velocity of flow in a pipe or other closed conduit the
Pitot tube may be inserted in the pipe as shown in figure. Since a Pitot tube measures the
stagnation pressure head (or the total head) at its dipped end. The pressure head may be
determined directly by connecting a suitable differential manometer between the Pitot tube and
pressure taping at the pipe surface. Consider two points (1) and (2) at the same level in such a
way that point (2) is just at the inlet of the Pitot tube and point (1) is far away from the tube. At
point (1) the pressure is P1 and the velocity of the stream is v1. However, at point (2), is called
stagnation point, the fluid is brought to rest and the energy has been converted to pressure
energy. Therefore the pressure at (2) is P2, the velocity v2 is zero and since (1) and (2) are in the
same horizontal plane, so Z1=Z2.

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of a pitot tube made of copper and fixed below a pointer gauge. The
pointer gauge is capable to measure the position of Pitot tube in transparent test section. The pipe
has a flow control valve to regulate the flow. A U tube manometer is provided to determine the

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velocity head. A pump is provided to circulate the water. Discharge is measured with the help of
measuring tank and stopwatch.

Schematic diagram of Setup of Pitot tube

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the apparatus and make Tank free from dust.
2. Close the drain valves provided.
3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
4. Close all flow control valves given on the water line and open Bypass valve
5. Check the level of CCl4 in all the manometers tube. It should be up to half. If it is less,
then fill it.
6. Close all pressure taps of manometer connected to manometers.
7. Ensure that On/off switch given on the panel is at off position.
8. Now switch on the main power supply (220 volts AC, 50 Hz).
9. Switch on the pump.
10. Operate the flow control valve to regulate the flow of water through orifice.
11. Open the pressure taps of manometer of related test section, very slowly to avoid the
blow of water on manometer fluid.
12. Now open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air in
manometer.
13. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves.
14. Adjust the water flow rate to desired rate with the help of control valve.
15. Set the Pitot tube at the center of test section.
16. Record the manometer reading and measure the discharge with the help of measuring
tank and stop watch.
17. Now move the Pitot tube up and down at the same flow rate and note down the
manometer reading to find out the velocity at different points in pipe.
18. Calculate the co-efficient of Pitot tube from actual and theoretical velocities and plot the
velocities at different points inside the pipe.
19. Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates of water, operating control valve, and
by-pass valve.
CLOSING PROCEDURE:
1. When experiment is over, close all manometers pressure taps first, switch off pump.
2. Switch off power supply to panel.
3. Drain water from all tanks with the help of given drain valves.

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SPECIFICATION:
Pitot tube: Material copper of compatible size fitted with scale.
Test section: Material clear acrylic, compatible to 1” diameter pipe.
Water circulation: FHP pump.
Flow measurement: Using measuring tank with piezometer, capacity 40 Ltrs.
Sump tank: Capacity 70 Ltrs.
Stop watch: Electronic.
Control panel comprises of: Standard make on/off switch, Mains indicator, etc.
The whole set-up is well designed and arranged in a good quality painted structure.

OBSE

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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

DATA:
A = 0.1 m2
a = 0.0006157 m2
ρw=1000 kg/m3
ρm= 1590 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/s2
S.no. Pressure head at different Pressure Pressure head at different R t (sec)
points on up side head at points on down side (cm)
center
8 mm 6 mm 4 mm 0 8 mm 6 mm 4 mm
1
2
3
4

S.no. Cv V8 V6 V4 V0 V4 V6 V8
1
2
3

NOMENCLATURE:
A= Area of measuring tank.
a = Cross section area of test section.
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank.
h = manometer difference.
H = Pressure head in meter of water.
Cv = Co-efficient of Pitot tube
ρw= Density of water
ρm= Density of manometer fluid, i.e. CCl4
g = Acceleration due to gravity
va= Actual velocity of fluid
Q = Discharge at outlet
t = Time for R

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PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180Volts.
2. Never fully close the delivery line and by-pass line valves simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run pump at least once in a fortnight.
5. Frequently grease/oil the rotating parts, once in three months
6. Always use clean water.
7. If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely, and fill
pump with cutting oil.

