<FL-

EXPERIMENT No.P) O!
Veriflcation of Bernoulli's theorern with the help of a Bernoulli's
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:
apparatus

OBJECTIVE: apparatus
\lqC.us-
I verification ofthe Bernoulli s tlreoretn with the help of a Bernoulli's
.f."J."
APPARATU S AN D IN S'I-RU lv4 Ei'i]' REQLI I R rl):

)
2)
1 Bernoulli's aPparatus
Hydrau lic bench PL - I0
sl-J *f=e
3) Orre stoP rvatch incoo.pl."u'LA
4i One bucket
Jt, A

a conduit a'd tro extra e,ergy is added or

taken
I[ff]"',r.rl incornpressrble fluid is flowlingporftinuously in sectiorr is
total energy at each
out betwee. any tvvo *.i'r,,r',1 *i"j,
lrr";-f"rr"rLu'r tireory states that the
is'
cqual. Mathernatically. Berrroulli': expres'ron

p.
a* L-,2
a * Zt -''P"+ +
V?
+ Z2= Constant
v )g y tg
ltead = collstant
i.e Pr-essLrre head l- Velociq, head lrlevatiort
r-

V/hei-,.r.'

P ,,I': i\'e -.sl:re zit a secarotl I ai^rd .l

.l_ Specilic rvi:ight of flo'*'ing 1'1uirJ
Vr,Vz Velocity at a secLion I end 2
o= Accelerating dut to gravitY
i.e elevat.ion
LI\L) - Ileiglrt of cerlier lrrte of ilte prpc ''t the panicular section above datunr,
head.

ab c d e

pranqlgqsfj2pe
Sectiona=25mm
Section b -'i3.9 tnm
Sectionc:11.8min
Sectiond-10.7mm
t, . !.1,:i'ii,i.';cr -(eclion e =' 10.C mm

i- irltrt c : /\.i i iil'li;t'::'lel'it''i i-t.r""i'i i' - :' 1:)'': :'l'

!1O!,KlliG,PNlfJ,-IunL
'Ih(,,sr.rilire trl:.: r-ri tiiriiillir, proiiecllrre:|le a! lbliow's:

l) Keep ihe outflo$'valve olrihe apparallls close'

2) Connect the inflow line with supply rvater line'
3) Open rhe outflow.varve stightly to pass water at a srna/J flow' rate'
4) Maintain steadll florv cif water through the cr.rrrduit.
5) Record readiitgs at ail tlre five sections lbr pressrtre head,
6) Clollect tl-re discharge rvatcr in a bucket for a parlir:ular time and deterrnine the flr:w rate
measuring tile amolrni of discirarge rvatc:-.
-i') l,lalcuiatc the vclocrl-v r;i ilo"i at rlillerenl. :;ections using ihe continr-rity. ,:quation
(r., - .{\,' )
Vri
l,e Ja :--
at oaoh
e;.'i
section Se.ir'
sectl i:1
'
y=QlA m
m
m/sec

calculatron'
Present sample
C ALCULATiONS:

Y; irqiri ,;:'ff
ERROR ANnr r "'.-'
?'ff :i':':Il',., " """
plane
submerged
1(b) a completely
press'ure on
EXPERIMENTNo of oenter of
Measurement
NAME OF THE
EXPBRIM surface- nfthg balance beam)'
^"-raec of
point (Bottom surface
the pivot
OBJECTIVES: I ocate the cellt( of pressure from
should be
Plotmly vs "'
, ,t^ l l
2) \ ' ^ 4:
value' and the intercePt

of the graPh
yith the theoretical A;
ijonlPare the sl

4!-9:d)
L

, F1-12
HYdrostatic Pressure
C)r-re Beaker'
NecessarY
\ elgllls'
is known as
surlace acts'

P;:::TJ : l; I J Til;i::'
THEORY: ::,: I .l,:illl' d
, )2
tlci\
t--l-)
w1-rere t= v-t
,4 = ybcl ' r 1')ti
L_0l'a!gp\jr!P'18-E1r-!9-!i]s!: Pivot Balaoce
Weight

%!^
F--
D

Weight Pan
Cock

.{tt'trttg''tlrletlt
for Cenier of Pressnre
t at8l2)12 3:19 PM
 EXPERIMENT No:!-
NAME OF THE EXPER]MENT: Study on Impact of a Jet on a Flat Plate and a Hemispherical Cup'

OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare tlie momentum in a fluid jet with the force

senerated wherl tt strikes a flat plate anda hemispherical cup'
') ro-JeLer^ryl4tUS&l e b a
APPARA'I'US REQUI RIiD: -1. intoact ofa Flow n<vprakl stk'uAa"+,,f
i,LL!r'\'et onIla-I ptala a^..A h*-uriaptriica-lerg
) iliui;;ffiJrwrY
3. A ilat ','i..:ie attd I tr;inisnlie.rical cup.
+ ,,g1 ,,;-s1.1;h; r.e j ir:iqirrs, t0 -fo p\o
t tL-t f-e.ff e-e afia_X"y.9>+\fu
Theory: The imPact 0f a jet is iepicied irr lrigrre 1 rhe;., -Ia'*,1tfr"tf#itKJ",$'tA t,l
transparent casing.
Ta c-arqai <- t*:aa 4tlrer} a_+
"^ffi"'
"l:P z.*.X t^,,au^)rpt^rn; c c*p,
$ OtAe

& lm das.
'Fl alz Pla;<
i

Fs &r

Figure i: Schematir: cf ll>lperirnental !'aci

S a,rnra llq\^/n'^'4 PU{}i cJ

Applying the momentum equation in x directiol €-{'P
F, = NV,,,*, -i/,.*,)
= ,qilt cas 13 -V)
P' =
':g't'ii
- cos /i
For flat plate, B = 9oo
F' = NI"
For a hemispherical cup, B = 1800
F, --2@t',
The exit velocity u can be obtained frorn the raie 1f as f,-ilior'+'s:

u =p_
ai
Where, a.; is ttre area oi-e.xit jet.'Ihe jet at ihe rrozzie is vei-ticallv ciisplaced lrom the point of aontact
ori the plate therefole an ad.jr-rsiment can ire mad. i(i reiat: lhe ciit r eiocity u to the impact veiocity v.

Appiying the Rernorilli's equation Lroirve.en ric,zzlt alld i'iate:

[i-ir \rcl(:crry '!

Ii'igtLre 2: icrt :rnd Plate ,,1,,rangetnelt

Since the nozzle is at atm.osphere'

Therefore: v2: (J2-2gs

experiment:
The following procedure
is to be performed during this

t. Install the flat plate in the apparatus ' -!- .^^l top of the apparatus to
position of the weigh tray by ..iigning the pointer on
2, Note the no load
the weigh Pan'
3.Addtheappropriatemassestothewa,vtra.v-untilitreturnstothenoloadposition,
1. Record the flow rate and mass'
procedure (steps 4-5) for each flow
rate'
5. Reduce the water supply and repeat used'
fbrce on the plate using the weight
6. For each flor'v rate dltermine the
l.Computetheforceontheflatplateb,vtherateoldeliveryofmomentum(pQ,I)ofjetat
on
rf momentum jet' Derive an equation for force
8. ff,'ii;r. on the flat plate against deliver.v-.
flat Plate bY means of this graPh'
cup and repeat procedure'
9. Replace the llat plate with a hemispherical

Data sheet for ImPact of a-iet

Diameter of the nozzle:
Cross section al area of nozzle =
Height of impact above nozzle tips =

CAr CULATIONS: Present szrmple calcuiations'

obtained curing yuur experiment'
RESULT: Discuss tt'" t"t'ft -vou have your experiment'
obtained during
coNCLuslox, co""ira" the result vou har,e of error-clttring your experiment'
ca*ses
ERROR ANALYSIS: iV.i * ,ir. probabie

EXPERIMENT No':{
NAME OF'IHE EXPERIMENT --
Determination of Head Lo's"' in Pipe and Pipe Fittings'
pipe'
OBJECTIVES: 1 To cietermine tiie rnajor head loss in
2. To detemrine ii" f',t4 loss due to flow of fluid through
standard PiPe fittings'
factor and
3. To observe tt'" ttl-utio"ship between friction
ReYrrolds,nun,u.'forflowoffluidthroughthepipefor
I arious diameters'