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8. EXPERIMET: 4

TO DETERMINE FLOW VELOCITY BY USING VENTURI METER AND

ORIFICE METER
OBJECTIVE:
 Flow measurement by hydraulic bench
THEORY:
The apparatus consists of orifice meter fitted in pipe line. The pipe line is taken out from a
common manifold. At the downstream end of the pipe line a control valve is provided to regulate
the flow through the orifice meter. Pressure tappings are taken out from inlet and throat of orifice
meter and are to be connected to a differential mercury manometer. A collecting tank is provided
to measure the actual discharge.

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Schematic diagram of Hydraulic Bench

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Water is passed (steady flow) through orifice meter.
2. During a particular observation the valve position regulating the flow should be
maintained constant.
3. The differential manometer reading h in cm is noted down.
4. Water is collected in the measuring tank. Find out the time required for 10 lit of discharge
i.e. t secs. This will complete one observation.
5. The discharge through orifice meter is changed by operating flow regulating valve and
repeat above procedure to obtain observations.
OBSERVATION:
1. D = diameter of the pipe = 25 mm
2. d = diameter at the orifice meter = 12.5 mm
3. s = specific gravity of Hg
4. a = πd2/4 cm2 = area at orifice
5. Qa= (q x 1000)/ t = Actual discharge
6. g = 981 cm/sec2
7. h= h’ (13.6-1) = 12.6 x h’
where h’ = in cms of Hg
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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

h = in cms of water
sp. Gravity of Hg = 13.6
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.no. Manometer reading Tank reading for discharge Time
h1 h2 h’ R1 R2 R (sec)

CALCULATION TABLE:
S.no. h’ h cm Qa ccs/sec Qt ccs/sec Cd NRe

GRAPH:
Plot on semi log graph Cd ns NRe

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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

EXPERIMENT: 5

TO STUDY THE FLOW CHARACTERISTIC IN PACKED BED

OBJECTIVE:
 Determination of pressure drop through packed bed
 To plot modified Renold’s No (NREm) vs modified friction factor (f) on a log-log graph.
THEORY:
Flow of fluid through packed bed is often encountered in chemical engineering operations.
Packed bed provided a large surface area of contact between two fluids and is thus extensively
used in distillation, extraction, absorption etc. the resistance to the flow of a fluid through the
voids in a bed of solids is the resultant of total drag of all the particles in the bed. Friction factor
is given by kozeny-carmen equation, which is function of modified Reynolds number.

APPARATUS:
Stop watch, graduated cylinder, packing, hollow rings of glass, manometer, beakers etc.

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Determination of surface area of rings (Sp): Take at random 10 glass rings. Measure length,
inside diameter and outside diameter of these rings and calculate the average of these quantities.
Knowing these calculate the surface area of one ring.
Determination of volume of one ring (Vp): Take about 100 ml water in a graduated cylinder.
Add a known number of glass rings (say 50) in the water and note increase in volume. Average
volume of one ring can be calculated from the data.
Determination of porosity ( ): Put some known number (N) of rings/beads in a graduated
cylinder and add water into it in such a way that water level just covers the top level of the rings
(bed). Measure the volume from the top water level (V1). Calculate the volume of the total
number of rings from Vp (measured above). Calculate the porosity from this data:

Determination of modified friction factor and modified Reynolds Number: Allow water to
flow from bottom to top in a packed bed. Regulate flow of water by means of pinch cork. Note
amount of water collected against a known interval of time and note the pressure drop by means
of the manometer for 8 different rates of flow of water also note the flow rate with the help of
Rotameter of flow rate, at each setting of flow rate take at least two readings to be sure that
steady state condition have been attained.
OBSERAVTION:
Inside diameter of the tube = 4.8 cm; outside diameter of the tube= 5.7cm
Effective length of packing between manometer taps=
Temp of water=
Manometer fluid=
Density of manometer fluid=
Volumetric flow rate=
S.N Volume of Time Manometer Pressure Velocity V,
water Reading left drop, ∆P, cm/sec
collected right dyne/cm2
difference

Calculate friction factor and modified Reynolds Number and plot on a log-log graph.

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FLUID DATA
Density = 1 gm/cc
Viscosity = 0.001 poise

Tube outside diameter =5.7cm

Tube inside diameter =4.8 cm
Effective length = 73 cm

Length of the ring = 1 cm

Outside diameter of the ring =0.9 cm
Inside diameter of the ring = 0.6 cm

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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

EXPERIMENT: 6

TO STUDY THE FLOW CHARACTERISTIC IN A HELICAL COIL

OBJECTIVE:
 Determination of pressure drop through a helical coil
 To determine the Friction Factor for flow of water through a helical coil.
THEORY:
A helical coil is a curved tube of certain inner diameter (d) having required number of turns of
constant diameter (called coil diameter, dc) as a liquid (water) flows through the helical coil,
centrifugal forces act upon the various elements of liquid moving with leading to higher critical
secondary circulation. Secondary flow stabilizes the laminar to turbulent flow. Secondary flow
contributes for higher transfer coefficients. So helical coils are used for heating or cooling
purposes in process tanks. But the frictional resistance will be more for flow througha helical
coil(fc) than that through a straight pipe (f).

Schematic of the experimental set –up

APPARATUS:
Helical coil, storage tank, pump and rotameter.

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Fill the storage tank with water.
2. Fully open the suction and discharge line.
3. Switch the pump on connected to the storage tank.
4. The flow of water from the storage tank in to the helical coil is controlled by operating the
discharge valve.
5. The helical coil is provided with two pressure tappings (T).
6. The tappings are connected to the two limbs of the manometer using rubber tubes.
7. Record the Rotameterreadings (volumetric flow meter) and manometer liquid difference at a
steady flow rate.
8. Repeat the following steps for different flow rates.

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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

EXPERIMENT: 7

TO STUDY THE RECIPROCATING PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

OBJECTIVE
 Study the Reciprocating pump characteristics
 To determine
 Total head
 Pump HP
 Overall efficiency
 Volumetric efficiency
 Pump discharge vs pump efficiency
 Head vs Discharge

THEORY
A Pump is a device which lifts water from lower level to higher level at expenses of mechanical
energy. Pump can be broadly classified into two categories i.e. positive displacement pump and
retro dynamic pump.
In a positive displacement pump, a small quantity of liquid is taken inside pump and it is
displaced under pressure. The liquid inside a positive displacement pump may be subjected to
either a reciprocating motion or a rotary circular motion (screw pump).
Reciprocating pump consists of a piston having reciprocating motion inside a cylinder with help
of a connecting rod and a cramp rotated by an electric motor. The cylinder connected to pump by
suction pipe and to reservoir by a delivery side and allow the fluid in one direction only.
Reciprocating pump may be single acting cylinder or double acting double cylinder.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust
2. Close the drain valve provided
3. Fill the sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure no foreign particles are there.

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4. Open flow control valve given on the water discharge line and control valve given on the
suction line.
5. Ensure that all on off switch given on the panel are at off position
6. Now switch on the main power supply and switch on the pump.
7. Set the desired RPM of motor pump with the speed control nob on control panel.
8. Operate the flow control valve to regulate the flow of water discharging by the pump.
9. Operate the control valve to regulate the suction of the pump.
10. Record discharge pressure by means of pressure gauge providing on the discharging line.
11. Record the suction pressure by means of vacuum gauge provided on the suction line of the
pump.
12. Measure the volume of the discharging water and take the time from the stop watch.
13. Record the RPM of the pump and repeat the same.
14. When the experiment is over, open the gate valve and reduce the RPM of the pump with the
help of DC dive.
15. Switch of the pump first.
16. Switch of the power supply to panel.