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Friction Flow APParatus

a 1 Stop watch
3. N{anomete,,'

rrniversai principles of fluid flow' when

areai fluid flows
Theory: Pipe floiv process is based on the tr,e flow. Due to internal friction and
,nuintuining
through a pipe, a part ;f i1, energl, is spent'tJ to the expression of the
energy is convertJ into heat ;t;;'-i*
a.ion"*tsion leads
turbulence, rhis
lassifierl into two categories' Essentiaily due
to
energy loss temp.d us i1.," t',"u.1 loss zuril .,r,rrlli, length of the pipe' The
friction, the first type is ,r-,u;o, head ioss iincl it is present throughout the
"*f"a due to fittings iir a pipc network'
.".".a category ii fallecl the minor hc:aci ios-c

general and precise formulation of

A large nuniber ot'sfudies wt:rcr calried o'lt in ot'1er to achieve a
tire cliverse t,vOes of head losses. Weisbach, 1855 was the
first to have come out with a relation for the
major head loss ani ih-is:c'':: : ''
equation. It essentialll' depencs '''n i''': : , ''-
! . Lr
n-:-
J )ni
o
Where, hr: Head loss due to frictiou factor
f: Friction Factor
L: Length of the PiPe
V: Velocity of Flow
D : Diameter of the PiPe
B = Acceleration Due to GravitY.,,
h' - k';;
and loss in pipe fittings may be calculated
as'

Figure: Friction Flow APParatus

rcJl]gg"EEURL
1. At first check ali the arrangentenl from \vater source to pump, pump to the apparatus-and
that all the
finally the delivery line frttr.: airts,3r'ai!.is to the me.asuring tarrk. Aiso make sure
valves are close,j.
within the
2. To determine the head losses iiuough the pipe diameter, D= 0.0127 m pipe
points of the
length, L= 2.4384 m open its r,'ali'c and adjust the inanometer in two tapping
pip!. ihen, SWTTCH oA the electric rnctcr and cohtrol the florv the pipe by variac and

record the manometel reading an,J the iirne required to filI the measuring tank up to a
record the
definite volume. Then change-the l-lou' through the pipe using variac and again
manomster reading and time. Repeai r1.r' ::ir.nilar process for the same pipe from'

3. To determine the head losses through thc pipe diameter, D:0.01905 m pipe within the
length, L:2.4384 open its valve and follorv the same procedure described in the step 2.

+. To determine the head loss due to s,;dden enlargement open the adjust valve and make
sure that all other valves are closed and manometer are connected in two
tapping points of
sudden enlargement section, Therr sin-rilarly, change the flow tkough this pipe and take
the rnanometer reading and time and repeat the similar process'

To determine the head loss rjue to sudden contraction follow the similar procedure
describ.'d in the steP 4.

To determine the head loss ;,rt:ros,s the ball .,ralve and elbow open the adjust valve and
adjust the rnanometer bet.,veerr lr'io iapping points across the Ball valve and Elbow
reipectively and in similar r-n,?nner clescribed the above section record tlie manometer
reading and time.

ME 2214, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, lvf. E. Dept., KUET Pase3oll0

r

ffiniu.,r..7:
Pipe Diameter. D- 0 U leu) .

D ischarge Reynolds Manometer

Numbers Reading, AP
Qi, Re in mm Hg
nr'/Sec

Discharge M::nometer Head

No Volume Time
Readirrg, Ap loss, lr1
ol Vin Tin Qi"
Obs. m
l
Sec mtr's in mm Hg inmof
w:tter

2.
3
4.
5.
6.

8
f

Discharge Manometer Head

No Volume Time
Oin Readjng, AP loss, hy
of Vin Tin
ml.s in mm Hg 'inmof
Obs. m' Sec
water

2
3.
4.
,5

6.
7.
8
the Measurement of Flgad Loss Across an Elbow
fable 5: Experiment

F)isr:harge lr4anonteter
(l in R.eadilg. Ap
*frSrc in mm LIg
 Table 6: Exoerimental Data for the Measurement of Head Loss Across a Ball Valve

CALCULATIONS: Present sample caiculation.

RESULT: Discuss result.
CONCLUSION: Conclude the obtained result.
ERROR ANALYSIS: Write the probable causes of enor.

EXPERIMENT No.:3

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Stud Pree Vortex Flow by a Vortex Apparatus

, ,of
OBJECTIVES:. l, T rv the surface profile of the vortex
2. To rav, total head, H and depression, z Vs. radius, R curve.