FORMULA:
P 3600 1000
'
 
HP effect = t EMC 746
Volumetric %

HP shaft = HP effect   motor   transmission

 motor = 0.8 (assumed)

 transmission = 0.7

Theoretical discharge (Qt) =

Actual discharge (Qa) =

Total head (H) = 10 x [Discharge pressure(kg/cm2) + vacuum pressure(kg/cm2)] + 0.8 m of water

H.P. PUMP=

Overall efficiency % =

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Pump efficiency % =

Volumetric efficiency =

Observation & Calculation

EMC (Energy motor constant)= 3200 pulse kw hour
Efficiency of motor = 0.8
Efficiency of transmission = 0.7
D= 0.055
a = 2.3758 x 10-3
L = 0.04m
A= 0.126m2
Ρ = 1000 kgm3

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.NO. R.P.M OF GAUGE VACUUM WATER TIME TIME
THE PREEWSURE mm Hg HEIGHT IN FOR FOR
PUPM Hg/cm2 TANK,R cm R,st PULSE
(sec) sec

CALCULATION TABLE:
S.NO. H.P H.P THEORITICA ACTUAL TOTA H.P  Pump % Overall % Volumetric %
ELE SHAF L DISCHAG L PUM
C T DISCHARGE, E HEAD P
Q( m3/sec) Q( m of
m3/sec) wate
r

NOMENCLATURE
a= Cross- sectional area of the cylinder m2
A= Area of collecting tank base m2

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EMC = energy meter constant

H= Total Head,m
L= Length of the stroke, m
N= Speed of pump r.p.m.
P= Pulse of energy meter
Q= Discharge,m3/sec
R= Rise of height in collecting tank,m
t= Time taken by R, sec
T= Time taken by P, sec
Ρ= Density of fluid Kg/m3
Precautions & Maintenance Instructions
1. Do not run the pump in low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts
2. Never fully close the delivery line and bypass line valve simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent clogging of moving parts. Run Pump at least once in a month.
5. Frequently Grease oil the reciprocating parts once in three months
6. Always use clean water
7. If apparatus will not in use for more than half month, drain the apparatus completely
and fill pump with cutting oil.

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EXPERIMENT: 8

TO DETERMINE THE LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS
OBJECTIVE:
 To determine the losses due to friction in pipes.
 To determine the friction factor for Darcy- Weisbach equation
THEORY:
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance due to which some
of the energy of fluid is lost. This loss of energy in the pipelines comes under major energy
losses and minor energy losses. In long pipelines the friction losses are much larger than the
minor losses and hence, the later often neglected. The losses due to friction in the pipelines are
known as major energy losses. The friction in the pipeline due to a viscous drag between the
stream bands of fluid. The stream bands of adjacent to the solid surface are always at rest relative
to the wetted surface. The viscous drag is due to the molecular attractions between the molecular
of the fluid.
It is found that the total friction resistance to fluid flow depends on the following:
1. The area of the wetted surface.
2. The density of fluid
3. The surface roughness
4. It is dependent of the fluid pressure
5. It increase with the square of the velocity
It depends on frictional co-efficient. The loss of head in pipe due to friction is calculated from
Darcy-Weisbach has been given by:

where:
hf= loss of head due to friction
f = Co-efficient of friction
L= distance between pressure point
V= mean velocity of fluid
d= diameter of pipe
g= acceleration due to gravity
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 Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consist of two pipes of different diameter for which common inlet connection
is provided with control valve to regulate the flow, near the downstream end of the pipe. Pressure
tapping are taken at suitable distance apart between which a manometer is provided to study the
pressure loss due to the friction. Discharge is measured with the help of measuring tank and
stopwatch.

Fig: Schematic diagram for friction in pipe lines apparatus.