APPARATUS REQIJIRED: 1. Vo ,.\opalatus

) Pitot with manometer
3. Tacho ter
4. Steel

Theory: A rotating fluid about a vertical axis called a vortex.. If the fluid is rotating freely without
any external force being impressed upon it, is lled a frqe vortex. An example of a free vortex
is the
u,hirlpool formed in the emptying of a wash n having a.certain drain. The motion of liquid in two
dimensional plane may be in the form of a free lindrical vortex, In this type of flow
the streamlines
are moving freely in horizontal concentric circle there is no variation ofthe total head across the
stream lines. The depression, z of the free belorv the datum at any radius, r is given by
V?
2g
.,2 22
@r
Total head
c ,
o, is the angular velocity of the fluid.

fVo&iag grccedure,

1 , Remove the plug from the base of the tank

2. Place the perforated cylinder inside the tar is produced between the cylinder and
the.tank.

3. Pour water in the annular space continuously from al source to make a steady flow
of water.

4. Put the motor switch on and maintain the

speed by using the regulator.
-cylinder assembly at fairly low

ME 2214, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, tv{.

E. Dept., K(JET.
Page 5 of10.'
 EXPERIMENT No.:4

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Srudy ot L-fl:Ior F. .-,. ,-,. .r ; F.": ?.,:c
OBJECTIVE:
t 1.
2.

,t" ,\.11-
U
/ \-i
I )t) \.
tl
-t
U@ (r,

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
l, V/ind Tunnel
2. A flat plate over which boundary layer
3. is to be observed
Probe mounted micrometer
4. Inclined manometer
Theory: A real fluid flowing
over a stationary' surface experiences
solid surface. Due to this viscous a viscous effect acrjacent to
effect. fluid velocirr becomes retarded the
surface from free srream verocity gradualiy towards the
U* to zero'elocit1, ar the sorid ,r.#lnx';;r:iffiich
viscous effect is active is known this
as the boundarl,_layer and the
height ofiluid from the surface
990k of free stream velocity, to the
that is, 0.ggrJ_is kndm x the
boundu-.r,',ur... thickness.
Ti
v@-
.-
- 234..s

section of the u'ind tunnet

' ;:'ffT;:i*: ro','ards reft ro irs fuiry open
position for pracing

2' Remove four knurled nuts from

the legs of the flat platb qnd
section such that the legs are place the plate in the working
tocated r,ifou. il;;i;;blse.
of the base to fix up the plate Tighten the nuts from outside
Make the plate lever with rhe
the nurs, cramp the prate help of a spirit lever, by adjusting
rightry with the base when it
is revered.
3 Remove the probe from the
micrometer head. prace the
tunnei just below the first micrometer in the slot of the
hole on the plate. Now, place wind
the probe in the locating
top of the plate' clamp the micromerer by tightening hore from
,.r.* and finally check the probe
knurred'og' oi'r'" micronieter, wherher tr,. p.ou"
;:::lTJ.:::?:Tr,'J. ;"ifl';:,i"
4- check whether the probe tip lies flat on the prate
surface when it wound right
remains fixed to the opposite down and
direction of the flor.v. Blocking
working section to its initral position. remaining four holes, sride the

5' connect the iube from the probe

with the iower limb of the inclined
another tube to the static tapping manometer and connect
of the wind tunner with tt,:n rpp"rlimb
of the manometer.
6' switch on of the motor and
adjust a constant air velocity
with the help of the regulator.

ME 22 1 4, Fluirl Mechanics
Laboratort,. M p n.,^, u, ,_-
 7. Bring the tip oi the probe on the rla:e s;j:-;; ": ::-= :-;'l--:-..:- : :-.-r.: .-- ...i: -:-.tiior-i
record the manometer rea,iing. \h-,=:h;:,r --:.r::--,-13 -:.\;:r a.ii-;-,'. and record th.
corresponding manometers readings at a csiTain inten'ais rpieierarli 0 5 mm near the surface
and 1.0 mm far au,a)'from the suriacei. Alier Cetermining the iiee st-ream velocity U-,
calculatetheR6yno1dsnumber,Reoftheflowusing*,=#,-,t..@
V
8. Repeat the procedure 7 for different air velocities ifrequired. \

Sn'itch off the motor and slides the working section back for setting the probe in any other

EXPEBIMENTA.LIAIA
'J Velocity head in terms of pressure

CALCULATIONS: Present sample calculations.

RESULT: Discuss the result you have obtained during your experiment.
cONCLUSIoN: conclude the result you have obtained during your experiment.
ERROR ANALYSIS: write the probable causes of eronduring your eiperiment.

EXPERIN{ENT No.: 5
i
NAME oF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of Pressure-Flow
Characteristics of Compressibie Fiuid Flow
Through a Converging-Diverging Duct.
/
OBJECTIVES: 1.
"-.1
To observe the choked conditiorr that is, piot m Vu. I L
l<GPaE
2. .P..t.
lo plot m against -1L,
D
ratio oltotal head tstagnation) pressure A
t,
13
I
and exit pressure in absolute.
3' To plot lL ap-ainst lL.
F,, - P3
APPARATUS $QUTRED: i. Compressible flow benclr
2. Convergent-DivergentDuct
3. Inciined Manometer
4. U-tube Mercury Manometer

Theory: For an isenfropic flow froin stagnation through a convergent-divergent duct, the pressure
at
the divergent section progressively reduces untii the mass flow rati becomes
to its max.imum vaiue or
the pressure at throat falls to its critical value. At this condition,
sonic veiocity ir a"u"1of.a ut tn"
throrit section' If
the pressure at the throat falls below its critiiai value, it means there will be a
lE 2214, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, M E. Depr., K|ET.
p,ca e
 Supersonicvelocityatthethroatandrhist'\'.l*.i.:
section in the conversent ducr., r.vhich
is;*p;.r;.j.:;J_,:.;
..,_,:,_.::;..,-.-_=,..--,__ _,.. ,
I for the value of pressure in divergeni,;;;i;;
first, the duct is said to be choked_
ro*.er
rvvr rhan
L1larl thar !-ri ''\;
L]rdL ,,_.r-,\..1;cr
, -, -.-,_.-,*.r*
m ieaci;es ;,. --i..,.-...ir-.

\ y1*,
Mass flow rart, k
? = -r
rvhere,

i\"'];.,
k = Rario of specific heats
P

( z ),- this
D

Therefore, m will be maximum when, r" is known

\t+t) as critisal pressure ratio.

-r
24 mm
I

I
tL- \
Y

U'QBKING PRO(
0l Figure : Converging_Diverging
Duo?
\, €
it wirh-)---
rhe housing of

v
2, Connect the inclined manometer
to measure po_p1.
3.
'Connect
iu,o lvlercury manoneters fbr
ineasuril.rg lrn-pz ancl po_P3.
\^)
4. Keep the throttle always in fully
clos-ed rosmonTel
accidental induction of manofneter the
nrii l, ," ,fr" system,

6. Record the manometer readings

7,/l
' Repeat
for a certain mass flow rate.
hAt 1,\\L
step 5 and step 6 for another
mass flow .ate
- y&
,aryinp
p.
P3
aPProximately in 20 equal
steps.
s'-'

8, Note the barometric pressure

and atmospheric temperature.

vd
q

(!
(B
o
Ambienr cq_ldiffi Manornetel.
Readings >-
o
?= *0"
z9-o Pressure 1-enipeLature PffiL
,* .;
I)n- Pr
w
a
q
d

I
O
.B"l Xp-
\ \
r< o( z r
tot.raf 1oe
2 I t\
v3fr i
.U
,
1

1,+
I F
I
\
rrl I

,l|!' 2-./J, Fluid ltec.hani.*?ot

oro,o*.. ,V F D.^, yt ,.,.
/

t9

20

CALCULAIIONS: Present samplc

I calcul.rtions.
RESI.ILT: Discr-rss the resr-ilt i'ou l..cve obtair,ld duflng your experiment.
Ct)i\icl,U:liOl'r I {lorrciude tlhe rc:si-ilt iol,i lr;iyc rrbtaineC ciuiing ,vour experiment.
EI?.ROR- ,{NAI }'SiS: V, i'ire iilr li:.".r1:,ebii; (j;r:::re s olerror cliiring )our e)ipertrire.ui..

V/t
Po F- \(- vr\'^z tp- \\ = l'. 4
,* -T ) I
l4r I |'40' >/ Yk.7?
;- ' -,, fut Lcx^c Vtlou^[.\-/
:.t
T
/1'
=,[
R_ _ L?V
{ -1-e r. \(- I
MII -*=7 : )( [-2--+ &-ag coll^J*.+,
-J '2-'=
-': : \
lt-
D-
€fL \n r.^ C4ivix.

q 2''re+C-,=7 IP

\.r
t,,{
-V- 2 v27
r..te<_
YL \ :€rArJ*
-\
<
7=z= 'i.
,,

p-> ?rz-ss \.LYz po\r^| e

l6
"A
Vla ) Mqe\r, ln uh^bzf .

V.?
L-
c,!-je.,l- vil . ear jy ^f^il
/^
L- /" h c \^yA vzlc I r
U\
-+ n
lLu
--V ^- rrX 1
h.^-l
t ot-A Y