UTILITIES REQUIRED:
1. Power supply: Single phase, 220 Volts, 50 Hz, 5 Amp with Earth.
2. Water supply
3. Drain
4. Space required : 1.6m x 0.6m
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
1. Clean the apparatus and make all tank free from dust.
2. Close the drain valve provided.
3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clear water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
4. Close all flow control valve given on the water line and open By-pass valve.
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5. Check the level of hg in manometer tube. It should be up to half. If it is less, then fill it.
6. Close all pressure taps of manometer connected to pipes.
7. Ensure that On/ Off switch given on the panel is at OFF position.
8. Now switch on the Main Power Supply (220 volts AC, 50Hz).
9. Switch on the pump.
10. Operate the flow control Valve to regulate the flow of water in the desired test section.
11. Open the Pressure Taps of Manometer of related test section, very slowly to avoid the blow
of water on manometer fluid.
12. Now open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air in
manometer.
13. When there is no air in the manometer, close the Air Release Valves.
14. Adjust water flow rate in desired section with the help of control valve.
15. Record the manometer reading
16. Measure the flow of water, discharged through desired test section, using stop watch and
measuring tank.
17. Repeat same procedure for different flow rate of water, operating control valve and By-Pass
valve.
18. When experiment is over for one desired section, open the By-Pass valve fully. Then close
the flow control valve of running test section and open the control valve of secondly desired test
section
19. Repeat the same procedure for selected test section and so on.

Closing Procedure:
1. When the experiment is over, close all Manometers Pressure Taps first.
2. Switch of pump
3. Switch of power supply to panel
SPECIFICATION:
Pipes (3 Nos) : Material GI OF ½” &1” diameter
SS of ½” diameter
Pipes Test Section : length 1.1 m for each pipe
Water Circulation : FHP Pump
Flow Measurement : Using Measuring Tank with Piezometer, capacity 40 ltrs.

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Sump Watch : Capacity 80 Ltrs.

Stop Watch : Electronic
Control panel comprises of:
Standard makes On/Off Switch, Main Indicator, etc.
Tanks will be made of stainless steel.
The whole set-up is well designed and arranged ia good quality painted structure.

FORMULAE:
1. Head Loses,

( ) , m of water

2. Co- efficient of friction:

f=

3. Discharge (Q):

Q= m3/s

4. Velocity of Fluid:

V= m/s

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

GIVEN DATA:
Area of measuring tank, A = 0.1m2
Sp. Gravity of Hg = 13.6
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/sec2
Inside diameter of pipe, d
For GI pipe (1”) = 0.027 m
For GI pipe (1/2”) = 0.0165 m
For SS pipe (1/2”) = 0.016 m
Cross-section area of pipe, a
For GI pipe (1”) = 5.70x 10-4m2
For GI pipe (1/2”) = 2.14x 10-4m2

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For SS pipe (1/2”) = 2.01x 10-4m2

Distance between pressure points, L = 1.1 m each for all pipes

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No Pressure difference h Rise of water level in Time taken for R,
(m) measuring tank R (m) t (sec)

CALCULATION TABLE:
S. No hf Discharge ,Q Velocity of fluid Friction factor
(m3/s) V(m/s)
f=

NOMENCLATURE:
A = Area of measuring tank
a = Cross- section area of pipe
d = Inside Diameter of pipe
g = Acceleration due to gravity
h = Manometer reading, cm.
hf = pressure head in m of water.
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank (m)
t = Time taken for R (sec)
L = distance between points
PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts.
2. Never fully close the delivery line and By- Pass line valves simultaneously.

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3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

4. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.
5. Frequently, Grease/ Oil the rotating parts, once in a three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely, and
fill pump with cutting oil.

TROUBLESHOOTINGS:
1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually.
2. If pump gets heat up, switch off the main power for 15 minutes and avoid closing the flow
control valve and by pass valve simultaneously during operation.

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